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Glazenburg MM, Hettema NM, Laan L, Remy O, Laloux G, Brunet T, Chen X, Tee YH, Wen W, Rizvi MS, Jolly MK, Riddell M. Perspectives on polarity - exploring biological asymmetry across scales. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261987. [PMID: 38441500 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this Perspective, Journal of Cell Science invited researchers working on cell and tissue polarity to share their thoughts on unique, emerging or open questions relating to their field. The goal of this article is to feature 'voices' from scientists around the world and at various career stages, to bring attention to innovative and thought-provoking topics of interest to the cell biology community. These voices discuss intriguing questions that consider polarity across scales, evolution, development and disease. What can yeast and protists tell us about the evolution of cell and tissue polarity in animals? How are cell fate and development influenced by emerging dynamics in cell polarity? What can we learn from atypical and extreme polarity systems? How can we arrive at a more unified biophysical understanding of polarity? Taken together, these pieces demonstrate the broad relevance of the fascinating phenomenon of cell polarization to diverse fundamental biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Margaretha Glazenburg
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Marije Hettema
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Liedewij Laan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ophélie Remy
- Institut de Duve, UCLouvain, 75 avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Laloux
- Institut de Duve, UCLouvain, 75 avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, 25-28 rue du docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xin Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Levi Hall 137, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685, USA
| | - Yee Han Tee
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mohd Suhail Rizvi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy 502284, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
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2
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Naturale VF, Pickett MA, Feldman JL. Persistent cell contacts enable E-cadherin/HMR-1- and PAR-3-based symmetry breaking within a developing C. elegans epithelium. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1830-1846.e12. [PMID: 37552986 PMCID: PMC10592304 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-wide patterning is essential to multicellular development, requiring cells to individually generate polarity axes and coordinate them in space and time with neighbors. Using the C. elegans intestinal epithelium, we identified a patterning mechanism that is informed by cell contact lifetime asymmetry and executed via the scaffolding protein PAR-3 and the transmembrane protein E-cadherin/HMR-1. Intestinal cells break symmetry as PAR-3 and HMR-1 recruit apical determinants into punctate "local polarity complexes" (LPCs) at homotypic contacts. LPCs undergo an HMR-1-based migration to a common midline, thereby establishing tissue-wide polarity. Thus, symmetry breaking results from PAR-3-dependent intracellular polarization coupled to HMR-1-based tissue-level communication, which occurs through a non-adhesive signaling role for HMR-1. Differential lifetimes between homotypic and heterotypic cell contacts are created by neighbor exchanges and oriented divisions, patterning where LPCs perdure and thereby breaking symmetry. These cues offer a logical and likely conserved framework for how epithelia without obvious molecular asymmetries can polarize.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A Pickett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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3
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Yanagisawa M, Watanabe C, Yoshinaga N, Fujiwara K. Cell-Size Space Regulates the Behavior of Confined Polymers: From Nano- and Micromaterials Science to Biology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11811-11827. [PMID: 36125172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer micromaterials in a liquid or gel phase covered with a surfactant membrane are widely used materials in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. In particular, cell-sized micromaterials of biopolymer solutions covered with a lipid membrane have been studied as artificial cells to understand cells from a physicochemical perspective. The characteristics and phase transitions of polymers confined to a microscopic space often differ from those in bulk systems. The effect that causes this difference is referred to as the cell-size space effect (CSE), but the specific physicochemical factors remain unclear. This study introduces the analysis of CSE on molecular diffusion, nanostructure transition, and phase separation and presents their main factors, i.e., short- and long-range interactions with the membrane surface and small volume (finite element nature). This serves as a guide for determining the dominant factors of CSE. Furthermore, we also introduce other factors of CSE such as spatial closure and the relationships among space size, the characteristic length of periodicity, the structure size, and many others produced by biomolecular assemblies through the analysis of protein reaction-diffusion systems and biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chiho Watanabe
- School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Natsuhiko Yoshinaga
- Mathematical Science Group, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 9808577, Japan
- MathAM-OIL, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Abstract
In the context of animal or plant development, we tend to think of cells as small, simple, building blocks, such that complex patterns or shapes can only be constructed from large numbers of cells, with cells in different parts of the organism taking on different fates. However, cells themselves are far from simple, and often take on complex shapes with a remarkable degree of intracellular patterning. How do these patterns arise? As in embryogenesis, the development of structure inside a cell can be broken down into a number of basic processes. For each part of the cell, morphogenetic processes create internal structures such as organelles, which might correspond to organs at the level of a whole organism. Given that mechanisms exist to generate parts, patterning processes are required to ensure that the parts are distributed in the correct arrangement relative to the rest of the cell. Such patterning processes make reference to global polarity axes, requiring mechanisms for axiation which, in turn, require processes to break symmetry. These fundamental processes of symmetry breaking, axiation, patterning, and morphogenesis have been extensively studied in developmental biology but less so at the subcellular level. This review will focus on developmental processes that give eukaryotic cells their complex structures, with a focus on cytoskeletal organization in free-living cells, ciliates in particular, in which these processes are most readily apparent.
