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Wang JX, Ma EB, Zhang JZ, Xing SP. DEAD-Box RNA Helicase DDX47 Maintains Midgut Homeostasis in Locusta migratoria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020586. [PMID: 35054771 PMCID: PMC8775783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is critical for maintaining organ shape, size, and function. The condition is regulated by the balance between the generation of new cells and the loss of senescent cells, and it involves many factors and mechanisms. The midgut, an important part of the intestinal tract, is responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption in insects. LmDDX47, the ortholog of DEAD-box helicase 47 from Locusta migratoria, is indispensable for sustaining a normal midgut in the nymphs. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, LmDDX47 knockdown resulted in atrophy of the midgut and gastric cecum in both nymph and adult locusts. After LmDDX47 knockdown, the number of regenerative and columnar cells in the midgut was significantly reduced, and cell death was induced in columnar tissue. LmDDX47 was localized to the nucleolus; this was consistent with the reduction in 18S rRNA synthesis in the LmDDX47 knockdown group. In addition, the acetylation and crotonylation levels of midgut proteins were significantly increased. Therefore, LmDDX47 could be a key regulator of midgut homeostasis, regulating 18S rRNA synthesis as well as protein acetylation and crotonylation in the migratory locust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xiu Wang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.-X.W.); (E.-B.M.); (J.-Z.Z.)
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - En-Bo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.-X.W.); (E.-B.M.); (J.-Z.Z.)
| | - Jian-Zhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.-X.W.); (E.-B.M.); (J.-Z.Z.)
| | - Shu-Ping Xing
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.-X.W.); (E.-B.M.); (J.-Z.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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2
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Caccia S, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. The amazing complexity of insect midgut cells: types, peculiarities, and functions. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:505-525. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Santos HP, Gutiérrez Y, Oliveira EE, Serrão JE. Sublethal dose of deltamethrin damage the midgut cells of the mayfly Callibaetis radiatus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:1418-1427. [PMID: 29090441 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In insects, the midgut performs multiple physiologic functions (e.g., digestion and nutrients absorption) and serves as a physical/chemical barrier against pathogens and chemical stressors such as deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, commonly used in insect control that are agricultural pests and human disease vectors. Here, we described the midgut cell ultrastructure of Callibaetis radiatus nymphs, which are bioindicators of water quality and the ultrastructural alterations in midgut under sublethal exposure to deltamethrin at three different periods (1, 12, 24 h). The digestive cells of deltamethrin-unexposed nymphs had long microvilli, many mitochondria in the apical cytoplasm, a rough endoplasmic reticulum, a basal labyrinth with openings for hemocele, and the midgut peritrophic matrix which is classified as type I. Nymphs exposed to deltamethrin exhibited digestive cells rich in autophagic vacuoles, basal labyrinth loss, and microvilli disorganization since the first hour of contact with deltamethrin. However, these midgut tissues underwent to autophagic cellular recovery along the 24 h of exposure to deltamethrin. Thus, the sublethal exposure to deltamethrin is sufficient to disturb the ultrastructure of C. radiatus midgut, which might reduce the abilities of these insects to survive in aquatic environments contaminated by pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Pinto Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, São João Evangelista, MG, 39705-000, Brazil
| | - Yeisson Gutiérrez
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, D48149, Münster, Germany
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
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Liu L, Hua BZ. Ultrastructure of the larval midgut of Bittacus planus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) and Neopanorpa longiprocessa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Tissue Cell 2017; 49:622-631. [PMID: 28823837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bittacidae and Panorpidae are the two largest families in Mecoptera. The larvae of Bittacidae are different from those of Panorpidae in external morphology and habits, and have an interesting habit of spraying the body surface with soil through the anus. However, it remains unknown to date whether the larval midguts are different in structure between the two families. Here the ultrastructure of the larval midguts of the hangingfly Bittacus planus Cheng and the scorpionfly Neopanorpa longiprocessa Hua & Chou were compared using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The midguts of both species are simple tubes of single layered epithelia with digestive and regenerative cells but without diverticula. The basal plasma membrane of epithelial cells exhibits infolding in B. planus, but is closely apposed to its basal lamina in N. longiprocessa. Lymph spaces are present between adjacent epithelial cells in B. planus, but are absent in N. longiprocessa. The regenerative cells are scattered among the digestive cells in B. planus, but are aggregated in N. longiprocessa. The longitudinal muscle bands are compact in B. planus, but are sparse in N. longiprocessa. The compact longitudinal muscle bands are likely associated with their soil-spraying habit in Bittacidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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5
