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Wang Z, Duan P, Akamatsu T, Wang K, Wang D. Increased Yangtze finless porpoise presence in urban Wuhan waters of the Yangtze River during fishing closures. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11247. [PMID: 38584767 PMCID: PMC10994980 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Wuhan, a highly urbanized and rapidly growing region within China's Yangtze Economic Zone, has historically been identified as a gap area for the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) based on daytime visual surveys. However, there has been a noticeable increase in porpoise sightings since 2020. This study employed passive acoustic monitoring to investigate porpoise distribution in Wuhan between 2020 and 2022. Generalized linear models were used to explore the relationship between shipping, hydrological patterns, light intensity, and porpoise biosonar activity. Over 603 days of effective monitoring, the daily positive rate for porpoise biosonar detection reached 43%, with feeding-related buzz signals accounting for 55% of all porpoise biosonar signals. However, the proportion of minutes during which porpoise presence was detected was 0.18%, suggesting that while porpoises may frequent the area, their visits were brief and mainly focused on feeding. A significant temporal trend emerged, showing higher porpoise biosonar detection during winter (especially in February) and 2022. Additionally, periods without boat traffic correlated with increased porpoise activity. Hydrological conditions and light levels exhibited significant negative correlations with porpoise activity. Specifically, porpoise sonar detections were notably higher during the night, twilight, and new moon phases. It is highly conceivable that both fishing bans and COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdowns contributed to the heightened presence of porpoises in Wuhan. The rapid development of municipal transportation and shipping in Wuhan and resulting underwater noise pollution have emerged as a significant threat to the local porpoise population. Accordingly, it is imperative for regulatory bodies to effectively address this environmental stressor and formulate targeted protection measures to ensure the conservation of the finless porpoise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Tao Wang
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
- Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Peng‐Xiang Duan
- Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Tomonari Akamatsu
- Ocean Policy Research Institutethe Sasakawa Peace FoundationMinato‐ku, TokyoJapan
| | - Ke‐Xiong Wang
- Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Ding Wang
- Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
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2
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Mishima Y, Matsuo I, Karasawa Y, Ishii M, Morisaka T. Directional and amplitude characteristics of pulsed call sequences in captive free-swimming Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:2974-2987. [PMID: 37947396 DOI: 10.1121/10.0022377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the directional properties and gain control of a pulsed call sequence that functions as a contact call in Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). The pulsed call sequences were stereotyped patterns composed of three or more pulsed call elements and were collected from two dolphins, separated into adjacent pools, and allowed to swim freely. Eight hydrophones and an overhead camera were used to determine the positions and directions of the participants. The mean peak frequency and source levels were 8.4 ± 4.4 (standard deviation)-18.7 ± 12.7 kHz and 160.8 ± 3.8 to 176.4 ± 7.9 dB re 1 μPa (peak-to-peak), respectively, depending on the element types. The elements were omnidirectional, with mean directivity index of 0.9 ± 3.4 dB. The dolphins produced sequences, regardless of their relative position and direction to the lattice, leading to the adjacent pool where the conspecific was housed. They increased the amplitude by 6.5 ± 4.6 dB as the distance from the caller to an arbitrary point in the adjacent pool doubled. These results suggest that callers broadcast pulsed call sequences in a wide direction to reach dispersed conspecifics. However, they can adjust the acoustic active space by controlling the source levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Mishima
- Department of Marine Resources and Energy, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Ikuo Matsuo
- Department of Information Science, Tohoku Gakuin University, 2-1-1 Tenjinzawa, Izumi-ku, Sendai, 981-3193, Japan
| | - Yuu Karasawa
- Izu Mito Sea Paradise, 3-1, Nagahama, Uchiura, Numazu-shi, Shizuoka, 410-0295, Japan
| | - Marina Ishii
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Morisaka
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577, Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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3
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Ogawa M, Kimura SS. Variations in echolocation click characteristics of finless porpoise in response to day/night and absence/presence of vessel noise. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288513. [PMID: 37540693 PMCID: PMC10403093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small odontocetes produce echolocation clicks to feed and navigate, making it an essential function for their survival. Recently, the effect of vessel noise on small odontocetes behavior has attracted attention owing to increase in vessel activities; however, the effects of the surrounding environmental factor, vessel noise, and day/night on echolocation click characteristics have not been well studied. Here, we examined the effects of vessel noise and day/night on variations in echolocation clicks and click trains parameters. Passive acoustic monitoring of on-axis echolocation clicks produced by free-ranging finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) was performed at two sites in Japan, Seto Inland Sea and Mikawa Bay, in June-September 2021 and March-August 2022, using A-tag and SoundTrap 300HF. Generalized Linear Model was used to elucidate the effect of vessel noise, day/night, and surrounding environmental factors (water temperature, synthetic flow velocity, and noise level) on echolocation click and click train parameters. Echolocation click and click train parameters were strongly affected by day/night, whereas the absence/presence vessel noise did not exhibit statistically significant influence. Particularly, -3 dB bandwidth was wider, click duration was shorter, and inter-click intervals in a train were shorter at night, which may facilitate information processing at night, thereby compensating for the lack of visual information. The interaction between day/night and the absence/presence of vessel noise affected the source level of finless porpoises, with higher levels observed in the absence of vessel noise during the daytime compared to other conditions at the site with low vessel traffic. Overall, these results suggest that echolocation clicks by finless porpoise were likely to fluctuate to adapt with surrounding complex environmental conditions, especially day/night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Distinguished Doctoral Program of Platforms (WISE), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko S Kimura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Distinguished Doctoral Program of Platforms (WISE), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Castellote M, Mooney A, Andrews R, Deruiter S, Lee WJ, Ferguson M, Wade P. Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) acoustic foraging behavior and applications for long term monitoring. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260485. [PMID: 34847192 PMCID: PMC8631677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cook Inlet, Alaska, is home to an endangered and declining population of 279 belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). Recovery efforts highlight a paucity of basic ecological knowledge, impeding the correct assessment of threats and the development of recovery actions. In particular, information on diet and foraging habitat is very limited for this population. Passive acoustic monitoring has proven to be an efficient approach to monitor beluga distribution and seasonal occurrence. Identifying acoustic foraging behavior could help address the current gap in information on diet and foraging habitat. To address this conservation challenge, eight belugas from a comparative, healthy population in Bristol Bay, Alaska, were instrumented with a multi-sensor tag (DTAG), a satellite tag, and a stomach temperature transmitter in August 2014 and May 2016. DTAG deployments provided 129.6 hours of data including foraging and social behavioral states. A total of 68 echolocation click trains ending in terminal buzzes were identified during successful prey chasing and capture, as well as during social interactions. Of these, 37 click trains were successfully processed to measure inter-click intervals (ICI) and ICI trend in their buzzing section. Terminal buzzes with short ICI (minimum ICI <8.98 ms) and consistently decreasing ICI trend (ICI increment range <1.49 ms) were exclusively associated with feeding behavior. This dual metric was applied to acoustic data from one acoustic mooring within the Cook Inlet beluga critical habitat as an example of the application of detecting feeding in long-term passive acoustic monitoring data. This approach allowed description of the relationship between beluga presence, feeding occurrence, and the timing of spawning runs by different species of anadromous fish. Results reflected a clear preference for the Susitna River delta during eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon spawning run periods, with increased feeding occurrence at the peak of the Chinook and pink salmon runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castellote
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Aran Mooney
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
| | - Russel Andrews
- Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK, United States of America
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Stacy Deruiter
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Wu-Jung Lee
- Applied Physics laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Megan Ferguson
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Paul Wade
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Wright BM, Deecke VB, Ellis GM, Trites AW, Ford JKB. Behavioral context of echolocation and prey-handling sounds produced by killer whales ( Orcinus orca) during pursuit and capture of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.). MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE 2021; 37:1428-1453. [PMID: 34690418 PMCID: PMC8519075 DOI: 10.1111/mms.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Availability of preferred salmonid prey and a sufficiently quiet acoustic environment in which to forage are critical to the survival of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the northeastern Pacific. Although piscivorous killer whales rely on echolocation to locate and track prey, the relationship between echolocation, movement, and prey capture during foraging by wild individuals is poorly understood. We used acoustic biologging tags to relate echolocation behavior to prey pursuit and capture during successful feeding dives by fish-eating killer whales in coastal British Columbia, Canada. The significantly higher incidence and rate of echolocation prior to fish captures compared to afterward confirms its importance in prey detection and tracking. Extremely rapid click sequences (buzzes) were produced before or concurrent with captures of salmon at depths typically exceeding 50 m, and were likely used by killer whales for close-range prey targeting, as in other odontocetes. Distinctive crunching and tearing sounds indicative of prey-handling behavior occurred at relatively shallow depths following fish captures, matching concurrent observations that whales surfaced with fish prior to consumption and often shared prey. Buzzes and prey-handling sounds are potentially useful acoustic signals for estimating foraging efficiency and determining if resident killer whales are meeting their energetic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Wright
- Pacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and FisheriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Volker B. Deecke
- Institute of Science, Natural Resources and Outdoor StudiesUniversity of CumbriaAmblesideCumbriaUnited Kingdom
| | - Graeme M. Ellis
- Pacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Andrew W. Trites
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and FisheriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - John K. B. Ford
- Pacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and FisheriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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6
