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Chevalier L, Klingelschmitt F, Mousseron L, Minc N. Mechanical strategies supporting growth and size diversity in Filamentous Fungi. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:br17. [PMID: 39046771 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-04-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The stereotypical tip growth of filamentous fungi supports their lifestyles and functions. It relies on the polarized remodeling and expansion of a protective elastic cell wall (CW) driven by large cytoplasmic turgor pressure. Remarkably, hyphal filament diameters and cell elongation rates can vary extensively among different fungi. To date, however, how fungal cell mechanics may be adapted to support these morphological diversities while ensuring surface integrity remains unknown. Here, we combined super-resolution imaging and deflation assays to measure local CW thickness, elasticity and turgor in a set of fungal species spread on the evolutionary tree that spans a large range in cell size and growth speeds. While CW elasticity exhibited dispersed values, presumably reflecting differences in CW composition, both thickness and turgor scaled in dose-dependence with cell diameter and growth speeds. Notably, larger cells exhibited thinner lateral CWs, and faster cells thinner apical CWs. Counterintuitively, turgor pressure was also inversely scaled with cell diameter and tip growth speed, challenging the idea that turgor is the primary factor dictating tip elongation rates. We propose that fast-growing cells with rapid CW turnover have evolved strategies based on a less turgid cytoplasm and thin walls to safeguard surface integrity and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Chevalier
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Flora Klingelschmitt
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Mousseron
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
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Wei W, Zheng B, Zheng S, Wu D, Chu Y, Zhang S, Wang D, Ma X, Liu X, Yao X, Fu C. The Cdc42 GAP Rga6 promotes monopolar outgrowth of spores. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 222:213678. [PMID: 36355349 PMCID: PMC9652770 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of the monopolar growth of fission yeast spores have been less characterized. Here, we report that the Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Rga6 is required for promoting monopolar growth during spore germination. The absence of Rga6 increases the number of spores that grow in a bipolar fashion. Rga6 decorates the non-growing cortical region, binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, and colocalizes with the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-binding protein Opy1. Overexpression of Opy1 diminishes the cortical localization of Rga6. The characteristic localization of Rga6 on the cell cortex depends on the C-terminal PBR region of Rga6. Moreover, engineered chimera composed of the Rga6 C-terminal PBR region fused to the GAP domain of Rga3 or Rga4 are sufficient to rescue the spore growth phenotype caused by the absence of Rga6. Hence, our work establishes a paradigm in which the lipid composition of the plasma membrane directs polarized cell growth by specifying the cortical localization of a GAP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfan Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Biyu Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shengnan Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yongkang Chu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shenghao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China,Xuebiao Yao:
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China,Correspondence to Chuanhai Fu:
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Municio-Diaz C, Muller E, Drevensek S, Fruleux A, Lorenzetti E, Boudaoud A, Minc N. Mechanobiology of the cell wall – insights from tip-growing plant and fungal cells. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:280540. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The cell wall (CW) is a thin and rigid layer encasing the membrane of all plant and fungal cells. It ensures mechanical integrity by bearing mechanical stresses derived from large cytoplasmic turgor pressure, contacts with growing neighbors or growth within restricted spaces. The CW is made of polysaccharides and proteins, but is dynamic in nature, changing composition and geometry during growth, reproduction or infection. Such continuous and often rapid remodeling entails risks of enhanced stress and consequent damages or fractures, raising the question of how the CW detects and measures surface mechanical stress and how it strengthens to ensure surface integrity? Although early studies in model fungal and plant cells have identified homeostatic pathways required for CW integrity, recent methodologies are now allowing the measurement of pressure and local mechanical properties of CWs in live cells, as well as addressing how forces and stresses can be detected at the CW surface, fostering the emergence of the field of CW mechanobiology. Here, using tip-growing cells of plants and fungi as case study models, we review recent progress on CW mechanosensation and mechanical regulation, and their implications for the control of cell growth, morphogenesis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Municio-Diaz
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod 1 , F-75006 Paris , France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer 2 , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Elise Muller
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 3 , 91128 Palaiseau Cedex , France
| | - Stéphanie Drevensek
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 3 , 91128 Palaiseau Cedex , France
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 4 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Enrico Lorenzetti
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 3 , 91128 Palaiseau Cedex , France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 3 , 91128 Palaiseau Cedex , France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod 1 , F-75006 Paris , France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer 2 , 75013 Paris , France
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First person – Sarah Taheraly. J Cell Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Sarah Taheraly is first author on ‘An image analysis method to survey the dynamics of polar protein abundance in the regulation of tip growth’, published in JCS. Sarah conducted the research described in this article while an Engineer in Biology and Health in the lab of Nicolas Minc, at the Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France. She now works in the lab of Philippe Benaroch at the Institut Curie, Paris, as an motivated engineer interested in cell biology, immunology, genetics and astronomy.
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