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Teuscher M, Ströhlein N, Birkenbach M, Schultheis D, Schoppmeier M. TC003132 is essential for the follicle stem cell lineage in telotrophic Tribolium oogenesis. Front Zool 2017; 14:26. [PMID: 28533810 PMCID: PMC5438533 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with a potential for self-renewal, which are essential to support normal development and homeostasis. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying adult stem cell biology and organ evolution, we use the telotrophic ovary of the beetle Tribolium. To this end, we participated in a large-scale RNAi screen in the red flour beetle Tribolium, which identified functions in embryonic and postembryonic development for more than half of the Tribolium genes. Results We identified TC003132 as candidate gene for the follicle stem cell linage in telotrophic Tribolium oogenesis. TC003132 belongs to the Casein Kinase 2 substrate family (CK2S), which in humans is associated with the proliferative activity of different cancers. Upon TC003132 RNAi, central pre-follicular cells are lost, which results in termination of oogenesis. Given that also Notch-signalling is required to promote the mitotic activity of central pre-follicular cells, we performed epistasis experiments with Notch and cut. In addition, we identified a putative follicle stem cell population by monitoring the mitotic pattern of wild type and TC003132 depleted follicle cells by EdU incorporations. In TC003132 RNAi these putative FSCs cease the expression of differentiation makers and are eventually lost. Conclusions TC003132 depleted pre-follicular cells neither react to mitosis or endocycle stimulating signals, suggesting that TC003132 provides competence for differentiation cues. This may resemble the situation in C. elegans were CK2 is required to maintain the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the germ line. Since the earliest effect of TC003132 RNAi is characterized by the loss of putative FSCs, we posit that TC003132 crucially contributes to the proliferation or maintenance of follicle stem cells in the telotrophic Tribolium ovary. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-017-0212-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Teuscher
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadi Ströhlein
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Birkenbach
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Schultheis
- Present address: Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schoppmeier
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology Unit, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Wegener C, Veenstra JA. Chemical identity, function and regulation of enteroendocrine peptides in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 11:8-13. [PMID: 28285763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
How animals allocate energy and metabolic decisions are coordinated is a fundamental physiological question. Metabolic research is strongly driven by an increasing obesity rate in humans. For insects-which contain many pest species and disease vectors-the control of feeding is of agroeconomical and medical importance. Regulatory peptides have since long been in focus of metabolic research. In insects, major advances have been made recently, mostly due to research in the genetically tractable Drosophila melanogaster with focus on the central nervous system as a source of neuropeptides. Research on peptides produced by enteroendocrine cells remained peripheral, but this situation is about to change. This review highlights current knowledge and advances on the identity and role of enteroendocrine insect peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jan A Veenstra
- University of Bordeaux, INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, Talence, France
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Duressa TF, Vanlaer R, Huybrechts R. Locust cellular defense against infections: sites of pathogen clearance and hemocyte proliferation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:244-253. [PMID: 25281274 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The locust cellular defense is mediated by hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue. In Locusta migratoria, the hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue mutually assist each other in clearing invading pathogens from circulation. A β-1, 3-glucan infection induces nodule formation and apoptotic, TUNEL positive, cells in the hematopoietic tissue and massive loss of hemocytes in the circulation, calling for instant proliferation of hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue cells to assure continued host cellular defense. As the locust hematopoietic tissue persists at the adult stage, it was originally designated as being the major source for the replenishment process. Revisiting post infection hemocyte proliferation, using immunofluorescence based tests for DNA synthesis and mitosis, evidenced the lack of β-1, 3-glucan induced cell proliferation in the hematopoietic tissue. Instead these tests identified the circulating hemocytes as the major source for hemocyte replenishment in the circulation. The hematopoietic tissue, however, undergoes a continuous, slow and infection independent regeneration, thereby accumulating potential phagocytes despite infection, and might serve a prophylactic role in containing pathogens in this swarming insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Firdissa Duressa
- Section of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ria Vanlaer
- Section of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research group of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Section of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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8