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Tennessen JB, Holt MM, Hanson MB, Emmons CK, Giles DA, Hogan JT. Kinematic signatures of prey capture from archival tags reveal sex differences in killer whale foraging activity. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/3/jeb191874. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.191874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Studies of odontocete foraging ecology have been limited by the challenges of observing prey capture events and outcomes underwater. We sought to determine whether subsurface movement behavior recorded from archival tags could accurately identify foraging events by fish-eating killer whales. We used multisensor bio-logging tags attached by suction cups to Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) to: (1) identify a stereotyped movement signature that co-occurred with visually confirmed prey capture dives; (2) construct a prey capture dive detector and validate it against acoustically confirmed prey capture dives; and (3) demonstrate the utility of the detector by testing hypotheses about foraging ecology. Predation events were significantly predicted by peaks in the rate of change of acceleration (‘jerk peak’), roll angle and heading variance. Detection of prey capture dives by movement signatures enabled substantially more dives to be included in subsequent analyses compared with previous surface or acoustic detection methods. Males made significantly more prey capture dives than females and more dives to the depth of their preferred prey, Chinook salmon. Additionally, only half of the tag deployments on females (5 out of 10) included a prey capture dive, whereas all tag deployments on males exhibited at least one prey capture dive (12 out of 12). This dual approach of kinematic detection of prey capture coupled with hypothesis testing can be applied across odontocetes and other marine predators to investigate the impacts of social, environmental and anthropogenic factors on foraging ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Tennessen
- Lynker Technologies LLC, Leesburg, VA 20175, USA
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Marla M. Holt
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - M. Bradley Hanson
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Candice K. Emmons
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Deborah A. Giles
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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7
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Elmegaard SL, McDonald BI, Madsen PT. Drivers of the dive response in trained harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.208637. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pronounced dive responses through peripheral vasoconstriction and bradycardia enables prolonged apnoea in marine mammals. For most vertebrates, the dive response is initiated upon face immersion, but little is known about the physical drivers of diving and surfacing heart rate in cetaceans whose faces are always mostly submerged. Using two trained harbour porpoises instrumented with an ECG-measuring DTAG-3, we investigate the initiation and progression of bradycardia and tachycardia during apnoea and eupnoea for varying levels of immersion. We show that paranasal wetting drives bradycardia initiation and progression, whereas apnoea leads to dive-level bradycardia eventually, but not instantly. At the end of dives, heart rate accelerates independently of lung expansion, perhaps in anticipation of surfacing; however, full tachycardia is only engaged upon inhalation. We conclude that breathing drives surface tachycardia, whereas blowhole wetting is an important driver of bradycardia; although, anticipatory/volitional modulation can overrule such responses to sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Elmegaard
- Zoophysiology, Dept. of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - B. I. McDonald
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University, CA, USA
| | - P. T. Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Dept. of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
- AIAS Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark
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8
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Wright AJ, Akamatsu T, Mouritsen KN, Sveegaard S, Dietz R, Teilmann J. Silent porpoise: potential sleeping behaviour identified in wild harbour porpoises. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Wright BM, Ford JKB, Ellis GM, Deecke VB, Shapiro AD, Battaile BC, Trites AW. Fine-scale foraging movements by fish-eating killer whales ( Orcinus orca) relate to the vertical distributions and escape responses of salmonid prey ( Oncorhynchus spp.). MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2017; 5:3. [PMID: 28239473 PMCID: PMC5319153 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-017-0094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to quantitatively describe the fine-scale foraging behavior of northern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca), a population of fish-eating killer whales that feeds almost exclusively on Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). To reconstruct the underwater movements of these specialist predators, we deployed 34 biologging Dtags on 32 individuals and collected high-resolution, three-dimensional accelerometry and acoustic data. We used the resulting dive paths to compare killer whale foraging behavior to the distributions of different salmonid prey species. Understanding the foraging movements of these threatened predators is important from a conservation standpoint, since prey availability has been identified as a limiting factor in their population dynamics and recovery. RESULTS Three-dimensional dive tracks indicated that foraging (N = 701) and non-foraging dives (N = 10,618) were kinematically distinct (Wilks' lambda: λ16 = 0.321, P < 0.001). While foraging, killer whales dove deeper, remained submerged longer, swam faster, increased their dive path tortuosity, and rolled their bodies to a greater extent than during other activities. Maximum foraging dive depths reflected the deeper vertical distribution of Chinook (compared to other salmonids) and the tendency of Pacific salmon to evade predators by diving steeply. Kinematic characteristics of prey pursuit by resident killer whales also revealed several other escape strategies employed by salmon attempting to avoid predation, including increased swimming speeds and evasive maneuvering. CONCLUSIONS High-resolution dive tracks reconstructed using data collected by multi-sensor accelerometer tags found that movements by resident killer whales relate significantly to the vertical distributions and escape responses of their primary prey, Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Wright
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL Building, Room 247 - 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1K6 Canada