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5
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Merino-Salomón A, Babl L, Schwille P. Self-organized protein patterns: The MinCDE and ParABS systems. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:106-115. [PMID: 34399108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Self-organized protein patterns are of tremendous importance for biological decision-making processes. Protein patterns have been shown to identify the site of future cell division, establish cell polarity, and organize faithful DNA segregation. Intriguingly, several key concepts of pattern formation and regulation apply to a variety of different protein systems. Herein, we explore recent advances in the understanding of two prokaryotic pattern-forming systems: the MinCDE system, positioning the FtsZ ring precisely at the midcell, and the ParABS system, distributing newly synthesized DNA along with the cell. Despite differences in biological functionality, these two systems have remarkably similar molecular components, mechanisms, and strategies to achieve biological robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Merino-Salomón
- Dept. Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Leon Babl
- Dept. Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Dept. Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, 82152, Germany.
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6
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Olivi L, Berger M, Creyghton RNP, De Franceschi N, Dekker C, Mulder BM, Claassens NJ, Ten Wolde PR, van der Oost J. Towards a synthetic cell cycle. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4531. [PMID: 34312383 PMCID: PMC8313558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in synthetic biology may bring the bottom-up generation of a synthetic cell within reach. A key feature of a living synthetic cell is a functional cell cycle, in which DNA replication and segregation as well as cell growth and division are well integrated. Here, we describe different approaches to recreate these processes in a synthetic cell, based on natural systems and/or synthetic alternatives. Although some individual machineries have recently been established, their integration and control in a synthetic cell cycle remain to be addressed. In this Perspective, we discuss potential paths towards an integrated synthetic cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Olivi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nicola De Franceschi
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nico J Claassens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - John van der Oost
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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The Path towards Predicting Evolution as Illustrated in Yeast Cell Polarity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122534. [PMID: 33255231 PMCID: PMC7760196 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A bottom-up route towards predicting evolution relies on a deep understanding of the complex network that proteins form inside cells. In a rapidly expanding panorama of experimental possibilities, the most difficult question is how to conceptually approach the disentangling of such complex networks. These can exhibit varying degrees of hierarchy and modularity, which obfuscate certain protein functions that may prove pivotal for adaptation. Using the well-established polarity network in budding yeast as a case study, we first organize current literature to highlight protein entrenchments inside polarity. Following three examples, we see how alternating between experimental novelties and subsequent emerging design strategies can construct a layered understanding, potent enough to reveal evolutionary targets. We show that if you want to understand a cell’s evolutionary capacity, such as possible future evolutionary paths, seemingly unimportant proteins need to be mapped and studied. Finally, we generalize this research structure to be applicable to other systems of interest.
