1
|
Wöhr M, Fong WM, Janas JA, Mall M, Thome C, Vangipuram M, Meng L, Südhof TC, Wernig M. Myt1l haploinsufficiency leads to obesity and multifaceted behavioral alterations in mice. Mol Autism 2022; 13:19. [PMID: 35538503 PMCID: PMC9087967 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zinc finger domain containing transcription factor Myt1l is tightly associated with neuronal identity and is the only transcription factor known that is both neuron-specific and expressed in all neuronal subtypes. We identified Myt1l as a powerful reprogramming factor that, in combination with the proneural bHLH factor Ascl1, could induce neuronal fate in fibroblasts. Molecularly, we found it to repress many non-neuronal gene programs, explaining its supportive role to induce and safeguard neuronal identity in combination with proneural bHLH transcriptional activators. Moreover, human genetics studies found MYT1L mutations to cause intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder often coupled with obesity. METHODS Here, we generated and characterized Myt1l-deficient mice. A comprehensive, longitudinal behavioral phenotyping approach was applied. RESULTS Myt1l was necessary for survival beyond 24 h but not for overall histological brain organization. Myt1l heterozygous mice became increasingly overweight and exhibited multifaceted behavioral alterations. In mouse pups, Myt1l haploinsufficiency caused mild alterations in early socio-affective communication through ultrasonic vocalizations. In adulthood, Myt1l heterozygous mice displayed hyperactivity due to impaired habituation learning. Motor performance was reduced in Myt1l heterozygous mice despite intact motor learning, possibly due to muscular hypotonia. While anxiety-related behavior was reduced, acoustic startle reactivity was enhanced, in line with higher sensitivity to loud sound. Finally, Myt1l haploinsufficiency had a negative impact on contextual fear memory retrieval, while cued fear memory retrieval appeared to be intact. LIMITATIONS In future studies, additional phenotypes might be identified and a detailed characterization of direct reciprocal social interaction behavior might help to reveal effects of Myt1l haploinsufficiency on social behavior in juvenile and adult mice. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral alterations in Myt1l haploinsufficient mice recapitulate several clinical phenotypes observed in humans carrying heterozygous MYT1L mutations and thus serve as an informative model of the human MYT1L syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wöhr
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Research Unit Brain and Cognition, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ,grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany ,grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wendy M. Fong
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Pathology and Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Justyna A. Janas
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Pathology and Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Moritz Mall
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Pathology and Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Present Address: Cell Fate Engineering and Disease Modeling Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,Present Address: HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research gGmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Present Address: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Thome
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Pathology and Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Madhuri Vangipuram
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Pathology and Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Lingjun Meng
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Pathology and Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Pathology and Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basak A, Basak S. Protein Aggregation and Self Assembly in Health and Disease. CURR PROTEOMICS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164618666210223160742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Self-attachment of proteins leading to the formation of highly insoluble protein oligomers and aggregates has become an important focus of research owing to its diverse implications in pathophysiology and diseases. This has become a more frequent phenomenon in most neurological and neurodegenerative diseases as well as in dementia. In recent years such event of protein aggregation has linked to other disease conditions, disorders or adverse health conditions. Interestingly, aggregation of protein also plays role in development, growth or metabolism. Most often physiological proteins are initially bio-synthesised in native or nascent geometrical forms or conformations but later they undergo specific folding pattern and thereby acquire a stable configuration that is biologically relevant and active. It is highly important that these proteins remain in their biologically active configuration in order to exert their functional properties. Any alteration or change to this structural configuration can be detrimental to their specific functions and may cause pathological consequences leading to the onset of diseases or disorders. Several factors such as the action of chaperones, binding partners, physiological metal ions, pH level, temperature, ionic strength, interfacial exposure (solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid), mutation and post translational modification, chemical changes, interaction with small molecules such as lipids, hormones, etc. and solvent environment have been either identified or proposed as important factors in conferring the ultimate status of protein structure and configuration.
