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Matsuo Y, Kawakami A, Matsuo R. Visual afferents from an eye in the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25600. [PMID: 38433660 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial gastropods have a lens-bearing eye on the tip of their tentacles. There are two morphologically distinct photoreceptors, called Type-I and Type-II photoreceptors, in the retina. Type-I photoreceptors are equipped with highly developed photoreceptive microvilli in their outer rhabdomeric segment, whereas Type-II photoreceptors have short and fewer microvilli. Although both types of photoreceptors send afferent projections directly to the brain, their destinations in the brain, called optic neuropiles, have not been sufficiently investigated. Our recent studies revealed that there are commissural fibers in the cerebral ganglia that transmit photic information acquired by bilateral eyes. Moreover, some of the retinal photoreceptors are connected by gap junctions to the photosensitive brain neurons, suggesting the functional interaction of the photic information between the eye and brain photoreceptors, as well as between bilateral eyes. However, it has not been clarified which type of retinal photoreceptors send commissural projections to the contralateral hemiganglion nor interact with the brain photoreceptors. In the present study, we demonstrated by molecular histological analyses and tracer injections that (1) Type-I and Type-II photoreceptors send glutamatergic afferent projections to the medial and lateral lobes of the ipsilateral optic neuropile, respectively, (2) direct synaptic interaction between bilateral optic nerves occurs in the medial lobe of the optic neuropile, and (3) brain photosensory neurons form gap junctions with the medial lobe of the contralateral optic neuropile. These results reveal an ordered pattern of afferent projections from the retina and provide insight into the different functional roles of retinal photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Matsuo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Airi Kawakami
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Zhukov VV, Saphonov MV. Calcium Component of the Retinal Light Response in the Snail Lymnaea stagnalis: a Pharmacological and Ultrastructural Study. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Suh S, Choi EH, Atanaskova Mesinkovska N. The expression of opsins in the human skin and its implications for photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 36:329-338. [PMID: 32431001 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin is the organ most extensively exposed to light of a broad range of wavelengths. Several studies have reported that skin expresses photoreceptive molecules called opsins. However, the identity and functional role of opsins in the human skin remain elusive. We aim to summarize current scientific evidence on the types of opsins expressed in the skin and their biological functions. METHODS A primary literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify articles on dermal opsins found in nonhuman animals and humans. RESULTS Twenty-two articles, representing, however, a non-exhaustive selection of the scientific papers published in this specific field, met the inclusion criteria. In nonhuman animals, opsins and opsin-like structures have been detected in the skin of fruit fly, zebrafish, frog, octopus, sea urchin, hogfish, and mouse, and they mediate skin color change, light avoidance, shadow reflex, and circadian photoentrainment. In humans, opsins are present in various skin cell types, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and hair follicle cells. They have been shown to mediate wound healing, melanogenesis, hair growth, and skin photoaging. CONCLUSION Dermal opsins have been identified across many nonhuman animals and humans. Current evidence suggests that opsins have biological significance beyond light reception. In nonhuman animals, opsins are involved in behaviors that are critical for survival. In humans, opsins are involved in various functions of the skin although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Future investigation on elucidating the mechanism of dermal opsins will be crucial to expand the therapeutic benefits of photobiomodulation for various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Suh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Elliot H Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Nishiyama H, Nagata A, Matsuo Y, Matsuo R. Light avoidance by a non-ocular photosensing system in the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.208595. [PMID: 31266779 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the eye is the best-studied photoreceptive organ in animals, the presence of non-ocular photosensing systems has been reported in numerous animal species. However, most of the roles that non-ocular photosensory systems play remain elusive. We found that the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus avoids light and escapes into dark areas even if it is blinded by the removal of the bilateral superior tentacle. The escape behaviour was more evident for short-wavelength light. Illumination to the head with blue but not red light elicited avoidance behaviour in the blinded slugs. Illumination to the tail was ineffective. The light-avoidance behaviour of the blinded slugs was not affected by the removal of the penis, which lies on the brain in the head, suggesting that the penis is dispensable for sensing light in the blinded slug. mRNA of Opn5A, xenopsin, retinochrome and, to a lesser extent, rhodopsin was expressed in the brain according to RT-PCR. Light-evoked neural responses were recorded from the left cerebro-pleural connective of the isolated suboesophageal ganglia of the brain, revealing that the brain is sensitive to short wavelengths of light (400-480 nm). This result is largely consistent with the wavelength dependency of the light-avoidance behaviour of the blinded slugs that we observed in the present study. Our results strongly support that the terrestrial slug L. valentianus detects and avoids light by using its brain as a light-sensing organ in the absence of eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Nishiyama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