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Ganzinger KA, Merino‐Salomón A, García‐Soriano DA, Butterfield AN, Litschel T, Siedler F, Schwille P. FtsZ Reorganization Facilitates Deformation of Giant Vesicles in Microfluidic Traps**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Ganzinger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
- Living Matter AMOLF P.O. Box 41883-1009 DB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Adrián Merino‐Salomón
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Daniela A. García‐Soriano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - A. Nelson Butterfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Thomas Litschel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Frank Siedler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
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Ganzinger KA, Merino‐Salomón A, García‐Soriano DA, Butterfield AN, Litschel T, Siedler F, Schwille P. FtsZ Reorganization Facilitates Deformation of Giant Vesicles in Microfluidic Traps*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21372-21376. [PMID: 32735732 PMCID: PMC7756778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The geometry of reaction compartments can affect the local outcome of interface-restricted reactions. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are commonly used to generate cell-sized, membrane-bound reaction compartments, which are, however, always spherical. Herein, we report the development of a microfluidic chip to trap and reversibly deform GUVs into cigar-like shapes. When trapping and elongating GUVs that contain the primary protein of the bacterial Z ring, FtsZ, we find that membrane-bound FtsZ filaments align preferentially with the short GUV axis. When GUVs are released from this confinement and membrane tension is relaxed, FtsZ reorganizes reversibly from filaments into dynamic rings that stabilize membrane protrusions; a process that allows reversible GUV deformation. We conclude that microfluidic traps are useful for manipulating both geometry and tension of GUVs, and for investigating how both affect the outcome of spatially-sensitive reactions inside them, such as that of protein self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Ganzinger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
- Living MatterAMOLFP.O. Box 41883-1009 DBAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Adrián Merino‐Salomón
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Daniela A. García‐Soriano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - A. Nelson Butterfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Thomas Litschel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Frank Siedler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
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10
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Johnston CA. A Cell Adhesion-Based Reconstitution Method for Studying Cell Polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598492. [PMID: 33195282 PMCID: PMC7649242 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is an evolutionarily conserved process of asymmetric spatial organization within cells and is essential to tissue structure, signal transduction, cell migration, and cell division. The establishment and maintenance of polarity typically involves extensive protein-protein interactions that can be made further intricate by cell cycle-dependent regulation. These aspects can make interpreting phenotypes within traditional in vivo genetic systems challenging due to pleiotropic effects in loss-of-function experiments. Minimal reconstitution methods offer investigators the advantage of stricter control of otherwise complex systems and allow for more direct assessment of the role of individual components to the process of interest. Here I provide a detailed protocol for a cell adhesion-based method of inducing cell polarity within non-polarized Drosophila S2 cells. This technique is simple, cost effective, moderate throughput, and amenable to RNAi-based loss-of-function studies. The ability to “plug-and-play” genes of interest allows investigators to easily assess the contribution of individual protein domains and post-translational modifications to their function. The system is ideally suited to test not only the requirement of individual components but also their sufficiency, and can provide important insight into the epistatic relationship among multiple components in a protein complex. Although designed for use within Drosophila cells, the general premise and protocol should be easily adapted to mammalian cell culture or other systems that may better suit the interests of potential users.