Among many misfolding protein conformations, self-assembly or aggregation is the most significant. It leads to the formation of highly oligomeric self-aggregates that precipitate and interfere with many biochemical processes with serious pathological consequences. The most common implication of protein aggregation leading to the formation of deposits / plaques of various morphological types is the onset of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases that include Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington, ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), CJD (Creutzfeldt Jakob Dementia), Prion diseases, Amyloidosis and other forms of dementia. However increasingly studies revealed that protein aggregation may also be associated with other diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, renal, corneal and cardiovascular diseases. Protein aggregation diseases are now considered as part of “Proteinopathy” which refers to conditions where proteins become structurally abnormal or fail to fold into stable normal configurations. In this review, we reflect on various aspects of protein self-aggregation, potential underlying causes, mechanism, role of secondary structures, pathological consequences and possible intervention strategies as reported in published literatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Basak
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, U Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute,
The Ottawa Hospital, U Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarmistha Basak
- Formerly of Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, U Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muranova LK, Shatov VM, Bukach OV, Gusev NB. Cardio-Vascular Heat Shock Protein (cvHsp, HspB7), an Unusual Representative of Small Heat Shock Protein Family. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:S1-S11. [PMID: 33827396 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921140017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HspB7 is one of ten human small heat shock proteins. This protein is expressed only in insulin-dependent tissues (heart, skeletal muscle, and fat tissue), and expression of HspB7 is regulated by many different factors. Single nucleotide polymorphism is characteristic for the HspB7 gene and this polymorphism correlates with cardio-vascular diseases and obesity. HspB7 has an unusual N-terminal sequence, a conservative α-crystallin domain, and very short C-terminal domain lacking conservative IPV tripeptide involved in a small heat shock proteins oligomer formation. Nevertheless, in the isolated state HspB7 forms both small oligomers (probably dimers) and very large oligomers (aggregates). HspB7 is ineffective in suppression of amorphous aggregation of model proteins induced by heating or reduction of disulfide bonds, however it is very effective in prevention of aggregation of huntingtin fragments enriched with Gln residues. HspB7 can be an effective sensor of electrophilic agents. This protein interacts with the contractile and cytoskeleton proteins (filamin C, titin, and actin) and participates in protection of the contractile apparatus and cytoskeleton from different adverse conditions. HspB7 possesses tumor suppressive activity. Further investigations are required to understand molecular mechanisms of HspB7 participation in numerous biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K Muranova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladislav M Shatov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olesya V Bukach
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolai B Gusev
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Croce KR, Yamamoto A. Dissolving the Complex Role Aggregation Plays in Neurodegenerative Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1061-1069. [PMID: 33755257 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent neuropathological hallmarks of many adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases include the deposition and accumulation of misfolded proteins or conformers; however, their role in pathogenesis has remained unclear. This is in part due to the deceptive simplicity of the question and our limited understanding of how protein homeostasis is maintained in the compartmentalized cells of the central nervous system, especially in the context of the adult brain. Building on studies from simple cell-based systems and invertebrate animals, we recently identified a protein central to the specific and selective turnover of aggregated proteins in the adult brain, the autophagy-linked FYVE protein (Alfy)/Wdfy3. Depletion of Alfy levels in a mouse model of Huntington's disease showed that it accelerated the accumulation of the aggregated mutant huntingtin protein, as well as the onset of behavioral deficits. Although the motor dysfunction was accelerated in the model, this was in the absence of increasing overt cell loss, implicating protein aggregates as a modifier of circuit dysfunction rather than driving degeneration per se. We discuss these findings in the context of what is known about protein accumulation and how we can use proteins such as Alfy to determine if protein accumulation is a shared pathogenic event across different adult-onset diseases. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Croce