| | - John K. B. Ford
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1K6 Canada
| | - Graeme M. Ellis
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1K6 Canada
| | - Volker B. Deecke
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, University of Cumbria, Rydal Road, Ambleside, Cumbria L22 9BB UK
| | - Ari Daniel Shapiro
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050 USA
| | - Brian C. Battaile
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL Building, Room 247 - 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Andrew W. Trites
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL Building, Room 247 - 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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10
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Fais A, Johnson M, Wilson M, Aguilar Soto N, Madsen PT. Sperm whale predator-prey interactions involve chasing and buzzing, but no acoustic stunning. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28562. [PMID: 27340122 PMCID: PMC4919788 DOI: 10.1038/srep28562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sperm whale carries a hypertrophied nose that generates powerful clicks for long-range echolocation. However, it remains a conundrum how this bizarrely shaped apex predator catches its prey. Several hypotheses have been advanced to propose both active and passive means to acquire prey, including acoustic debilitation of prey with very powerful clicks. Here we test these hypotheses by using sound and movement recording tags in a fine-scale study of buzz sequences to relate the acoustic behaviour of sperm whales with changes in acceleration in their head region during prey capture attempts. We show that in the terminal buzz phase, sperm whales reduce inter-click intervals and estimated source levels by 1-2 orders of magnitude. As a result, received levels at the prey are more than an order of magnitude below levels required for debilitation, precluding acoustic stunning to facilitate prey capture. Rather, buzzing involves high-frequency, low amplitude clicks well suited to provide high-resolution biosonar updates during the last stages of capture. The high temporal resolution helps to guide motor patterns during occasionally prolonged chases in which prey are eventually subdued with the aid of fast jaw movements and/or buccal suction as indicated by acceleration transients (jerks) near the end of buzzes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fais
- BIOECOMAC. Dept. of Animal Biology, La Laguna University, Spain.,Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - M Johnson
- Scottish Ocean Institute, University of St. Andrews, Scotland
| | - M Wilson
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - N Aguilar Soto
- BIOECOMAC. Dept. of Animal Biology, La Laguna University, Spain.,CREEM, University of St. Andrews, Scotland
| | - P T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Murdoch University Cetacean Research Unit, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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11
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Castellote M, Small RJ, Lammers MO, Jenniges JJ, Mondragon J, Atkinson S. Dual instrument passive acoustic monitoring of belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 139:2697. [PMID: 27250163 DOI: 10.1121/1.4947427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As part of a long-term research program, Cook Inlet beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) presence was acoustically monitored with two types of acoustic sensors utilized in tandem in moorings deployed year-round: an ecological acoustic recorder (EAR) and a cetacean and porpoise detector (C-POD). The EAR was used primarily to record the calls, whistles, and buzzes produced by belugas and killer whales (Orcinus orca). The C-POD was used to log and classify echolocation clicks from belugas, killer whales, and porpoises. This paper describes mooring packages that maximized the chances of successful long-term data collection in the particularly challenging Cook Inlet environment, and presents an analytical comparison of odontocete detections obtained by the collocated EAR and C-POD instruments from two mooring locations in the upper inlet. Results from this study illustrate a significant improvement in detecting beluga and killer whale presence when the different acoustic signals detected by EARs and C-PODs are considered together. Further, results from concurrent porpoise detections indicating prey competition and feeding interference with beluga, and porpoise displacement due to ice formation are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castellote
- National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - Robert J Small
- Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1255 West 8th Street, Juneau, Alaska 99811, USA
| | - Marc O Lammers
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Justin J Jenniges
- Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1255 West 8th Street, Juneau, Alaska 99811, USA
| | - Jeff Mondragon
- Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1255 West 8th Street, Juneau, Alaska 99811, USA
| | - Shannon Atkinson
- School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801, USA
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12
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Wright AJ, Akamatsu T, Mouritsen KN, Sveegaard S, Dietz R, Teilmann J. Review of Low-Level Bioacoustic Behavior in Wild Cetaceans: Conservation Implications of Possible Sleeping Behavior. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 875:1251-8. [PMID: 26611094 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Shallow, low-activity, low-biosonar parabolic-shaped dives were observed in biologging data from tagged harbor porpoises in Danish waters and identified as potential sleeping behavior. This behavioral state merits consideration in assessing the context for noise exposure and passive acoustic monitoring studies. Similar dives have also been reported for other cetacean species. The existence of low-level bioacoustic dives that may represent that sleeping has implications for the mitigation of not only noise exposure but also of bycatch as well as legal repercussions given the protected status of sleeping, as a part of resting, under many legislative regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wright
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA. .,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Tomonari Akamatsu
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Fisheries Research Agency, Kamisu, Hasaki, Kashima, Ibaraki, 314-0408, Japan.