| | - Akane Nagata
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsuo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
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Sunada H, Lukowiak K, Ito E. Cerebral Giant Cells are Necessary for the Formation and Recall of Memory of Conditioned Taste Aversion inLymnaea. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:72-80. [DOI: 10.2108/zs160152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shymansky T, Protheroe A, Hughes E, Swinton C, Swinton E, Lukowiak KS, Phillips I, Lukowiak K. Juveniles of Lymnaea smart snails do not perseverate and have the capacity to form LTM. J Exp Biol 2016; 220:408-413. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.147884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, it was concluded that the nervous systems of the juvenile snails were not capable of mediating LTM. However, exposure and training of those juvenile snails in the presence of a predator cue significantly altered their ability to learn and form LTM. In addition, there are some strains of Lymnaea which have been identified as ‘smart’. These snails form LTM significantly better than the lab-bred strain. Here we show that juveniles of two smart snail strains are not only capable of associative learning, but also have the capacity to form LTM following a single 0.5h training session. We also show that freshly collected ‘wild’ ‘average’ juveniles are also not able to form LTM. Thus, the smart snail phenotype in these strains is expressed in juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamila Shymansky
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Amy Protheroe
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Emily Hughes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cayley Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Erin Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kai S. Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Iain Phillips
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Sunada H, Takigami S, Lukowiak K, Sakakibara M. Electrophysiological characteristics of feeding-related neurons after taste avoidance Pavlovian conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014; 10:121-33. [PMID: 27493506 PMCID: PMC4629664 DOI: 10.2142/biophysics.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste avoidance conditioning (TAC) was carried out on the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The conditional stimulus (CS) was sucrose which elicits feeding behavior; while the unconditional stimulus (US) was a tactile stimulus to the head which causes feeding to be suppressed. The neuronal circuit that drives feeding behavior in Lymnaea is well worked out. We therefore compared the physiological characteristics on 3 classes of neurons involved with feeding behavior especially in response to the CS in conditioned vs. control snails. The cerebral giant cell (CGC) modulates feeding behavior, N1 medial neuron (N1M) is one of the central pattern generator neurons that organizes feeding behavior, while B3 is a motor neuron active during the rasp phase of feeding. We found the resting membrane potential in CGC was hyperpolarized significantly in conditioned snails but impulse activity remained the same between conditioned vs. control snails. There was, however, a significant increase in spontaneous activity and a significant depolarization of N1M’s resting membrane potential in conditioned snails. These changes in N1M activity as a result of training are thought to be due to withdrawal interneuron RPeD11 altering the activity of the CGCs. Finally, in B3 there was: 1) a significant decrease in the amplitude and the frequency of the post-synaptic potentials; 2) a significant hyperpolarization of resting membrane potential in conditioned snails; and 3) a disappearance of bursting activity typically initiated by the CS. These neuronal modifications are consistent with the behavioral phenotype elicited by the CS following conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sunada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Satoshi Takigami
- Course of Bioscience, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Graduate School, 317 Nishino, Numazu 410-0321, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Manabu Sakakibara
- Course of Bioscience, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Graduate School, 317 Nishino, Numazu 410-0321, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, 317 Nishino, Numazu 410-0321, Shizuoka, Japan