- Doctoral Program in Pathobiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reinhart EF, Litt NA, Katzenell S, Pellegrini M, Yamamoto A, Ragusa MJ. A highly conserved glutamic acid in ALFY inhibits membrane binding to aid in aggregate clearance. Traffic 2021; 22:23-37. [PMID: 33225481 PMCID: PMC7902475 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy-linked FYVE protein (ALFY) is a large, multidomain protein involved in the degradation of protein aggregates by selective autophagy. The C-terminal FYVE domain of ALFY has been shown to bind phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P); however, ALFY only partially colocalizes with other FYVE domains in cells. Thus, we asked if the FYVE domain of ALFY has distinct membrane binding properties compared to other FYVE domains and whether these properties might affect its function in vivo. We found that the FYVE domain of ALFY binds weakly to PI(3)P containing membranes in vitro. This weak binding is the result of a highly conserved glutamic acid within the membrane insertion loop in the FYVE domain of ALFY that is not present in any other human FYVE domain. In addition, not only does this glutamic acid reduce binding to membranes in vitro and inhibits its targeting to membranes in vivo, but it is also important for the ability of ALFY to clear protein aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin F. Reinhart
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Nicole A. Litt
- Department of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Sarah Katzenell
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Maria Pellegrini
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Michael J. Ragusa
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lowe AJ, Sjödin S, Rodrigues FB, Byrne LM, Blennow K, Tortelli R, Zetterberg H, Wild EJ. Cerebrospinal fluid endo-lysosomal proteins as potential biomarkers for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233820. [PMID: 32804976 PMCID: PMC7430717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represent an accessible means of exploring the pathobiology of Huntington's disease (HD) in vivo. The endo-lysosomal/autophagy system is dysfunctional in HD, potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis and representing a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Several endo-lysosomal proteins have shown promise as biomarkers in other neurodegenerative diseases; however, they have yet to be fully explored in HD. We performed parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry analysis (PRM-MS) of multiple endo-lysosomal proteins in the CSF of 60 HD mutation carriers and 20 healthy controls. Using generalised linear models controlling for age and CAG, none of the 18 proteins measured displayed significant differences in concentration between HD patients and controls. This was affirmed by principal component analysis, in which no significant difference across disease stage was found in any of the three components representing lysosomal hydrolases, binding/transfer proteins and innate immune system/peripheral proteins. However, several proteins were associated with measures of disease severity and cognition: most notably amyloid precursor protein, which displayed strong correlations with composite Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, UHDRS Total Functional Capacity, UHDRS Total Motor Score, Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Stroop Word Reading. We conclude that although endo-lysosomal proteins are unlikely to have value as disease state CSF biomarkers for Huntington's disease, several proteins demonstrate associations with clinical severity, thus warranting further, targeted exploration and validation in larger, longitudinal samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lowe
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Filipe B. Rodrigues
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M. Byrne
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Wild
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Melnik A, Cappelletti V, Vaggi F, Piazza I, Tognetti M, Schwarz C, Cereghetti G, Ahmed MA, Soste M, Matlack K, de Souza N, Csikasz-Nagy A, Picotti P. Comparative analysis of the intracellular responses to disease-related aggregation-prone proteins. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
Vendredy L, Adriaenssens E, Timmerman V. Small heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:679-699. [PMID: 32323160 PMCID: PMC7332613 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins are ubiquitously expressed chaperones, yet mutations in some of them cause tissue-specific diseases. Here, we will discuss how small heat shock proteins give rise to neurodegenerative disorders themselves while we will also highlight how these proteins can fulfil protective functions in neurodegenerative disorders caused by protein aggregation. The first half of this paper will be focused on how mutations in HSPB1, HSPB3, and HSPB8 are linked to inherited peripheral neuropathies like Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease and distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN). The second part of the paper will discuss how small heat shock proteins are linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leen Vendredy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elias Adriaenssens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cohen LD, Boulos A, Ziv NE. A non-fluorescent HaloTag blocker for improved measurement and visualization of protein synthesis in living cells. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32518633 PMCID: PMC7255903 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23289.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HaloTag is a modified bacterial enzyme that binds rapidly and irreversibly to an array of synthetic ligands, including chemical dyes. When expressed in live cells in conjunction with a protein of interest, HaloTag can be used to study protein trafficking, synthesis, and degradation. For instance, sequential HaloTag labeling with spectrally separable dyes can be used to separate preexisting protein pools from proteins newly synthesized following experimental manipulations or the passage of time. Unfortunately, incomplete labeling by the first dye, or labeling by residual, trapped dye pools can confound interpretation. Methods: Labeling specificity of newly synthesized proteins could be improved by blocking residual binding sites. To that end, we synthesized a non-fluorescent, cell permeable blocker (1-chloro-6-(2-propoxyethoxy)hexane; CPXH), essentially the HaloTag ligand backbone without the reactive amine used to attach fluorescent groups. Results: High-content imaging was used to