| | | | - Signe Sveegaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Teilmann
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Wang ZT, Nachtigall PE, Akamatsu T, Wang KX, Wu YP, Liu JC, Duan GQ, Cao HJ, Wang D. Passive Acoustic Monitoring the Diel, Lunar, Seasonal and Tidal Patterns in the Biosonar Activity of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141807. [PMID: 26580966 PMCID: PMC4651564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing demand for sustainable energy has led to an increase in construction of offshore windfarms. Guishan windmill farm will be constructed in the Pearl River Estuary, China, which sustains the world's largest known population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). Dolphin conservation is an urgent issue in this region. By using passive acoustic monitoring, a baseline distribution of data on this species in the Pearl River Estuary during pre-construction period had been collected. Dolphin biosonar detection and its diel, lunar, seasonal and tidal patterns were examined using a Generalized Linear Model. Significant higher echolocation detections at night than during the day, in winter-spring than in summer-autumn, at high tide than at flood tide were recognized. Significant higher echolocation detections during the new moon were recognized at night time. The diel, lunar and seasonal patterns for the echolocation encounter duration also significantly varied. These patterns could be due to the spatial-temporal variability of dolphin prey and illumination conditions. The baseline information will be useful for driving further effective action on the conservation of this species and in facilitating later assessments of the effects of the offshore windfarm on the dolphins by comparing the baseline to post construction and post mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Tao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Nachtigall
- Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Tomonari Akamatsu
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Fisheries Research Agency, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ke-Xiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Chang Liu
- Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qin Duan
- Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Authority, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Han-Jiang Cao
- Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Authority, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
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WANG Z, AKAMATSU T, MEI Z, DONG L, IMAIZUMI T, WANG K, WANG D. Frequent and prolonged nocturnal occupation of port areas by Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis): Forced choice for feeding? Integr Zool 2015; 10:122-32. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao WANG
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | | | - Zhigang MEI
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Lijun DONG
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | | | - Kexiong WANG
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan China
| | - Ding WANG
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan China
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15
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Stimpert AK, DeRuiter SL, Southall BL, Moretti DJ, Falcone EA, Goldbogen JA, Friedlaender A, Schorr GS, Calambokidis J. Acoustic and foraging behavior of a Baird's beaked whale, Berardius bairdii, exposed to simulated sonar. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7031. [PMID: 25391309 PMCID: PMC4229675 DOI: 10.1038/srep07031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Beaked whales are hypothesized to be particularly sensitive to anthropogenic noise, based on previous strandings and limited experimental and observational data. However, few species have been studied in detail. We describe the underwater behavior of a Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) from the first deployment of a multi-sensor acoustic tag on this species. The animal exhibited shallow (23 ± 15 m max depth), intermediate (324 ± 49 m), and deep (1138 ± 243 m) dives. Echolocation clicks were produced with a mean inter-click interval of approximately 300 ms and peak frequency of 25 kHz. Two deep dives included presumed foraging behavior, with echolocation pulsed sounds (presumed prey capture attempts) associated with increased maneuvering, and sustained inverted swimming during the bottom phase of the dive. A controlled exposure to simulated mid-frequency active sonar (3.5-4 kHz) was conducted 4 hours after tag deployment, and within 3 minutes of exposure onset, the tagged whale increased swim speed and body movement, and continued to show unusual dive behavior for each of its next three dives, one of each type. These are the first data on the acoustic foraging behavior in this largest beaked whale species, and the first experimental demonstration of a response to simulated sonar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Stimpert
- 1] Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA [2] Vertebrate Ecology Lab, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA
| | - S L DeRuiter
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modeling, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - B L Southall
- Southall Environmental Associates, Inc., Aptos, CA
| | | | | | - J A Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA
| | - A Friedlaender
- Sea and Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR
| | - G S Schorr
- Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA
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Yoshida YM, Morisaka T, Sakai M, Iwasaki M, Wakabayashi I, Seko A, Kasamatsu M, Akamatsu T, Kohshima S. Sound variation and function in captive Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii). Behav Processes 2014; 108:11-9. [PMID: 25225038 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii), one of the smallest dolphin species, has been reported to produce only narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) clicks and no whistles. To clarify their sound repertoire and examine the function of each type, we analysed the sounds and behaviour of captive Commerson's dolphins in Toba Aquarium, Japan. All recorded sounds were NBHF clicks with peak frequency >110kHz. The recorded click-trains were categorised into four types based on the changing pattern of their Inter-click intervals (ICI): Decreasing type, with continuously decreasing ICI during the last part of the train; Increasing type, with continuously increasing ICI during the last part; Fluctuating type, with fluctuating ICI; and Burst-pulse type, with very short and constant ICI. The frequency of the Decreasing type increased when approaching an object newly introduced to the tank, suggesting that the sound is used for echolocation on approach. The Burst-pulse type suddenly increased in front of the object and was often oriented towards it, suggesting that it was used for echolocation in close proximity to the object. In contrast, the Increasing type was rarely recorded during approach, but increased when a dolphin approached another dolphin. The Increasing and Burst-pulse types also increased when dolphins began social behaviours. These results suggest that some NBHF clicks have functions other than echolocation, such as communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi M Yoshida
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Tanaka-sekiden, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan.
