1
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Meisel RP. Ecology and the evolution of sex chromosomes. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1601-1618. [PMID: 35950939 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are common features of animal genomes, often carrying a sex determination gene responsible for initiating the development of sexually dimorphic traits. The specific chromosome that serves as the sex chromosome differs across taxa as a result of fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes, along with sex chromosome turnover-autosomes becoming sex chromosomes and sex chromosomes 'reverting' back to autosomes. In addition, the types of genes on sex chromosomes frequently differ from the autosomes, and genes on sex chromosomes often evolve faster than autosomal genes. Sex-specific selection pressures, such as sexual antagonism and sexual selection, are hypothesized to be responsible for sex chromosome turnovers, the unique gene content of sex chromosomes and the accelerated evolutionary rates of genes on sex chromosomes. Sex-specific selection has pronounced effects on sex chromosomes because their sex-biased inheritance can tilt the balance of selection in favour of one sex. Despite the general consensus that sex-specific selection affects sex chromosome evolution, most population genetic models are agnostic as to the specific sources of these sex-specific selection pressures, and many of the details about the effects of sex-specific selection remain unresolved. Here, I review the evidence that ecological factors, including variable selection across heterogeneous environments and conflicts between sexual and natural selection, can be important determinants of sex-specific selection pressures that shape sex chromosome evolution. I also explain how studying the ecology of sex chromosome evolution can help us understand important and unresolved aspects of both sex chromosome evolution and sex-specific selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Sirkiä PM, Qvarnström A. Adaptive coloration in pied flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca)-The devil is in the detail. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1501-1525. [PMID: 33613985 PMCID: PMC7882974 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origin and persistence of phenotypic variation within and among populations is a major goal in evolutionary biology. However, the eagerness to find unadulterated explanatory models in combination with difficulties in publishing replicated studies may lead to severe underestimations of the complexity of selection patterns acting in nature. One striking example is variation in plumage coloration in birds, where the default adaptive explanation often is that brightly colored individuals signal superior quality across environmental conditions and therefore always should be favored by directional mate choice. Here, we review studies on the proximate determination and adaptive function of coloration traits in male pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). From numerous studies, we can conclude that the dark male color phenotype is adapted to a typical northern climate and functions as a dominance signal in male-male competition over nesting sites, and that the browner phenotypes are favored by relaxed intraspecific competition with more dominant male collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) in areas where the two species co-occur. However, the role of avoidance of hybridization in driving character displacement in plumage between these two species may not be as important as initially thought. The direction of female choice on male coloration in pied flycatchers is not simply as opposite in direction in sympatry and allopatry as traditionally expected, but varies also in relation to additional contexts such as climate variation. While some of the heterogeneity in the observed relationships between coloration and fitness probably indicate type 1 errors, we strongly argue that environmental heterogeneity and context-dependent selection play important roles in explaining plumage color variation in this species, which probably also is the case in many other species studied in less detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi M. Sirkiä
- Finnish Museum of Natural HistoryZoology UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsAnimal EcologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsAnimal EcologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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3
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Zerulla TC, Stoddard PK. The Biology of Polymorphic Melanic Side-Spotting Patterns in Poeciliid Fishes. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.608289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin-based color patterns are an emerging model for studying molecular and evolutionary mechanisms driving phenotypic correlations. Extensive literature exists on color patterns and their correlated traits in the family Poeciliidae, indicating that these fishes are tractable models. We review the biology of polymorphic melanic side-spotting patterns characterized by macromelanophores forming irregular spotted patterns across fishes’ flanks. These patterns are present in the generaGambusia, Limia, Phalloceros, Poecilia, andXiphophorus. Their presence is controlled by dominant genes on autosomes or sex chromosomes. Variation in expression is under polygenic control; however, these genes’ identities are still largely unknown. In someGambusia holbrookiandPoecilia latipinna, expression is dependent on low temperature exposure, but underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Spotted fish develop melanoma in rare cases and are a well-developed model for melanoma research. Little is known about other physiological correlates except that spottedG. holbrookimales exhibit higher basal cortisol levels than unspotted males and that metabolic rate does not differ between morphs in someXiphophorusspecies. Behavioral differences between morphs are widespread, but specific to population, species, and social context. SpottedG. holbrookimales appear to be more social and more dominant. Juvenile spottedG. holbrookihave lower behavioral flexibility, and spottedX. variatusexhibit greater stress resistance. Findings conflict on whether morphs differ in sexual behavior and in sexual selection by females. Melanic side-spotting patterns are uncommon (<30%) in populations, although extreme high-frequency populations exist. This low frequency is surprising for dominant genes, indicating that a variety of selective pressures influence both these patterns and their correlated traits. Little is known about reproductive life history traits. SpottedG. holbrookiare larger and have higher survival when uncommon, but underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Spotted morphs appear to have a strong selective advantage during predation. Predators prefer to attack and consume unspotted morphs; however, this preference disappears when spottedG. holbrookimales are common, indicating negative frequency-dependent selection. Spotted morphs are preferred socially under turbid conditions, but other environmental factors that shape phenotypic correlations and morph fitness have not been studied. Finally, we present questions for future studies on melanic side-spotting patterns.