quantify the ability of CPXH to block HaloTag ligand binding in live HEK cells expressing a fusion protein of mTurquoise2 and HaloTag. Full saturation was observed at CPXH concentrations of 5-10 µM at 30 min. No overt effects on cell viability were observed at any concentration or treatment duration. The ability of CPXH to improve the reliability of newly synthesized protein detection was then demonstrated in live cortical neurons expressing the mTurquoise2-HaloTag fusion protein, in both single and dual labeling time lapse experiments. Practically no labeling was observed after blocking HaloTag binding sites with CPXH when protein synthesis was suppressed with cycloheximide, confirming the identification of newly synthesized protein copies as such, while providing estimates of protein synthesis suppression in these experiments. Conclusions: CPXH is a reliable (and inexpensive) non-fluorescent ligand for improving assessment of protein-of-interest metabolism in live cells using HaloTag technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ayub Boulos
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Noam E Ziv
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cohen LD, Boulos A, Ziv NE. A non-fluorescent HaloTag blocker for improved measurement and visualization of protein synthesis in living cells. F1000Res 2020; 9:ISF-302. [PMID: 32518633 PMCID: PMC7255903 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23289.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HaloTag is a modified bacterial enzyme that binds rapidly and irreversibly to an array of synthetic ligands, including chemical dyes. When expressed in live cells in conjunction with a protein of interest, HaloTag can be used to study protein trafficking, synthesis, and degradation. For instance, sequential HaloTag labeling with spectrally separable dyes can be used to separate preexisting protein pools from proteins newly synthesized following experimental manipulations or the passage of time. Unfortunately, incomplete labeling by the first dye, or labeling by residual, trapped dye pools can confound interpretation. Methods: Labeling specificity of newly synthesized proteins could be improved by blocking residual binding sites. To that end, we synthesized a non-fluorescent, cell permeable blocker (1-chloro-6-(2-propoxyethoxy)hexane; CPXH), essentially the HaloTag ligand backbone without the reactive amine used to attach fluorescent groups. Results: High-content imaging was used to quantify the ability of CPXH to block HaloTag ligand binding in live HEK cells expressing a fusion protein of mTurquoise2 and HaloTag. Full saturation was observed at CPXH concentrations of 5-10 µM at 30 min. No overt effects on cell viability were observed at any concentration or treatment duration. The ability of CPXH to improve the reliability of newly synthesized protein detection was then demonstrated in live cortical neurons expressing the mTurquoise2-HaloTag fusion protein, in both single and dual labeling time lapse experiments. Practically no labeling was observed after blocking HaloTag binding sites with CPXH when protein synthesis was suppressed with cycloheximide, confirming the identification of newly synthesized protein copies as such, while providing estimates of protein synthesis suppression in these experiments. Conclusions: CPXH is a reliable (and inexpensive) non-fluorescent ligand for improving assessment of protein-of-interest metabolism in live cells using HaloTag technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D. Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ayub Boulos
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Noam E. Ziv
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fox LM, Kim K, Johnson CW, Chen S, Croce KR, Victor MB, Eenjes E, Bosco JR, Randolph LK, Dragatsis I, Dragich JM, Yoo AS, Yamamoto A. Huntington's Disease Pathogenesis Is Modified In Vivo by Alfy/Wdfy3 and Selective Macroautophagy. Neuron 2019; 105:813-821.e6. [PMID: 31899071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a known coding mutation in the gene HTT, Huntington's disease (HD) patients with similar trinucleotide repeat mutations can have an age of onset that varies by decades. One likely contributing factor is the genetic heterogeneity of patients that might modify their vulnerability to disease. We report that although the heterozygous depletion of the autophagy adaptor protein Alfy/Wdfy3 has no consequence in control mice, it significantly accelerates age of onset and progression of HD pathogenesis. Alfy is required in the adult brain for the autophagy-dependent clearance of proteinaceous deposits, and its depletion in mice and neurons derived from patient fibroblasts accelerates the aberrant accumulation of this pathological hallmark shared across adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases. These findings indicate that selectively compromising the ability to eliminate aggregated proteins is a pathogenic driver, and the selective elimination of aggregates may confer disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leora M Fox
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kiryung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Shawei Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine R Croce
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matheus B Victor
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joan R Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa K Randolph