| | - Tadamichi Morisaka
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Tanaka-sekiden, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan; Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan
| | - Mai Sakai
- Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan; JSPS, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Mari Iwasaki
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, W3-43 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Seko
- Toba Aquarium, 3-3-6, Toba-city, Mie 517-8517, Japan
| | | | - Tomonari Akamatsu
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Hasaki, Ibaraki 314-0408, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Shiro Kohshima
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Tanaka-sekiden, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
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17
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Wang Z, Akamatsu T, Wang K, Wang D. The diel rhythms of biosonar behavior in the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) in the port of the Yangtze River: The correlation between prey availability and boat traffic. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97907. [PMID: 24823945 PMCID: PMC4019666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the habitat use of the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is critical for its conservation. The diel biosonar behavior of the porpoise in the port areas of the Yangtze River was examined along with simultaneous observations of fish density and boat traffic. Biosonar pulses from the porpoises were detected for 1233 min (5.77%) over a 21,380 min duration of effective observations. In total, 190 (5.63%) buzzes (an indication of prey capture attempts) were recorded among the 3372 identified click trains. Of the 168 echolocation encounters (bouts of click trains less than eight min apart), 150 (89.3%) involved single animals, indicating that solitary porpoises were frequently present and feeding in the port areas. Significant diel patterns were evident involving the biosonar behavior of the porpoises (including click trains and buzzes), fish density and boat traffic. The frequencies of the click trains and buzzes were significantly lower during the day than in the evening and at night, which suggests that porpoises in this region are primarily engaged in crepuscular and nocturnal foraging. The lack of a significant diel pattern in the echolocation encounters indicates the importance of the port in porpoise conservation. A forced feeding schedule may be associated with the lack of a significant correlation between porpoise acoustics and boat traffic. Overall, prey availability appears to be the primary factor that attracts porpoises. Additionally, porpoises tend to migrate or remain downstream in the morning and migrate or remain upstream in the evening, most likely to follow their prey. The findings of this study can be used to improve the conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tomonari Akamatsu
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Fisheries Research Agency, Ibaraki, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kexiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (KW); (DW)
| | - Ding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (KW); (DW)
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18
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Jacobs B, Johnson NL, Wahl D, Schall M, Maseko BC, Lewandowski A, Raghanti MA, Wicinski B, Butti C, Hopkins WD, Bertelsen MF, Walsh T, Roberts JR, Reep RL, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR. Comparative neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex in afrotherians, carnivores, cetartiodactyls, and primates. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:24. [PMID: 24795574 PMCID: PMC4005950 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the basic morphological characteristics of neurons in the cerebellar cortex have been documented in several species, virtually nothing is known about the quantitative morphological characteristics of these neurons across different taxa. To that end, the present study investigated cerebellar neuronal morphology among eight different, large-brained mammalian species comprising a broad phylogenetic range: afrotherians (African elephant, Florida manatee), carnivores (Siberian tiger, clouded leopard), cetartiodactyls (humpback whale, giraffe) and primates (human, common chimpanzee). Specifically, several neuron types (e.g., stellate, basket, Lugaro, Golgi, and granule neurons; N = 317) of the cerebellar cortex were stained with a modified rapid Golgi technique and quantified on a computer-assisted microscopy system. There was a 64-fold variation in brain mass across species in our sample (from clouded leopard to the elephant) and a 103-fold variation in cerebellar volume. Most dendritic measures tended to increase with cerebellar volume. The cerebellar cortex in these species exhibited the trilaminate pattern common to all mammals. Morphologically, neuron types in the cerebellar cortex were generally consistent with those described in primates (Fox et al., 1967) and rodents (Palay and Chan-Palay, 1974), although there was substantial quantitative variation across species. In particular, Lugaro neurons in the elephant appeared to be disproportionately larger than those in other species. To explore potential quantitative differences in dendritic measures across species, MARSplines analyses were used to evaluate whether species could be differentiated from each other based on dendritic characteristics alone. Results of these analyses indicated that there were significant differences among all species in dendritic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Psychology, Colorado CollegeColorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Johnson
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Psychology, Colorado CollegeColorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Devin Wahl
