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Hirai K, Inoue YH, Matsuda M. Mitotic progression and dual spindle formation caused by spindle association of de novo-formed microtubule-organizing centers in parthenogenetic embryos of Drosophila ananassae. Genetics 2022; 223:6896485. [PMID: 36516293 PMCID: PMC9910410 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Facultative parthenogenesis occurs in many animal species that typically undergo sexual reproduction. In Drosophila, such development from unfertilized eggs involves diploidization after completion of meiosis, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here we used a laboratory stock of Drosophila ananassae that has been maintained parthenogenetically to cytologically examine the initial events of parthenogenesis. Specifically, we determined whether the requirements for centrosomes and diploidization that are essential for developmental success can be overcome. As a primal deviation from sexually reproducing (i.e. sexual) strains of the same species, free asters emerged from the de novo formation of centrosome-like structures in the cytosol of unfertilized eggs. Those microtubule-organizing centers had distinct roles in the earliest cycles of parthenogenetic embryos with respect to mitotic progression and arrangement of mitotic spindles. In the first cycle, an anastral bipolar spindle self-assembled around a haploid set of replicated chromosomes. Participation of at least one microtubule-organizing center in the spindle was necessary for mitotic progression into anaphase. In particular, the first mitosis involving a monastral bipolar spindle resulted in haploid daughter nuclei, one of which was associated with a microtubule-organizing center whereas the other was not. Remarkably, in the following cycle, biastral and anastral bipolar spindles formed that were frequently arranged in tandem by sharing an aster with bidirectional connections at their central poles. We propose that, for diploidization of haploid nuclei, unfertilized parthenogenetic embryos utilize dual spindles during the second mitosis, as occurs for the first mitosis in normal fertilized eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshihiro H Inoue
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Muneo Matsuda
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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Deng Q, Wang C, Koe CT, Heinen JP, Tan YS, Li S, Gonzalez C, Sung WK, Wang H. Parafibromin governs cell polarity and centrosome assembly in Drosophila neural stem cells. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001834. [PMID: 36223339 PMCID: PMC9555638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) divide asymmetrically to balance their self-renewal and differentiation, an imbalance in which can lead to NSC overgrowth and tumor formation. The functions of Parafibromin, a conserved tumor suppressor, in the nervous system are not established. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila Parafibromin/Hyrax (Hyx) inhibits ectopic NSC formation by governing cell polarity. Hyx is essential for the asymmetric distribution and/or maintenance of polarity proteins. hyx depletion results in the symmetric division of NSCs, leading to the formation of supernumerary NSCs in the larval brain. Importantly, we show that human Parafibromin rescues the ectopic NSC phenotype in Drosophila hyx mutant brains. We have also discovered that Hyx is required for the proper formation of interphase microtubule-organizing center and mitotic spindles in NSCs. Moreover, Hyx is required for the proper localization of 2 key centrosomal proteins, Polo and AurA, and the microtubule-binding proteins Msps and D-TACC in dividing NSCs. Furthermore, Hyx directly regulates the polo and aurA expression in vitro. Finally, overexpression of polo and aurA could significantly suppress ectopic NSC formation and NSC polarity defects caused by hyx depletion. Our data support a model in which Hyx promotes the expression of polo and aurA in NSCs and, in turn, regulates cell polarity and centrosome/microtubule assembly. This new paradigm may be relevant to future studies on Parafibromin/HRPT2-associated cancers. This study shows that the conserved tumor suppressor Parafibromin plays an important role in Drosophila neural stem cell function, regulating the expression of the centrosomal proteins Polo and AurA, modulating centrosome and microtubule assembly, and ultimately influencing neural stem cell polarity during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Deng
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Cheng Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chwee Tat Koe
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jan Peter Heinen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Song Li
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Cayetano Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wing-Kin Sung
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Genome, Singapore
- Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Dept. of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School—Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Steinacker TL, Wong SS, Novak ZA, Saurya S, Gartenmann L, van Houtum EJ, Sayers JR, Lagerholm BC, Raff JW. Centriole growth is limited by the Cdk/Cyclin-dependent phosphorylation of Ana2/STIL. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202205058. [PMID: 35861803 PMCID: PMC9442473 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles duplicate once per cell cycle, but it is unclear how daughter centrioles assemble at the right time and place and grow to the right size. Here, we show that in Drosophila embryos the cytoplasmic concentrations of the key centriole assembly proteins Asl, Plk4, Ana2, Sas-6, and Sas-4 are low, but remain constant throughout the assembly process-indicating that none of them are limiting for centriole assembly. The cytoplasmic diffusion rate of Ana2/STIL, however, increased significantly toward the end of S-phase as Cdk/Cyclin activity in the embryo increased. A mutant form of Ana2 that cannot be phosphorylated by Cdk/Cyclins did not exhibit this diffusion change and allowed daughter centrioles to grow for an extended period. Thus, the Cdk/Cyclin-dependent phosphorylation of Ana2 seems to reduce the efficiency of daughter centriole assembly toward the end of S-phase. This helps to ensure that daughter centrioles stop growing at the correct time, and presumably also helps to explain why centrioles cannot duplicate during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siu-Shing Wong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zsofia A. Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Gartenmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Judith R. Sayers