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew S Yoo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Autophagy Modulation as a Treatment of Amyloid Diseases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183372. [PMID: 31527516 PMCID: PMC6766836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are fibrous proteins aggregated into toxic forms that are implicated in several chronic disorders. More than 30 diseases show deposition of fibrous amyloid proteins associated with cell loss and degeneration in the affected tissues. Evidence demonstrates that amyloid diseases result from protein aggregation or impaired amyloid clearance, but the connection between amyloid accumulation and tissue degeneration is not clear. Common examples of amyloid diseases are Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and tauopathies, which are the most common forms of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as polyglutamine disorders and certain peripheral metabolic diseases. In these diseases, increased accumulation of toxic amyloid proteins is suspected to be one of the main causative factors in the disease pathogenesis. It is therefore important to more clearly understand how these toxic amyloid proteins accumulate as this will aide in the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is maintained by multiple cellular pathways-including protein synthesis, quality control, and clearance-which are collectively responsible for preventing protein misfolding or aggregation. Modulating protein degradation is a very complex but attractive treatment strategy used to remove amyloid and improve cell survival. This review will focus on autophagy, an important clearance pathway of amyloid proteins, and strategies for using it as a potential therapeutic target for amyloid diseases. The physiological role of autophagy in cells, pathways for its modulation, its connection with apoptosis, cell models and caveats in developing autophagy as a treatment and as a biomarker is discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu D, Vonk JJ, Salles F, Vonk D, Haslbeck M, Melki R, Bergink S, Kampinga HH. The N terminus of the small heat shock protein HSPB7 drives its polyQ aggregation-suppressing activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9985-9994. [PMID: 31097540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein family B (small) member 7 (HSPB7) is a unique, relatively unexplored member within the family of human small heat shock proteins (HSPBs). Unlike most HSPB family members, HSPB7 does not oligomerize and so far has not been shown to associate with any other member of the HSPB family. Intriguingly, it was found to be the most potent member within the HSPB family to prevent aggregation of proteins with expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches. How HSPB7 suppresses polyQ aggregation has remained elusive so far. Here, using several experimental strategies, including in vitro aggregation assay, immunoblotting and fluorescence approaches, we show that the polyQ aggregation-inhibiting activity of HSPB7 is fully dependent on its flexible N-terminal domain (NTD). We observed that the NTD of HSPB7 is both required for association with and inhibition of polyQ aggregation. Remarkably, replacing the NTD of HSPB1, which itself cannot suppress polyQ aggregation, with the NTD of HSPB7 resulted in a hybrid protein that gained anti-polyQ aggregation activity. The hybrid NTDHSPB7-HSPB1 protein displayed a reduction in oligomer size and, unlike WT HSPB1, associated with polyQ. However, experiments with phospho-mimicking HSPB1 mutants revealed that de-oligomerization of HSPB1 alone does not suffice to gain polyQ aggregation-inhibiting activity. Together, our results reveal that the NTD of HSPB7 is both necessary and sufficient to bind to and suppress the aggregation of polyQ-containing proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,the College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China, the Department Chemie
| | - Jan J Vonk
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Salles
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danara Vonk
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Haslbeck
- Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany, and
| | - Ronald Melki
- the Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Steven Bergink
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Joshi AS, Singh V, Gahane A, Thakur AK. Biodegradable Nanoparticles Containing Mechanism Based Peptide Inhibitors Reduce Polyglutamine Aggregation in Cell Models and Alleviate Motor Symptoms in a Drosophila Model of Huntington's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1603-1614. [PMID: 30452227 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed study of the molecular mechanism behind the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD) suggests that polyglutamine aggregation is one of the fundamental reasons for HD. Despite the discovery of many potential molecules, HD therapy is still limited to symptomatic relief. Among these molecules, few mechanism based peptide inhibitors of polyglutamine aggregation (QBP1, NT17 and PGQ9P2) have shown promising activity; however, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, low bioavailability, and low half-life may hinder their therapeutic potential. Hence, to deliver them to the brain for assessing their efficacy, we have designed and synthesized peptide loaded poly-d,l-lactide- co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles of less than 200 nm in size by carbodiimide chemistry and nanoprecipitation protocols. For brain delivery, PLGA nanoparticles were coated with polysorbate 80 which aids receptor mediated internalization. Using the in vitro BBB model of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and healthy mice, the translocation of polysorbate 80 coated fluorescent nanoparticles was confirmed. Moreover, QBP1, NT17, and PGQ9P2 loaded PLGA nanoparticles showed dose dependent inhibition of polyglutamine aggregation in cell models of HD (Neuro 2A and PC12 cells) and improved motor performance in Drosophila model of HD. Additionally, no toxicity in cells and animals confirmed biocompatibility of the nanoparticulate formulations. Based on this work, future studies can be designed in higher animal models to test peptide loaded nanoparticles in HD and other polyglutamine expansion related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhayraj S. Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 208016
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 208016
| | - Avinash Gahane