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Abstract
Adult stem cells face the challenge of maintaining tissue homeostasis by self-renewal while maintaining their proliferation potential over the lifetime of an organism. Continuous proliferation can cause genotoxic/metabolic stress that can compromise the genomic integrity of stem cells. To prevent stem cell exhaustion, highly proliferative adult tissues maintain a pool of quiescent stem cells that divide only in response to injury and thus remain protected from genotoxic stress. Hydra is a remarkable organism with highly proliferative stem cells and ability to regenerate at whole animal level. Intriguingly, hydra does not display consequences of high proliferation, such as senescence or tumour formation. In this study, we investigate if hydra harbours a pool of slow-cycling stem cells that could help prevent undesirable consequences of continuous proliferation. Hydra were pulsed with the thymidine analogue 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) and then chased in the absence of EdU to monitor the presence of EdU-retaining cells. A significant number of undifferentiated cells of all three lineages in hydra retained EdU for about 8–10 cell cycles, indicating that these cells did not enter cell cycle. These label-retaining cells were resistant to hydroxyurea treatment and were predominantly in the G2 phase of cell cycle. Most significantly, similar to mammalian quiescent stem cells, these cells rapidly entered cell division during head regeneration. This study shows for the first time that, contrary to current beliefs, cells in hydra display heterogeneity in their cell cycle potential and the slow-cycling cells in this population enter cell cycle during head regeneration. These results suggest an early evolution of slow-cycling stem cells in multicellular animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraimathi Govindasamy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Supriya Murthy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yashoda Ghanekar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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9
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Urbanek A, Rost-Roszkowska MM. Ultrastructural studies on the midgut of biting midge Forcipomyia nigra (Winnertz) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Micron 2014; 69:25-34. [PMID: 25437853 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biting midges belonging to the genus Forcipomyia are known to be hematophagous, predatory or saprophagous. Different stages of Forcipomyia nigra midges were investigated to provide a description of midgut ultrastructure. Larvae feeding on decaying organic matter possess simple, straight alimentary tracts whose middle regions are the longest. TEM studies of the larval midgut epithelium reveal that digestive cells show different ultrastructure depending on their age. The older cells with electron-dense cytoplasm degenerate while the younger ones with electron-lucent cytoplasm remain active in digestion. In saprophagous females, the ultrastructure of midgut epithelium changes according to the age of flies. Oogenesis induces degeneration of digestive cells and utilization of reserve material accumulated by them. The midgut epithelia of male midges consist of digestive and regenerative cells that show no evidence of cell degeneration as observed in females. Our results demonstrate differences between midgut digestive cells of males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Urbanek
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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10
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Fernandes KM, Neves CA, Serrão JE, Martins GF. Aedes aegypti midgut remodeling during metamorphosis. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:506-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Ultrastructure and Immunofluorescence of the midgut of Bombus morio (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini). C R Biol 2014; 337:365-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Mashanov VS, Zueva O, García-Arrarás JE. Postembryonic organogenesis of the digestive tube: why does it occur in worms and sea cucumbers but fail in humans? Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 108:185-216. [PMID: 24512710 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391498-9.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We provide an integrative view of mechanisms that enable regeneration of the digestive tube in various animal models, including vertebrates, tunicates, echinoderms, insects, and flatworms. Two main strategies of regeneration of the endodermal luminal (mucosal) epithelium have evolved in metazoans. One of them involves proliferation of resident epithelial cells, while the other relies on recruitment of cells from extramucosal sources. In any of these two scenarios, either pluri-/multipotent stem cells or specialized differentiated cells can be used as the starting material. Posttraumatic visceral regeneration shares some common mechanisms with normal embryonic development as well as with organ homeostatic maintenance, but there are signaling pathways and/or cellular pools that are specific to the regenerative phenomena. Comparative analysis of the literature suggests that mammals share with spontaneously regenerating animals many of the regeneration-related adaptations and are able to efficiently repair components of their digestive tube at the level of individual tissues, but fail to do so at the whole-organ scale. We review what might cause this failure in the context of the current state of knowledge about various regenerative models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Mashanov
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Olga Zueva
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - José E García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA.