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Kottler VA, Feron R, Nanda I, Klopp C, Du K, Kneitz S, Helmprobst F, Lamatsch DK, Lopez-Roques C, Lluch J, Journot L, Parrinello H, Guiguen Y, Schartl M. Independent Origin of XY and ZW Sex Determination Mechanisms in Mosquitofish Sister Species. Genetics 2020; 214:193-209. [PMID: 31704715 PMCID: PMC6944411 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are known for the outstanding variety of their sex determination mechanisms and sex chromosome systems. The western (Gambusia affinis) and eastern mosquitofish (G. holbrooki) are sister species for which different sex determination mechanisms have been described: ZZ/ZW for G. affinis and XX/XY for G. holbrooki Here, we carried out restriction-site associated DNA (RAD-) and pool sequencing (Pool-seq) to characterize the sex chromosomes of both species. We found that the ZW chromosomes of G. affinis females and the XY chromosomes of G. holbrooki males correspond to different linkage groups, and thus evolved independently from separate autosomes. In interspecific hybrids, the Y chromosome is dominant over the W chromosome, and X is dominant over Z. In G. holbrooki, we identified a candidate region for the Y-linked melanic pigmentation locus, a rare male phenotype that constitutes a potentially sexually antagonistic trait and is associated with other such characteristics, e.g., large body size and aggressive behavior. We developed a SNP-based marker in the Y-linked allele of GIPC PDZ domain containing family member 1 (gipc1), which was linked to melanism in all tested G. holbrooki populations. This locus represents an example for a color locus that is located in close proximity to a putative sex determiner, and most likely substantially contributed to the evolution of the Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena A Kottler
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Romain Feron
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France
- University of Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute for Human Genetics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Sigenae, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRA, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Kang Du
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
| | | | - Dunja K Lamatsch
- University of Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | | | - Jerôme Lluch
- INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Journot
- Montpellier GenomiX (MGX), University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- Montpellier GenomiX (MGX), University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 France
| | - Yann Guiguen
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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5
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Kwan TN, Patil JG. Sex biased expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (amh) gene in a live bearing fish, Gambusia holbrooki: Evolutionary implications and potential role in sex differentiation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 231:59-66. [PMID: 30794959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The amh, a member of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family, is known to play a critical role in vertebrate male sex differentiation, with its paralogue/s evolving to determine sex in few heterogametic (XX/XY) teleosts. However, it remains relatively unexplored in the reproductively unique live bearing teleosts. Therefore, this study comparatively examined the structure and content of G. holbrooki amh as well as characterised its expression. A paralogous Y-specific amh (amhy) was not detected, suggesting an unlikely role in sex determination. Two transcripts (1.4 and 1.5 kb) were detected in adults: the larger (1.5 kb) retaining intron 5, coding for a truncated AMH-N and no TGF-β domain. The small (1.4 kb) transcript, had both domains intact and clustered with members of Poeciliidae. In contrast to other vertebrates, a higher conservation between the N- rather than the C- terminus of amh in Poeciliidae was observed, suggesting an adaptation that may be unique to live bearing teleosts. The amh expression was 6 times higher in brain of both sexes and testis compared with ovaries (p = .001). Intriguingly, female splenic tissues showed 10 times higher expression (p = .006) and such female bias splenic expression has not been reported in any teleosts. Ontogenic expression was 25 times higher in male embryos at gastrulation stage (p = .001), much earlier than those reported in egg-laying teleosts. Such heightened expression in male embryos suggests a repressive role associated with proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) that are known to occur earlier at blastulation in teleosts-potentially influencing gonadal fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu Nin Kwan
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia.
| | - Jawahar G Patil
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia; Inland Fisheries and Services (IFS), TAS, Australia
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The Colorful Sex Chromosomes of Teleost Fish. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9050233. [PMID: 29751562 PMCID: PMC5977173 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish provide some of the most intriguing examples of sexually dimorphic coloration, which is often advantageous for only one of the sexes. Mapping studies demonstrated that the genetic loci underlying such color patterns are frequently in tight linkage to the sex-determining locus of a species, ensuring sex-specific expression of the corresponding trait. Several genes affecting color synthesis and pigment cell development have been previously described, but the color loci on the sex chromosomes have mostly remained elusive as yet. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the genetics of such color loci in teleosts, mainly from studies on poeciliids and cichlids. Further studies on these color loci will certainly provide important insights into the evolution of sex chromosomes.