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11
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Miller EJ, Ratajczak AM, Anthony AA, Mottau M, Rivera Gonzalez XI, Honerkamp-Smith AR. Divide and conquer: How phase separation contributes to lateral transport and organization of membrane proteins and lipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 233:104985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Cao H, Huang D, Guo L, Gao Y, Zheng L, Xiao J, Zhang S, Yu X. Effects of different chemical groups on behaviors of bladder cancer cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2484-2490. [PMID: 32418363 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College Central South University Haikou China
| | - Denggao Huang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College Central South University Haikou China
| | - Lifang Guo
- State Key Lab of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials Chemical Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Yuanhui Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College Central South University Haikou China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College Central South University Haikou China
| | - Jingchuan Xiao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College Central South University Haikou China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College Central South University Haikou China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- State Key Lab of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials Chemical Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
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Kohyama S, Fujiwara K, Yoshinaga N, Doi N. Conformational equilibrium of MinE regulates the allowable concentration ranges of a protein wave for cell division. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11960-11970. [PMID: 32458918 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Min system for determining the cell division position at the center in bacteria has a unique character that uses a protein wave (Min wave) that emerges from its components (MinD and MinE). The Min wave emerges under the coupling of chemical reactions and molecular diffusions of MinDE and appears when the concentrations of MinD and MinE are similar. However, the nanoscale mechanism to determine their concentration ranges has remained elusive. In this study, by using artificial cells as a mimic of cells, we showed that the dominant MinE conformations determined the allowable concentration ranges for the emergence of the Min wave. Furthermore, the deletion of the membrane-binding region of MinE indicated that the region was essential for limiting the concentration ranges to be narrower. These findings illustrate a parameter tuning mechanism underlying complex molecular systems at the nanoscale for spatiotemporal regulation in living cells and show a possibility that the regulation of the equilibrium among molecular conformations can work as a switch for cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunshi Kohyama
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Natsuhiko Yoshinaga
- Mathematical Science Group, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 9808577, Japan and MathAM-OIL, AIST, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Doi
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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14
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Cheng Y, Felix B, Othmer HG. The Roles of Signaling in Cytoskeletal Changes, Random Movement, Direction-Sensing and Polarization of Eukaryotic Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1437. [PMID: 32531876 PMCID: PMC7348768 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of cells and tissues is essential at various stages during the lifetime of an organism, including morphogenesis in early development, in the immune response to pathogens, and during wound-healing and tissue regeneration. Individual cells are able to move in a variety of microenvironments (MEs) (A glossary of the acronyms used herein is given at the end) by suitably adapting both their shape and how they transmit force to the ME, but how cells translate environmental signals into the forces that shape them and enable them to move is poorly understood. While many of the networks involved in signal detection, transduction and movement have been characterized, how intracellular signals control re-building of the cyctoskeleton to enable movement is not understood. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of signal transduction networks related to direction-sensing and movement, and some of the problems that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougan Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA;
| | - Bryan Felix
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA;
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA;
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15
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Li L, Li H, Wang L, Wu S, Lv L, Tahir A, Xiao X, Wong CKC, Sun F, Ge R, Cheng CY. Role of cell polarity and planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins in spermatogenesis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:71-87. [PMID: 32207344 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies on cell polarity proteins and planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins date back to almost 40 years ago in Drosophila and C. elegans when these proteins were shown to be crucial to support apico-basal polarity and also directional alignment of polarity cells across the plane of an epithelium during morphogenesis. In adult mammals, cell polarity and PCP are most notable in cochlear hair cells. However, the role of these two groups of proteins to support spermatogenesis was not explored until a decade earlier when several proteins that confer cell polarity and PCP proteins were identified in the rat testis. Since then, there are several reports appearing in the literature to examine the role of both cell polarity and PCP in supporting spermatogenesis. Herein, we provide an overview regarding the role of cell polarity and PCP proteins in the testis, evaluating these findings in light of studies in other mammalian epithelial cells/tissues. Our goal is to provide a timely evaluation of these findings, and provide some thought provoking remarks to guide future studies based on an evolving concept in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Huitao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Lingling Wang
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Siwen Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Lixiu Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Anam Tahir
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
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Vaidžiulytė K, Coppey M, Schauer K. Intracellular organization in cell polarity - placing organelles into the polarity loop. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/24/jcs230995. [PMID: 31836687 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the processes that support polarity establishment and maintenance in cells. On the one hand, polarity complexes at the cell cortex and their downstream signaling pathways have been assigned as major regulators of polarity. On the other hand, intracellular organelles and their polarized trafficking routes have emerged as important components of polarity. In this Review, we argue that rather than trying to identify the prime 'culprit', now it is time to consider all these players as a collective. We highlight that understanding the intimate coordination between the polarized cell cortex and the intracellular compass that is defined by organelle positioning is essential to capture the concept of polarity. After briefly reviewing how polarity emerges from a dynamic maintenance of cellular asymmetries, we highlight how intracellular organelles and their associated trafficking routes provide diverse feedback for dynamic cell polarity maintenance. We argue that the asymmetric organelle compass is an indispensable element of the polarity network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotryna Vaidžiulytė
- Cell Biology and Cancer Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.,Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kristine Schauer
- Cell Biology and Cancer Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
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