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13
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Munhoz REF, Bignotto TS, Pereira NC, Saez CRDN, Bespalhuk R, Fassina VA, Pessini GM, Baggio MPD, Ribeiro LDFC, Brancalhão RMC, Mizuno S, Aita WS, Fernandez MA. Evaluation of the toxic effect of insecticide chlorantraniliprole on the silkworm <i>Bombyx mori</i> (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2013.34051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Forsthoefel DJ, Park AE, Newmark PA. Stem cell-based growth, regeneration, and remodeling of the planarian intestine. Dev Biol 2011; 356:445-59. [PMID: 21664348 PMCID: PMC3490491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although some animals are capable of regenerating organs, the mechanisms by which this is achieved are poorly understood. In planarians, pluripotent somatic stem cells called neoblasts supply new cells for growth, replenish tissues in response to cellular turnover, and regenerate tissues after injury. For most tissues and organs, however, the spatiotemporal dynamics of stem cell differentiation and the fate of tissue that existed prior to injury have not been characterized systematically. Utilizing in vivo imaging and bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase experiments, we have analyzed growth and regeneration of the planarian intestine, the organ responsible for digestion and nutrient distribution. During growth, we observe that new gut branches are added along the entire anteroposterior axis. We find that new enterocytes differentiate throughout the intestine rather than in specific growth zones, suggesting that branching morphogenesis is achieved primarily by remodeling of differentiated intestinal tissues. During regeneration, we also demonstrate a previously unappreciated degree of intestinal remodeling, in which pre-existing posterior gut tissue contributes extensively to the newly formed anterior gut, and vice versa. By contrast to growing animals, differentiation of new intestinal cells occurs at preferential locations, including within newly generated tissue (the blastema), and along pre-existing intestinal branches undergoing remodeling. Our results indicate that growth and regeneration of the planarian intestine are achieved by co-ordinated differentiation of stem cells and the remodeling of pre-existing tissues. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which these processes are integrated will be critical for understanding organogenesis in a post-embryonic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Forsthoefel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Amanda E. Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Phillip A. Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
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15
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Castagnola A, Eda S, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Monitoring stem cell proliferation and differentiation in primary midgut cell cultures from Heliothis virescens larvae using flow cytometry. Differentiation 2010; 81:192-8. [PMID: 21190786 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the midgut of Heliothis virescens larvae, proliferation and differentiation of stem cell populations allow for midgut growth and regeneration. Basic epithelial regenerative function can be assessed in vitro by purifying these two cell type populations, yet efficient high throughput methods to monitor midgut stem cell proliferation and differentiation are not available. We describe a flow cytometry method to differentiate stem from mature midgut cells and use it to monitor proliferation, differentiation and death in primary midgut stem cell cultures from H. virescens larvae. Our method is based on differential light scattering and vital stain fluorescence properties to distinguish between stem and mature midgut cells. Using this method, we monitored proliferation and differentiation of H. virescens midgut cells cultured in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) or AlbuMAX II. Supplementation with FBS resulted in increased stem cell differentiation after 5 days of culture, while AlbuMAX II-supplemented medium promoted stem cell proliferation. These data demonstrate utility of our flow cytometry method for studying stem cell-based epithelial regeneration, and indicate that AlbuMAX II-supplemented medium may be used to maintain pluripotency in primary midgut stem cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castagnola
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, 205 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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16
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Pinheiro DO, Silva MD, Gregório EA. Mitochondria in the midgut epithelial cells of sugarcane borer parasitized by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron, 1891). BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 70:163-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010000100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) has been controlled by Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); however, very little is known about the effect of the parasitism in the host organs, including the midgut. This work aims to verify mitochondrial alteration in the different midgut epithelial cells of D. saccharalis parasitized by C. flavipes. Midgut fragments (anterior and posterior region) of both non-parasitized and parasitized larvae were processed for transmission electron microscopy. The mitochondria of midgut epithelial cell in the parasitized larvae exhibit morphological alteration, represented by matrix rarefaction and vacuolisation. These mitochondrial alterations are more pronounced in the anterior midgut region during the parasitism process, mainly in the columnar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - MD. Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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17
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Hakim RS, Baldwin K, Smagghe G. Regulation of midgut growth, development, and metamorphosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 55:593-608. [PMID: 19775239 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The insect midgut is an important site of entry for pathogens and insect control agents. This review focuses on recent information related to midgut epithelial growth, metamorphosis, and repair as a defense against pathogens. The roles of stem cell mitogens and differentiation factors are described. Included is a discussion of apoptosis and autophagy in the yellow body. Sloughing, also described, protects the midgut from virus infections and bacterial toxins through death and replacement of affected cells. The mechanisms by which the repair process reduces the effectiveness of pest control strategies are discussed. Primary tissue culture methods also are described, and their value in understanding the mechanisms by which biologically based insecticides work is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziel S Hakim