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 208016
| | - Ashwani Kumar Thakur
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 208016
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eenjes E, Yang-Klingler YJ, Yamamoto A. Monitoring Aggregate Clearance and Formation in Cell-Based Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1873:157-169. [PMID: 30341608 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8820-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental mechanism underlying the accumulation and clearance of misfolded proteins can lead to insights into the synthetic and degradative pathways that maintain the homeostasis of proteins in all cells. Given the interconnection between protein homeostasis and cell health, as well as the complexity of aggregate formation and the degradation pathways with which it is intertwined, the design of the tools that are used to examine protein aggregation and accumulation can have a profound impact on the interpretation of results. We rely on two previously published stable cell lines that use conditional expression and the ligand-receptor tag known as HaloTag, to temporally distinguish distinct pools of aggregates, and use a combination of biochemical- and imaging-based methods to measure aggregation of a canonical aggregation-prone protein. We measure aggregate load biochemically using Filter Trap Analysis, which combines a filter trap retardation assay and immunoblotting to measure detergent soluble and insoluble protein levels, and visually, using confocal microscopy to monitor simultaneously aggregate formation and growth events in the background of aggregate clearance. As a secondary screen to more simplistic screen based approaches, this method permits further insight into how aggregate load is affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ai Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sengupta U, Montalbano M, McAllen S, Minuesa G, Kharas M, Kayed R. Formation of Toxic Oligomeric Assemblies of RNA-binding Protein: Musashi in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:113. [PMID: 30367664 PMCID: PMC6203984 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with structural and functional alterations of brain cells causing progressive deterioration of memory and other cognitive functions. Recent studies demonstrate that several neurodegenerative diseases, including AD exhibit RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) pathologies, including TAR DNA -binding protein (TDP-43), fused in sarcoma (FUS), superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and T-interacting antigen-1 (TIA-1), highlighting the role of RBPs in neurodegeneration. One such group of RBPs, Musashi proteins comprised of MSI1 and MSI2, has been long studied in neurogenesis and cancer biology. Herein, we have investigated the aggregation properties of MSI1 and MSI2 by in vitro assays, their expression and accumulation as well as their possible interactions with other cellular proteins, such as tau in AD pathology. We have performed atomic force microscopy, Western blot, and immunoprecipitation to demonstrate the aggregation properties of recombinant Musashi proteins. Furthermore, we have studied cortical brain sections from AD (N = 4) and age-matched non-demented subjects (N = 4) by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy to investigate MSI1 and MSI2 levels and their localization in human brain tissues. Musashi proteins showed in vitro aggregation properties by forming oligomers. We have observed an increase in Musashi proteins levels in AD brain tissues as compared with age-matched non-demented subjects. Moreover, Musashi proteins are observed to form oligomers in the diseased brain tissues. Interestingly, the co-immunofluorescence study has revealed a change in fluorescence pattern of oligomeric Musashi proteins and tau with a high association in the perinuclear area of the cells suggesting changes in function of Musashi proteins. Our data have demonstrated for the first time that MSI1 and MSI2 are present in an oligomeric state in AD brains compared to the age-matched non-demented subjects and that these large assemblies co-localize with tau contributing to the neurodegenerative pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Khan M, Shaukat Z, Saint R, Gregory SL. Chromosomal instability causes sensitivity to protein folding stress and ATP depletion. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/10/bio038000. [PMID: 30327366 PMCID: PMC6215417 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy – having an unbalanced genome – is poorly tolerated at the cellular and organismal level. It gives rise to proteotoxic stress as well as a stereotypical oxidative shift which makes these cells sensitive to internal and environmental stresses. Using Drosophila as a model, we found that protein folding stress is exacerbated by redox stress that occurs in response to ongoing changes to ploidy (chromosomal instability, CIN). We also found that if de novo nucleotide synthesis is blocked, CIN cells are dependent on a high level of lysosome function to survive. Depletion of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthesis enzymes led to DNA damage in CIN cells, which showed elevated activity of the DNA repair enzyme activated poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP activation causes depletion of its substrate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and subsequent loss of Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP), and we found that adding ATP or nicotinamide (a precursor in the synthesis of NAD+) could rescue the observed phenotypes. These findings provide ways to interpret, target and exploit aneuploidy, which has the potential to offer tumour-specific therapies. Summary: Cells that gain or lose chromosomes during cell division are shown to be sensitive to ATP levels and protein folding stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Khan
- Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Zeeshan Shaukat
- Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Robert Saint
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Stephen L Gregory
- Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia .,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Janssen AFJ, Katrukha EA, van Straaten W, Verlhac P, Reggiori F, Kapitein LC. Probing aggrephagy using chemically-induced protein aggregates. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4245. [PMID: 30315152 PMCID: PMC6185936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective types of autophagy mediate the clearance of specific cellular components and are essential to maintain cellular homeostasis. However, tools to directly induce and monitor such pathways are limited. Here we introduce the PIM (particles induced by multimerization) assay as a tool for the study of aggrephagy, the autophagic clearance of aggregates. The assay uses an inducible multimerization module to assemble protein clusters, which upon induction recruit ubiquitin, p62, and LC3 before being delivered to lysosomes. Moreover, use of a dual fluorescent tag allows for the direct observation of cluster delivery to the lysosome. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, we show that delivery to the lysosome is partially dependent on p62 and ATG7. This assay will help in elucidating the spatiotemporal dynamics and control mechanisms underlying aggregate clearance by the autophagy-lysosomal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne F J Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy van Straaten
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Croce KR, Yamamoto A. A role for autophagy in Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 122:16-22. [PMID: 30149183 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosome-mediated degradation pathway known as macroautophagy is the most versatile means through which cells can eliminate and recycle unwanted materials. Through both selective and non-selective means, macroautophagy can degrade a wide range of cargoes from bulk cytosol to organelles and aggregated proteins. Although studies of disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis suggest that autophagic and lysosomal dysfunction directly contributes to disease, this had not been the case for the polyglutamine disorder Huntington's disease (HD), for which there was little indication of a disruption in the autophagic-lysosomal system. This supported the possibility of targeting autophagy as a much needed therapeutic approach to combat this disease. Possibly challenging this view, however, are a recent set of studies suggesting that the protein affected in Huntington's disease, huntingtin, might mechanistically contribute to macroautophagy. In this review, we will explore how autophagy might impact or be impacted by HD pathogenesis, and whether a therapeutic approach centering on autophagy may be possible for this yet incurable disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Croce
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Therefore, finding effective interventions and therapies is extremely important. AD is one of over 20 different disorders known as tauopathies, characterized by the pathological aggregation and accumulation of tau, a microtubule-associated protein. Tau aggregates are heterogeneous and can be divided into two major groups: large metastable fibrils, including neurofibrillary tangles, and oligomers. The smaller, soluble and dynamic tau oligomers have been shown to be more toxic with more proficient seeding properties for the propagation of tau pathology as compared to the fibrillar Paired Helical Filaments (PHFs). Therefore, developing small molecules that target and interact with toxic tau oligomers can be beneficial to modulate their aggregation pathways and toxicity, preventing progression of the pathology. In this study, we show that Azure C (AC) is capable of modulating tau oligomer aggregation pathways at micromolar concentrations and rescues tau oligomers-induced toxicity in cell culture. We used both biochemical and biophysical in vitro techniques to characterize preformed tau oligomers in the presence and absence of AC. Interestingly, AC prevents toxicity not by disassembling the oligomers but rather by converting them into clusters of aggregates with nontoxic conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippa Lo Cascio
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu GT, Kung HN, Chen CK, Huang C, Wang YL, Yu CP, Lee CP. Improving nuclear envelope dynamics by EBV BFRF1 facilitates intranuclear component clearance through autophagy. FASEB J 2018; 32:3968-3983. [PMID: 29481305 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701253r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although a vesicular nucleocytoplasmic transport system is believed to exist in eukaryotic cells, the features of this pathway are mostly unknown. Here, we report that the BFRF1 protein of the Epstein-Barr virus improves vesicular transport of nuclear envelope (NE) to facilitate the translocation and clearance of nuclear components. BFRF1 expression induces vesicles that selectively transport nuclear components to the cytoplasm. With the use of aggregation-prone proteins as tools, we found that aggregated nuclear proteins are dispersed when these BFRF1-induced vesicles are formed. BFRF1-containing vesicles engulf the NE-associated aggregates, exit through from the NE, and putatively fuse with autophagic vacuoles. Chemical treatment and genetic ablation of autophagy-related factors indicate that autophagosome formation and autophagy-linked FYVE protein-mediated autophagic proteolysis are involved in this selective clearance of nuclear proteins. Remarkably, vesicular transport, elicited by BFRF1, also attenuated nuclear aggregates accumulated in neuroblastoma cells. Accordingly, induction of NE-derived vesicles by BFRF1 facilitates nuclear protein translocation and clearance, suggesting that autophagy-coupled transport of nucleus-derived vesicles can be elicited for nuclear component catabolism in mammalian cells.-Liu, G.-T., Kung, H.-N., Chen, C.-K., Huang, C., Wang, Y.-L., Yu, C.-P., Lee, C.-P. Improving nuclear envelope dynamics by EBV BFRF1 facilitates intranuclear component clearance through autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ting Liu