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jordan W. Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Chen F, Wu J, Iwanski MK, Jurriens D, Sandron A, Pasolli M, Puma G, Kromhout JZ, Yang C, Nijenhuis W, Kapitein LC, Berger F, Akhmanova A. Self-assembly of pericentriolar material in interphase cells lacking centrioles. eLife 2022; 11:77892. [PMID: 35787744 PMCID: PMC9307276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, the centrosome, comprises a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM), which nucleates and anchors microtubules. Centrosome assembly depends on PCM binding to centrioles, PCM self-association and dynein-mediated PCM transport, but the self-assembly properties of PCM components in interphase cells are poorly understood. Here, we used experiments and modeling to study centriole-independent features of interphase PCM assembly. We showed that when centrioles are lost due to PLK4 depletion or inhibition, dynein-based transport and self-clustering of PCM proteins are sufficient to form a single compact MTOC, which generates a dense radial microtubule array. Interphase self-assembly of PCM components depends on γ-tubulin, pericentrin, CDK5RAP2 and ninein, but not NEDD1, CEP152, or CEP192. Formation of a compact acentriolar MTOC is inhibited by AKAP450-dependent PCM recruitment to the Golgi or by randomly organized CAMSAP2-stabilized microtubules, which keep PCM mobile and prevent its coalescence. Linking of CAMSAP2 to a minus-end-directed motor leads to the formation of an MTOC, but MTOC compaction requires cooperation with pericentrin-containing self-clustering PCM. Our data reveal that interphase PCM contains a set of components that can self-assemble into a compact structure and organize microtubules, but PCM self-organization is sensitive to motor- and microtubule-based rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Chen
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne Jurriens
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arianna Sandron
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasolli
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gianmarco Puma
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Chao Yang
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Berger
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Takumi K, Kitagawa D. Experimental and Natural Induction of de novo Centriole Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:861864. [PMID: 35445021 PMCID: PMC9014216 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.861864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In cycling cells, new centrioles are assembled in the vicinity of pre-existing centrioles. Although this canonical centriole duplication is a tightly regulated process in animal cells, centrioles can also form in the absence of pre-existing centrioles; this process is termed de novo centriole formation. De novo centriole formation is triggered by the removal of all pre-existing centrioles in the cell in various manners. Moreover, overexpression of polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4), a master regulatory kinase for centriole biogenesis, can induce de novo centriole formation in some cell types. Under these conditions, structurally and functionally normal centrioles can be formed de novo. While de novo centriole formation is normally suppressed in cells with intact centrioles, depletion of certain suppressor proteins leads to the ectopic formation of centriole-related protein aggregates in the cytoplasm. It has been shown that de novo centriole formation also occurs naturally in some species. For instance, during the multiciliogenesis of vertebrate epithelial cells, massive de novo centriole amplification occurs to form numerous motile cilia. In this review, we summarize the previous findings on de novo centriole formation, particularly under experimental conditions, and discuss its regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasuga Takumi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Tian Y, Yan Y, Fu J. Nine-fold symmetry of centriole: The joint efforts of its core proteins. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100262. [PMID: 34997615 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The centriole is a widely conserved organelle required for the assembly of centrosomes, cilia, and flagella. Its striking feature - the nine-fold symmetrical structure, was discovered over 70 years ago by transmission electron microscopy, and since elaborated mostly by cryo-electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy. Here, we review the discoveries that led to the current understanding of how the nine-fold symmetrical structure is built. We focus on the recent findings of the centriole structure in high resolution, its assembly pathways, and its nine-fold distributed components. We propose a model that the assembly of the nine-fold symmetrical centriole depends on the concerted efforts of its core proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Alvarez-Rodrigo I, Wainman A, Saurya S, Raff JW. Ana1 helps recruit Polo to centrioles to promote mitotic PCM assembly and centriole elongation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258987. [PMID: 34156068 PMCID: PMC8325959 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo kinase (PLK1 in mammals) is a master cell cycle regulator that is recruited to various subcellular structures, often by its polo-box domain (PBD), which binds to phosphorylated S-pS/pT motifs. Polo/PLK1 kinases have multiple functions at centrioles and centrosomes, and we have previously shown that in Drosophila phosphorylated Sas-4 initiates Polo recruitment to newly formed centrioles, while phosphorylated Spd-2 recruits Polo to the pericentriolar material (PCM) that assembles around mother centrioles in mitosis. Here, we show that Ana1 (Cep295 in humans) also helps to recruit Polo to mother centrioles in Drosophila. If Ana1-dependent Polo recruitment is impaired, mother centrioles can still duplicate, disengage from their daughters and form functional cilia, but they can no longer efficiently assemble mitotic PCM or elongate during G2. We conclude that Ana1 helps recruit Polo to mother centrioles to specifically promote mitotic centrosome assembly and centriole elongation in G2, but not centriole duplication, centriole disengagement or cilia assembly. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordan W. Raff
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Siskos N, Stylianopoulou E, Skavdis G, Grigoriou ME. Molecular Genetics of Microcephaly Primary Hereditary: An Overview. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050581. [PMID: 33946187 PMCID: PMC8145766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroCephaly Primary Hereditary (MCPH) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a significant reduction of the occipitofrontal head circumference and mild to moderate mental disability. Patients have small brains, though with overall normal architecture; therefore, studying MCPH can reveal not only the pathological mechanisms leading to this condition, but also the mechanisms operating during normal development. MCPH is genetically heterogeneous, with 27 genes listed so far in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. In this review, we discuss the role of MCPH proteins and delineate the molecular mechanisms and common pathways in which they participate.
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