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Culumber ZW, Kraft B, Lemakos V, Hoffner E, Travis J, Hughes KA. GxG epistasis in growth and condition and the maintenance of genetic polymorphism in
Gambusia holbrooki. Evolution 2018; 72:1146-1154. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Culumber
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee FL 32306
| | - Brittany Kraft
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee FL 32306
| | - Valerie Lemakos
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee FL 32306
| | - Erika Hoffner
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee FL 32306
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee FL 32306
| | - Kimberly A. Hughes
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee FL 32306
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9
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Kraft B, Lemakos VA, Travis J, Hughes KA. Pervasive indirect genetic effects on behavioral development in polymorphic eastern mosquitofish. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Kraft
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Valerie A Lemakos
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly A Hughes
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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10
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Kraft B, Williams E, Lemakos VA, Travis J, Hughes KA. Genetic Color Morphs in the Eastern Mosquitofish Experience Different Social Environments in the Wild and Laboratory. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Kraft
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Emily Williams
- Department of Biology New York University New York NY USA
| | - Valerie A. Lemakos
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Kimberly A. Hughes
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
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11
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Culumber ZW. Pigmentation in Xiphophorus: an emerging system in ecological and evolutionary genetics. Zebrafish 2013; 11:57-70. [PMID: 24320948 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Xiphophorus has great potential to contribute to the study of vertebrate pigmentation and elucidating the relative influence of ecology, physiology, and behavior on evolution at the molecular level. More importantly, the association between pigmentation and a functional oncogene offers the potential to understand the evolution and maintenance of cancer-causing genetic elements. Using criteria laid out recently in the literature, I demonstrate the power of the Xiphophorus system for studying pigment evolution through integrative organismal biology. Using the most recent phylogeny, the phylogenetic distribution of several important pigmentation loci are reevaluated. I then review support for existing hypotheses of the functional importance of pigmentation. Finally, new observations and hypotheses regarding some of the characteristics of pigment patterns in natural populations and open questions and future directions in the study of the evolution of these traits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Culumber
- 1 Centro de Investigaciones Cientificas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca" , Calnali, Mexico
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12
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Culumber ZW, Rosenthal GG. Mating preferences do not maintain the tailspot polymorphism in the platyfish, Xiphophorus variatus. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Roulin A, Ducrest AL. Genetics of colouration in birds. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:594-608. [PMID: 23665152 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the links between phenotype and genotype is of great importance for resolving key questions about the evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of phenotypic variation. Bird colouration is one of the most studied systems to investigate the role of natural and sexual selection in the evolution of phenotypic diversity. Given the recent advances in molecular tools that allow discovering genetic polymorphisms and measuring gene and protein expression levels, it is timely to review the literature on the genetics of bird colouration. The present study shows that melanin-based colour phenotypes are often associated with mutations at melanogenic genes. Differences in melanin-based colouration are caused by switches of eumelanin to pheomelanin production or by changes in feather keratin structure, melanoblast migration and differentiation, as well as melanosome structure. Similar associations with other types of colourations are difficult to establish, because our knowledge about the molecular genetics of carotenoid-based and structural colouration is quasi inexistent. This discrepancy stems from the fact that only melanin-based colouration shows pronounced heritability estimates, i.e. the resemblance between related individuals is usually mainly explained by genetic factors. In contrast, the expression of carotenoid-based colouration is phenotypically plastic with a high sensitivity to variation in environmental conditions. It therefore appears that melanin-based colour traits are prime systems to understand the genetic basis of phenotypic variation. In this context, birds have a great potential to bring us to new frontiers where many exciting discoveries will be made on the genetics of phenotypic traits, such as colouration. In this context, a major goal of our review is to suggest a number of exciting future avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Horth L, Gauthier D, Vogelbein W. Heritable Melanism and Parasitic Infection Both Result in Black-Spotted Mosquitofish. SOUTHEAST NAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1656/058.012.