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Hoffmann P, Holtmann M, Dorn A. Degenerative and regenerative processes involved in midgut pseudotumor formation in the stick insect (Carausius morosus). J Morphol 2009; 270:1454-74. [PMID: 19603413 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous and experimentally induced pseudotumor formation in Carausius morosus impairs the midgut tissue homeostasis. Spontaneous pseudotumor formation begins by the break down of a single or a small group of columnar cells (CCs) and is followed by the degeneration of neighboring CCs. There are not only marked similarities but also decisive differences between normal dying CCs in healthy specimens and the degeneration of CCs leading to pseudotumors: in both cases, the apical cell parts with the nucleus are extruded into the midgut lumen, but only during of pseudotumor formation an "amorphous substance" originates from the basal parts of the CCs. Hemocytes are attracted to this substance and form a nodule-like aggregation, which is responsible for the phenotype of pseudotumors. Pseudotumor infestation has also an impact on the midgut nidi, which consist of an intestinal stem cell and several CC progenitor cells. In healthy specimens only one progenitor cell per nidus differentiates at a time, but, several to all progenitor cells differentiate simultaneously in pseudotumor-infested specimens. Extirpation of the ingluvial ganglion in healthy specimens results in an immediate onset of pseudotumor formation and a dramatic acceleration of pseudotumor growth. Importantly, the ultrastructural characteristics of spontaneous and experimentally induced pseudotumors are identical. This supports the idea that the stomatogastric nervous system plays an integral role in the maintenance of midgut tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hoffmann
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Beneficial interactions between insects and gut bacteria. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49:114-9. [PMID: 23100759 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-009-0023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are amongst the most successful of animals, both in terms of diversity and in colonizing all ecological niches. Recent studies have highlighted the benefi ciary roles that bacteria play in the success and establishment of insects. By adopting techniques like 16S rRNA sequencing we are now in a position to understand the diversity of bacteria present in insect guts. It has been shown that some of these bacteria, like Wolbachia and Cardinium are involved in manipulating insect populations and distorting their sex ratio. Attempts have been made to culture these bacteria in insect cell lines, as they are recalcitrant to culture under normal microbiological conditions. The diversity of bacteria associated with insects and the functional role played by them in the insect is discussed below.
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Holtmann M, Dorn A. Midgut pseudotumors and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis: Studies on aging and manipulated stick insects. J Morphol 2009; 270:227-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ray K, Mercedes M, Chan D, Choi CY, Nishiura JT. Growth and differentiation of the larval mosquito midgut. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2009; 9:1-13. [PMID: 20053117 PMCID: PMC3011905 DOI: 10.1673/031.009.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting larval growth and nutrition have consequences on adult fecundity. Since the mosquito larval midgut is the primary organ of digestion and nutrient absorption, factors that affect the growth and development of the midgut may have potential consequences on the reproductive potential of the adult. To gain a better understanding of mosquito midgut development the growth and metamorphic remodeling of the Aedes aegypti L. and Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) midguts were investigated. Cytological evidence was obtained suggesting that, in both the anterior and posterior Ae. aegypti larval midgut, diploid regenerative cells give rise to new endoreplicating cells that significantly contribute to the growth and metabolism of the midgut. This hypothesis was supported by BrdU incorporation studies showing that diploid cells, as well as large and small endoreplicating cells, synthesize DNA during the 2(nd), 3(rd) and 4(th) instars. Cytological studies of the Cx. pipiens larval midgut suggest that anterior midgut growth in this species is primarily by cell enlargement. To study metamorphic remodeling of the midgut, DNA synthesis in Ae. aegypti 4(th) instar midguts was followed by using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. During the 24 hr period after the last larval-larval molt both endoreplicating and diploid cells incorporate BrdU. After the critical weight is achieved, endoreplicating cell BrdU incorporation gradually ceases while diploid cells continue to replicate. The period of maximum diploid cell incorporation correlated with the period of maximum ecdysone titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Ray
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Maria Mercedes
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Doris Chan
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Chi Yan Choi
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - James T. Nishiura
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210
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Parthasarathy R, Palli SR. Proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells during metamorphosis of the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:893-908. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Tettamanti G, Grimaldi A, Casartelli M, Ambrosetti E, Ponti B, Congiu T, Ferrarese R, Rivas-Pena ML, Pennacchio F, Eguileor MD. Programmed cell death and stem cell differentiation are responsible for midgut replacement in Heliothis virescens during prepupal instar. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 330:345-59. [PMID: 17661086 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed midgut development during the fifth larval instar in the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens. In prepupae, the midgut formed during larval instars undergoes a complete renewal process. This drastic remodeling of the alimentary canal involves the destruction of the old cells by programmed cell-death mechanisms (autophagy and apoptosis). Massive proliferation and differentiation of regenerative stem cells take place at the end of the fifth instar and give rise to a new fully functioning epithelium that is capable of digesting and absorbing nutrients and that is maintained throughout the subsequent pupal stage. Midgut replacement in H. virescens is achieved by a balance between this active proliferation process and cell-death mechanisms and is different from similar processes characterized in other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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