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Harrell MA, Liu Z, Campbell BF, Chinsen O, Hong T, Das M. Arp2/3-dependent endocytosis ensures Cdc42 oscillations by removing Pak1-mediated negative feedback. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311139. [PMID: 39012625 PMCID: PMC11259211 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The GTPase Cdc42 regulates polarized growth in most eukaryotes. In the bipolar yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Cdc42 activation cycles periodically at sites of polarized growth. These periodic cycles are caused by alternating positive feedback and time-delayed negative feedback loops. At each polarized end, negative feedback is established when active Cdc42 recruits the Pak1 kinase to prevent further Cdc42 activation. It is unclear how Cdc42 activation returns to each end after Pak1-dependent negative feedback. We find that disrupting branched actin-mediated endocytosis disables Cdc42 reactivation at the cell ends. Using experimental and mathematical approaches, we show that endocytosis-dependent Pak1 removal from the cell ends allows the Cdc42 activator Scd1 to return to that end to enable reactivation of Cdc42. Moreover, we show that Pak1 elicits its own removal via activation of endocytosis. These findings provide a deeper insight into the self-organization of Cdc42 regulation and reveal previously unknown feedback with endocytosis in the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Olivia Chinsen
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Tian Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Maitreyi Das
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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Glazenburg MM, Hettema NM, Laan L, Remy O, Laloux G, Brunet T, Chen X, Tee YH, Wen W, Rizvi MS, Jolly MK, Riddell M. Perspectives on polarity - exploring biological asymmetry across scales. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261987. [PMID: 38441500 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this Perspective, Journal of Cell Science invited researchers working on cell and tissue polarity to share their thoughts on unique, emerging or open questions relating to their field. The goal of this article is to feature 'voices' from scientists around the world and at various career stages, to bring attention to innovative and thought-provoking topics of interest to the cell biology community. These voices discuss intriguing questions that consider polarity across scales, evolution, development and disease. What can yeast and protists tell us about the evolution of cell and tissue polarity in animals? How are cell fate and development influenced by emerging dynamics in cell polarity? What can we learn from atypical and extreme polarity systems? How can we arrive at a more unified biophysical understanding of polarity? Taken together, these pieces demonstrate the broad relevance of the fascinating phenomenon of cell polarization to diverse fundamental biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Margaretha Glazenburg
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Marije Hettema
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Liedewij Laan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ophélie Remy
- Institut de Duve, UCLouvain, 75 avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Laloux
- Institut de Duve, UCLouvain, 75 avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, 25-28 rue du docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xin Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Levi Hall 137, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685, USA
| | - Yee Han Tee
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mohd Suhail Rizvi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy 502284, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
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Barbieri S, Gotta M. Order from chaos: cellular asymmetries explained with modelling. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:122-135. [PMID: 37574346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecules inside cells are subject to physical forces and undergo biochemical interactions, continuously changing their physical properties and dynamics. Despite this, cells achieve highly ordered molecular patterns that are crucial to regulate various cellular functions and to specify cell fate. In the Caenorhabditis elegans one-cell embryo, protein asymmetries are established in the narrow time window of a cell division. What are the mechanisms that allow molecules to establish asymmetries, defying the randomness imposed by Brownian motion? Mathematical and computational models have paved the way to the understanding of protein dynamics up to the 'single-molecule level' when resolution represents an issue for precise experimental measurements. Here we review the models that interpret cortical and cytoplasmic asymmetries in the one-cell C. elegans embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Barbieri
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Monica Gotta
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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Harrell M, Liu Z, Campbell BF, Chinsen O, Hong T, Das M. The Arp2/3 complex promotes periodic removal of Pak1-mediated negative feedback to facilitate anticorrelated Cdc42 oscillations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.08.566261. [PMID: 38106068 PMCID: PMC10723479 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The conserved GTPase Cdc42 is a major regulator of polarized growth in most eukaryotes. Cdc42 periodically cycles between active and inactive states at sites of polarized growth. These periodic cycles are caused by positive feedback and time-delayed negative feedback loops. In the bipolar yeast S. pombe, both growing ends must regulate Cdc42 activity. At each cell end, Cdc42 activity recruits the Pak1 kinase which prevents further Cdc42 activation thus establishing negative feedback. It is unclear how Cdc42 activation returns to the end after Pak1-dependent negative feedback. Using genetic and chemical perturbations, we find that disrupting branched actin-mediated endocytosis disables Cdc42 reactivation at the cell ends. With our experimental data and mathematical models, we show that endocytosis-dependent Pak1 removal from the cell ends allows the Cdc42 activator Scd1 to return to that end to enable reactivation of Cdc42. Moreover, we show that Pak1 elicits its own removal via activation of endocytosis. In agreement with these observations, our model and experimental data show that in each oscillatory cycle, Cdc42 activation increases followed by an increase in Pak1 recruitment at that end. These findings provide a deeper insight into the self-organization of Cdc42 regulation and reveal previously unknown feedback with endocytosis in the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Harrell
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, TN, 37916
| | | | - Olivia Chinsen
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467
| | - Tian Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, TN, 37916
| | - Maitreyi Das
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467
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Brauns F, Iñigo de la Cruz L, Daalman WKG, de Bruin I, Halatek J, Laan L, Frey E. Redundancy and the role of protein copy numbers in the cell polarization machinery of budding yeast. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6504. [PMID: 37845215 PMCID: PMC10579396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How can a self-organized cellular function evolve, adapt to perturbations, and acquire new sub-functions? To make progress in answering these basic questions of evolutionary cell biology, we analyze, as a concrete example, the cell polarity machinery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This cellular module exhibits an intriguing resilience: it remains operational under genetic perturbations and recovers quickly and reproducibly from the deletion of one of its key components. Using a combination of modeling, conceptual theory, and experiments, we propose that multiple, redundant self-organization mechanisms coexist within the protein network underlying cell polarization and are responsible for the module's resilience and adaptability. Based on our mechanistic understanding of polarity establishment, we hypothesize that scaffold proteins, by introducing new connections in the existing network, can increase the redundancy of mechanisms and thus increase the evolvability of other network components. Moreover, our work gives a perspective on how a complex, redundant cellular module might have evolved from a more rudimental ancestral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridtjof Brauns
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Leila Iñigo de la Cruz
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Werner K-G Daalman
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse de Bruin
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Halatek
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Liedewij Laan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Hofgartenstraße 8, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
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