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Horth L, Panayotova IN. Simulating the maintenance of a rare fish morph experiencing negative frequency dependent selection. Biosystems 2012; 110:149-55. [PMID: 23025992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Empirical work assessing the maintenance of rare genotypes in natural populations is difficult over very long time scales. Skirting this problematic issue is possible with theory and simulations. Major theoretical constructs, including mutation-selection balance and balancing selection, explain the theoretical maintenance of rare genotypes, and the occurrence of multiple, rare genotypes over time. Additionally, numerical simulations are valuable tools for assessing evolving biological systems because they allow for monitoring systems over long time scales, as well as for controlling model parameters, thus contributing to the exploration of system dynamics that cannot be assessed in nature. Here we employed numerical simulations to explore the importance of several biological factors that contribute to the maintenance of a fish color-pattern polymorphism. We present a numerical model of a two-morph fish polymorphism that allowed us to test the sensitivity of the rare morph's persistence and the population's stability to multiple parameters. Our simulations ran over 10,000 years (where one year is approximately one generation) and demonstrated the maintenance of a stable polymorphism with a rare morph which persisted at a frequency of ~10(-2), which is in-fact the frequency of the rare, mottled black mosquitofish morph in natural populations. This pigmentation polymorphism is stable, independent of changes in population size, but can be destabilized with very high predation when coupled with very low birth rates. Employing models with empirical fitness estimates is a valuable tool for monitoring rare vertebrate morphs in nature, however few studies exist that have accomplished this task. Our approach can be adapted for modeling rare morphs (particularly in additional live-bearing fishes like sailfin mollies) that also harbor rare, pigmentation morphs within large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Horth
- Department of Biology, 4700 Elkhorn Ave Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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16
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Gangoso L, Grande JM, Ducrest AL, Figuerola J, Bortolotti GR, Andrés JA, Roulin A. MC1R-dependent, melanin-based colour polymorphism is associated with cell-mediated response in the Eleonora's falcon. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2055-63. [PMID: 21696477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colour polymorphism in vertebrates is usually under genetic control and may be associated with variation in physiological traits. The melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) has been involved repeatedly in melanin-based pigmentation but it was thought to have few other physiological effects. However, recent pharmacological studies suggest that MC1R could regulate the aspects of immunity. We investigated whether variation at Mc1r underpins plumage colouration in the Eleonora's falcon. We also examined whether nestlings of the different morphs differed in their inflammatory response induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Variation in colouration was due to a deletion of four amino acids at the Mc1r gene. Cellular immune response was morph specific. In males, but not in females, dark nestling mounted a lower PHA response than pale ones. Although correlative, our results raise the neglected possibility that MC1R has pleiotropic effects, suggesting a potential role of immune capacity and pathogen pressure on the maintenance of colour polymorphism in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gangoso
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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Henkanaththegedara SM, Stockwell CA. Melanism in Endangered Mohave Tui ChubSiphateles Bicolor MohavensisSnyder 1918 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). WEST N AM NATURALIST 2011. [DOI: 10.3398/064.071.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Sirkiä PM, Virolainen M, Laaksonen T. Melanin coloration has temperature-dependent effects on breeding performance that may maintain phenotypic variation in a passerine bird. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2385-96. [PMID: 20846173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating selection pressure may maintain phenotypic variation because of different types of individuals being adapted to different environmental conditions. We show that the extensive variation in the coloration of male pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) can be maintained through differences in the reproductive success of male phenotypes under different conditions. The effects of weather conditions on the relative success of different male phenotypes varied between different phases of breeding. The reproductive output of black males was the highest when it was cold during egg-laying but warm during the nestling period, whereas the fledgling production of brown males was highest when it was continuously warm. In addition, male forehead and wing patch sizes had context-dependent effects on timing of breeding and nestling mortality, respectively. These results indicate that environmental heterogeneity plays a role in maintaining phenotypic variation. As melanin-based coloration is heritable, climate change may alter phenotype frequencies depending on the patterns of warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sirkiä
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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19
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Horth L, Binckley C, Wilk R, Reddy P, Reddy A. Color, Body Size, and Genitalia Size Are Correlated Traits in Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). COPEIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-09-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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STELKENS RIKEB, WEDEKIND CLAUS. Environmental sex reversal, Trojan sex genes, and sex ratio adjustment: conditions and population consequences. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:627-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Price AC, Weadick CJ, Shim J, Rodd FH. Pigments, Patterns, and Fish Behavior. Zebrafish 2008; 5:297-307. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2008.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cameron J. Weadick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Janet Shim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - F. Helen Rodd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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