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Takigami S, Sunada H, Horikoshi T, Sakakibara M. Morphological and physiological characteristics of dermal photoreceptors in Lymnaea stagnalis. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014; 10:77-88. [PMID: 27493502 PMCID: PMC4629660 DOI: 10.2142/biophysics.10.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermal photoreceptors located in the mantle of Lymnaea stagnalis were histologically and physiologically characterized. Our previous study demonstrated that the shadow response from dermal photoreceptors induces the whole-body withdrawal response. Through the interneuron, RPeD11, we detected that the light-off response indirectly originated from a dermal photoreceptor. Previous observations, based on behavioral pharmacology, revealed that cyclic guanosine monophosphate acts as a second messenger in the dermal photoreceptor. Furthermore, gastropods possess dermal photoreceptors containing rhodopsin, as a photopigment, and another photo-sensitive protein, arrestin, responsible for terminating the light response. Thus, we chose three antibodies, anti-cGMP, anti-rhodopsin, and anti-β-arrestin, to identify the dermal photoreceptor molecules in Lymnaea mantle. Extracellular recording, using a suction electrode on the mantle, revealed a light off-response from the right parietal nerve. Overlapping structures, positive against each of the antibodies, were also observed. Numerous round, granular particles of 3-47 μm in diameter with one nucleus were distributed around pneumostome and/or inside the mantle. The cells surrounding the pneumostome area, located 10 μm beneath the surface, tended to have smaller cell soma ranging from 3 to 25 μm in diameter, while cells located in other areas were distributed uniformly inside the mantle, with a larger diameter ranging from 12 to 47 μm. The histological examination using back-filing Lucifer Yellow staining of the right parietal nerve with the three dermal photoreceptor antibodies confirmed that these overlapping-stained structures were dermal photoreceptors in Lymnaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takigami
- Graduate School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan; Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sunada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tetsuro Horikoshi
- Graduate School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan; Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan; School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Manabu Sakakibara
- Graduate School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan; Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan; School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0321, Japan
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Matsuo Y, Uozumi N, Matsuo R. Photo-tropotaxis based on projection through the cerebral commissure in the terrestrial slug Limax. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 200:1023-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lukowiak K, Sunada H, Teskey M, Lukowiak K, Dalesman S. Environmentally relevant stressors alter memory formation in the pond snail Lymnaea. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:76-83. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stress alters adaptive behaviours such as learning and memory. Stressors can either enhance or diminish learning, memory formation and/or memory recall. We focus attention here on how environmentally relevant stressors alter learning, memory and forgetting in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Operant conditioning of aerial respiration causes associative learning that may lead to long-term memory (LTM) formation. However, individual ecologically relevant stressors, combinations of stressors, and bio-active substances can alter whether or not learning occurs or memory forms. While the behavioural memory phenotype may be similar as a result of exposure to different stressors, how each stressor alters memory formation may occur differently. In addition, when a combination of stressors are presented it is difficult to predict ahead of time what the outcome will be regarding memory formation. Thus, how combinations of stressors act is an emergent property of how the snail perceives the stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Hiroshi Sunada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Morgan Teskey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Kai Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Sarah Dalesman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
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Takigami S, Sunada H, Lukowiak K, Sakakibara M. Spaced taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 107:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Takahashi T, Takigami S, Sunada H, Lukowiak K, Sakakibara M. Critical period of memory enhancement during taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75276. [PMID: 24098373 PMCID: PMC3789661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the optimal training procedure leading to long-lasting taste avoidance behavior in Lymnaea. A training procedure comprising 5 repeated pairings of a conditional stimulus (CS, sucrose), with an unconditional stimulus (US, a tactile stimulation to the animal's head), over a 4-day period resulted in an enhanced memory formation than 10 CS-US repeated pairings over a 2-day period or 20 CS-US repeated pairings on a single day. Backward conditioning (US-CS) pairings did not result in conditioning. Thus, this taste avoidance conditioning was CS-US pairing specific. Food avoidance behavior was not observed following training, however, if snails were immediately subjected to a cold-block (4°C for 10 min). It was critical that the cold-block be applied within 10 min to block long-term memory (LTM) formation. Further, exposure to the cold-block 180 min after training also blocked both STM and LTM formation. The effects of the cold-block on subsequent learning and memory formation were also examined. We found no long lasting effects of the cold-block on subsequent memory formation. If protein kinase C was activated before the conditioning paradigm, snails could still acquire STM despite exposure to the cold-block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Takahashi