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Psychology, Colorado CollegeColorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Matthew Schall
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Psychology, Colorado CollegeColorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Busisiwe C. Maseko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Bridget Wicinski
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
| | - Camilla Butti
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research CenterAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mads F. Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen ZooFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Timothy Walsh
- Smithsonian National Zoological ParkWashington, DC, USA
| | | | - Roger L. Reep
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA
| | - Paul R. Manger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
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20
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Kimura S, Akamatsu T, Wang D, Li S, Wang K, Yoda K. Variation in the production rate of biosonar signals in freshwater porpoises. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 133:3128-3134. [PMID: 23654415 DOI: 10.1121/1.4796129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The biosonar (click train) production rate of ten Yangtze finless porpoises and their behavior were examined using animal-borne data loggers. The sound production rate varied from 0 to 290 click trains per 10-min time interval. Large individual differences were observed, regardless of body size. Taken together, however, sound production did not differ significantly between daytime and nighttime. Over the 172.5 h of analyzed recordings, an average of 99.0% of the click trains were produced within intervals of less than 60 s, indicating that during a 1-min interval, the number of click trains produced by each porpoise was typically greater than one. Most of the porpoises exhibited differences in average swimming speed and depth between day and night. Swimming speed reductions and usage of short-range sonar, which relates to prey-capture attempts, were observed more often during nighttime. However, biosonar appears to be affected not only by porpoise foraging, but also by their sensory environment, i.e., the turbid Yangtze River system. These features will be useful for passive acoustic detection of the porpoises. Calculations of porpoise density or abundance should be conducted carefully because large individual differences in the sound production rate will lead to large estimation error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Vaughn-Hirshorn RL, Hodge KB, Würsig B, Sappenfield RH, Lammers MO, Dudzinski KM. Characterizing dusky dolphin sounds from Argentina and New Zealand. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 132:498-506. [PMID: 22779496 DOI: 10.1121/1.4728191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) acoustic sounds were characterized by analyzing narrowband recordings [0-16 kHz in New Zealand (NZ) and 0-24 kHz in Argentina], and sounds in broadband recordings (0-200 kHz) were compared to their counterparts in down-sampled narrowband recordings (0-16 kHz). The most robust similarity between sounds present in broadband recordings and their counterparts in the down-sampled narrowband recordings was inter-click interval (ICI); ICI was therefore primarily used to characterize click sounds in narrowband recordings. In NZ and Argentina, distribution of ICIs was a continuum, although the distribution of ICIs in NZ had a somewhat bimodal tendency. In NZ, sounds that had smaller mean ICIs were more likely to have constant ICIs, and less likely to have increasing or decreasing ICIs. Similar to some other delphinids, dusky dolphins may use single, short duration sounds that have a constant ICI and closely spaced clicks for communication. No whistles were documented at either study site. Temporally structured sequences of burst pulses (i.e., sounds with ICI < about 10 ms) also occurred at both study sites, and these sequences contained 2-14 burst pulses that appeared closely matched aurally and in spectrograms and waveforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Vaughn-Hirshorn
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 SeaWolf Parkway, Galveston, Texas 77553, USA
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Koblitz JC, Wahlberg M, Stilz P, Madsen PT, Beedholm K, Schnitzler HU. Asymmetry and dynamics of a narrow sonar beam in an echolocating harbor porpoise. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 131:2315-2324. [PMID: 22423726 DOI: 10.1121/1.3683254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A key component in the operation of a biosonar system is the radiation of sound energy from the sound producing head structures of toothed whales and microbats. The current view involves a fixed transmission aperture by which the beam width can only change via changes in the frequency of radiated clicks. To test that for a porpoise, echolocation clicks were recorded with high angular resolution using a 16 hydrophone array. The beam is narrower than previously reported (DI = 24 dB) and slightly dorso-ventrally compressed (horizontal -3 dB beam width: 13°, vertical -3 dB beam width: 11°). The narrow beam indicates that all smaller toothed whales investigated so far have surprisingly similar beam widths across taxa and habitats. Obtaining high directionality may thus be at least in part an evolutionary factor that led to high centroid frequencies in a group of smaller toothed whales emitting narrow band high frequency clicks. Despite the production of stereotyped narrow band high frequency clicks, changes in the directionality by a few degrees were observed, showing that porpoises can obtain changes in sound radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Koblitz