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ni Kung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Chung-Kuan Chen
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Li Wang
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pu Yu
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pei Lee
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mercer EJ, Lin YF, Cohen-Gould L, Evans T. Hspb7 is a cardioprotective chaperone facilitating sarcomeric proteostasis. Dev Biol 2018; 435:41-55. [PMID: 29331499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins are chaperones with variable mechanisms of action. The function of cardiac family member Hspb7 is unknown, despite being identified through GWAS as a potential cardiomyopathy risk gene. We discovered that zebrafish hspb7 mutants display mild focal cardiac fibrosis and sarcomeric abnormalities. Significant mortality was observed in adult hspb7 mutants subjected to exercise stress, demonstrating a genetic and environmental interaction that determines disease outcome. We identified large sarcomeric proteins FilaminC and Titin as Hspb7 binding partners in cardiac cells. Damaged FilaminC undergoes autophagic processing to maintain sarcomeric homeostasis. Loss of Hspb7 in zebrafish or human cardiomyocytes stimulated autophagic pathways and expression of the sister gene encoding Hspb5. Inhibiting autophagy caused FilaminC aggregation in HSPB7 mutant human cardiomyocytes and developmental cardiomyopathy in hspb7 mutant zebrafish embryos. These studies highlight the importance of damage-processing networks in cardiomyocytes, and a previously unrecognized role in this context for Hspb7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Mercer
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, United States
| | - Yi-Fan Lin
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, United States
| | - Leona Cohen-Gould
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, United States
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sengupta U, Carretero-Murillo M, Kayed R. Preparation and Characterization of Tau Oligomer Strains. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1779:113-146. [PMID: 29886531 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7816-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the existence of multiple conformational entities of tau, as have been observed for prion protein. We have developed and optimized techniques to isolate and study oligomeric tau strains both in vitro and ex vivo. Moreover, we have modified protocols that demonstrate the seeding properties of oligomeric tau strains that are capable of propagating in vivo. These methods and protocols are explained in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Sengupta
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mariana Carretero-Murillo
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tobin SW, Yang D, Girgis J, Farahzad A, Blais A, McDermott JC. Regulation of Hspb7 by MEF2 and AP-1: implications for Hspb7 in muscle atrophy. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4076-4090. [PMID: 27632998 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription complexes have been individually implicated in myogenesis, but their genetic interaction has not previously been addressed. Using MEF2A, c-Jun and Fra-1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data and predicted AP-1 consensus motifs, we identified putative common MEF2 and AP-1 target genes, several of which are implicated in regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Because muscle atrophy results in remodelling or degradation of the actin cytoskeleton, we characterized the expression of putative MEF2 and AP-1 target genes (Dstn, Flnc, Hspb7, Lmod3 and Plekhh2) under atrophic conditions using dexamethasone (Dex) treatment in skeletal myoblasts. Heat shock protein b7 (Hspb7) was induced by Dex treatment and further analyses revealed that loss of MEF2A using siRNA prevented Dex-regulated induction of Hspb7. Conversely, ectopic Fra-2 or c-Jun expression reduced Dex-mediated upregulation of Hspb7 whereas AP-1 depletion enhanced Hspb7 expression. In vivo, expression of Hspb7 and other autophagy-related genes was upregulated in response to atrophic conditions in mice. Manipulation of Hspb7 levels in mice also impacted gross muscle mass. Collectively, these data indicate that MEF2 and AP-1 confer antagonistic regulation of Hspb7 gene expression in skeletal muscle, with implications for autophagy and muscle atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wales Tobin
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.,Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.,Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions (CRBI), 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dabo Yang
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Health Sciences Campus, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - John Girgis
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Health Sciences Campus, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Ali Farahzad
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.,Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.,Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions (CRBI), 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Health Sciences Campus, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - John C McDermott
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3 .,Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.,Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions (CRBI), 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.,Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry (CRMS), York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| |
Collapse
|