- School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takigami
- Graduate School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sunada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Manabu Sakakibara
- School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Ito E, Kojima S, Lukowiak K, Sakakibara M. From likes to dislikes: conditioned taste aversion in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neural circuitry comprising the central pattern generator (CPG) that drives feeding behavior in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis (L., 1758)) has been worked out. Because the feeding behavior undergoes associative learning and long-term memory (LTM) formation, it provides an excellent opportunity to study the causal neuronal mechanisms of these two processes. In this review, we explore some of the possible causal neuronal mechanisms of associative learning of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and its subsequent consolidation processes into LTM in L. stagnalis. In the CTA training procedure, a sucrose solution, which evokes a feeding response, is used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and a potassium chloride solution, which causes a withdrawal response, is used as the unconditioned stimulus (US). The pairing of the CS–US alters both the feeding response of the snail and the function of a pair of higher order interneurons in the cerebral ganglia. Following the acquisition of CTA, the polysynaptic inhibitory synaptic input from the higher order interneurons onto the feeding CPG neurons is enhanced, resulting in suppression of the feeding response. These changes in synaptic efficacy are thought to constitute a “memory trace” for CTA in L. stagnalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - S. Kojima
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane 518, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
| | - K. Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - M. Sakakibara
- School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, 317 Nishino, Numazu 410-0321, Japan
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Sunada H, Lukowiak K, Sakakibara M. Repetitive noxious stimulus altered the shadow-induced withdrawal behavior in Lymnaea. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63 Suppl 2:179-89. [PMID: 22776491 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.suppl.2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress alters adaptive behaviors including vigilance behaviors. In Lymnaea one of these vigilance behavior is a heightened withdrawal response to a shadow. The shadow withdrawal response (SWR) is mediated by dermal photoreceptors located primarily on the foot, mantle cavity, and skin around the pneumostome area. Here we asked whether we could obtain a neural correlate of the heightened SWR and other essential behaviors following traumatic stress. We measured the electrophysiological properties of 'Right Pedal Dorsal 11 (RPeD11)', the interneuron that plays a major role in mediating the whole-body withdrawal response. In traumatized snails 24 hours after the trauma they responded not only to a shadow stimulus with an augmented withdrawal response, but suppressed in locomotive, feeding and respiratory behavior. Their behavioral change lasted at least one week. Accompanying the behavioral change in these 'traumatized' preparations there are a number of significant changes in the neuronal properties of RPeD11 compared to naïve preparations. For example, RPeD11 is significantly more depolarized (∼10 mV) has significantly larger input resistance, and the duration of the response elicited by the shadow persists longer. All these changes result in an increased RPeD11 response and seem to raise their defensive alert level.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sunada
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Numazu Japan
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Sunada H, Lukowiak K, Sakakibara M. In vitro aversion conditioning in Lymnaea. Short communication. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63 Suppl 2:190-3. [PMID: 22776492 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.suppl.2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In an in vitro semi-intact Lymnaea preparation we were successful in using a training procedure to bring about Conditioning Taste Aversion (CTA ). Following paired presentation of the CS (sucrose) and US (tactile), the CS no longer elicits feeding. We can use sucrose to the lips in the semi-intact preparation as the CS; while we use direct current injection to depolarize RPeD11 as the US. Following pairing of these stimuli, the CS no longer elicits fictive feeding. We can determine the changes in synaptic input to neurons that play key roles in controlling feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sunada
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University, Numazu, Japan
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