- Animal Physiology, Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Li S, Nachtigall PE, Breese M, Supin AY. Hearing sensation levels of emitted biosonar clicks in an echolocating Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29793. [PMID: 22238654 PMCID: PMC3253102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emitted biosonar clicks and auditory evoked potential (AEP) responses triggered by the clicks were synchronously recorded during echolocation in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) trained to wear suction-cup EEG electrodes and to detect targets by echolocation. Three targets with target strengths of −34, −28, and −22 dB were used at distances of 2 to 6.5 m for each target. The AEP responses were sorted according to the corresponding emitted click source levels in 5-dB bins and averaged within each bin to extract biosonar click-related AEPs from noise. The AEP amplitudes were measured peak-to-peak and plotted as a function of click source levels for each target type, distance, and target-present or target-absent condition. Hearing sensation levels of the biosonar clicks were evaluated by comparing the functions of the biosonar click-related AEP amplitude-versus-click source level to a function of external (in free field) click-related AEP amplitude-versus-click sound pressure level. The results indicated that the dolphin's hearing sensation levels to her own biosonar clicks were equal to that of external clicks with sound pressure levels 16 to 36 dB lower than the biosonar click source levels, varying with target type, distance, and condition. These data may be assumed to indicate that the bottlenose dolphin possesses effective protection mechanisms to isolate the self-produced intense biosonar beam from the animal's ears during echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Li
- Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kailua, Hawaii, United States of America.
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Sakai M, Wang D, Wang K, Li S, Akamatsu T. Do porpoises choose their associates? A new method for analyzing social relationships among cetaceans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28836. [PMID: 22216123 PMCID: PMC3244420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observing and monitoring the underwater social interactions of cetaceans is challenging. Therefore, previous cetacean studies have monitored these interactions by surface observations. However, because cetaceans spend most of their time underwater, it is important that their underwater behavior is also continuously monitored to better understand their social relationships and social structure. The finless porpoise is small and has no dorsal fin. It is difficult to observe this species in the wild, and little is known of its sociality. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The swim depths of 6 free-ranging finless porpoises were simultaneously recorded using a time-synchronized bio-logging system. Synchronous diving was used as an index of association. Two pairs, #27 (an immature female estimated to be 3.5 years old) and #32 (an adult male), #28 (a juvenile male estimated to be 2 years old) and #29 (an adult male), tended to participate in long periods of synchronized diving more frequently than 13 other possible pairs, indicating that the 4 porpoises chose their social partners. The adult males (#32, #29) tended to follow the immature female (#27) and juvenile male (#28), respectively. However, during synchronized diving, the role of an initiator often changed within the pair, and their body movements appeared to be non-agonistic, e.g., rubbing of bodies against one another instead of that on one-side, as observed with chasing and escaping behaviors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study employed a time-synchronized bio-logging method to observe the social relationships of free-ranging aquatic animals based on swimming depth. The results suggest that certain individuals form associations even if they are not a mother and calf pair. Long synchronized dives occurred when particular members were reunited, and this suggests that the synchronized dives were not a by-product of opportunistic aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Sakai
- Center for International Cooperation, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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The implications of turning behaviour performed by Amazonian manatees after release into the wild. J ETHOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-011-0290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kimura S, Akamatsu T, Li S, Dong S, Dong L, Wang K, Wang D, Arai N. Density estimation of Yangtze finless porpoises using passive acoustic sensors and automated click train detection. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 128:1435-1445. [PMID: 20815477 DOI: 10.1121/1.3442574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented to estimate the density of finless porpoises using stationed passive acoustic monitoring. The number of click trains detected by stereo acoustic data loggers (A-tag) was converted to an estimate of the density of porpoises. First, an automated off-line filter was developed to detect a click train among noise, and the detection and false-alarm rates were calculated. Second, a density estimation model was proposed. The cue-production rate was measured by biologging experiments. The probability of detecting a cue and the area size were calculated from the source level, beam patterns, and a sound-propagation model. The effect of group size on the cue-detection rate was examined. Third, the proposed model was applied to estimate the density of finless porpoises at four locations from the Yangtze River to the inside of Poyang Lake. The estimated mean density of porpoises in a day decreased from the main stream to the lake. Long-term monitoring during 466 days from June 2007 to May 2009 showed variation in the density 0-4.79. However, the density was fewer than 1 porpoise/km(2) during 94% of the period. These results suggest a potential gap and seasonal migration of the population in the bottleneck of Poyang Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kimura
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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