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Xavier JLP, Scomparin DX, Pontes CC, Ribeiro PR, Cordeiro MM, Marcondes JA, Mendonça FO, Silva MTD, Oliveira FBD, Franco GCN, Grassiolli S. Litter Size Reduction Induces Metabolic and Histological Adjustments in Dams throughout Lactation with Early Effects on Offspring. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20170971. [PMID: 30916150 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920170971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we analyzed morphological and metabolic alterations in dams nursing small litters and their consequences to offspring throughout lactation. Offspring sizes were adjusted to Small Litter (SL, 3 pups/ dam) and Normal Litter (NL, 9 pups/ dam). Body weight, food intake, white adipose tissue (WAT) content, histological analysis of the pancreas, mammary gland (MG) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as, plasma parameters and milk composition were measured in dams and pups on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of lactation. In general, SL-dams presented higher body weight and retroperitoneal fat content, elevated fat infiltration in BAT, reduced islets size and hyperglycemia throughout lactation in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Moreover, MG from SL-dams had reduced alveoli development and high adipocytes content, resulting in milk with elevated energetic value and fat content in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Maternal states influenced offspring anthropometric conditions during lactation, offspring-SL displayed higher body weight and growth, hyperglycemia, augmented lipid deposition in BAT and elevated islet. Thus, maternal histological and metabolic changes are due to modifications to nursing small litters and reinforce the importance of preserving maternal health during lactation avoiding early programming effects on offspring preventing metabolic consequences later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lucas P Xavier
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Dionizia X Scomparin
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Catherine C Pontes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Maiara M Cordeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica A Marcondes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Felipe O Mendonça
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Makcine T da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabio B de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Gilson C N Franco
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 2069, Jardim Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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Sadowska J, Gębczyński AK, Paszko K, Konarzewski M. Milk output and composition in mice divergently selected for basal metabolic rate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 218:249-54. [PMID: 25452500 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the high basal metabolic rate (BMR) of homeotherms is hypothesised to be a by-product of natural selection for effective parental care. We estimated daily milk output during two consecutive lactation bouts in mice divergently selected for high/low BMR and applied a cross-fostered design to control for potential differences in the between-line suckling abilities of nursed juveniles. Additionally, to remedy the potential limitation imposed by the ability of mother mice to dissipate excess heat, we exposed them to an ambient temperature of 17°C during the most energetically demanding second week of lactation. We found that the mice selected for high BMR produced significantly more milk in a 24 h period in both reproductive bouts. The milk samples obtained from the high BMR females had lower protein concentration and did not differ with respect to fat. However, the concentration of the primary milk carbohydrate – lactose – was higher. Although all the above between-line differences were statistically significant, their magnitude was too small to unambiguously ascribe them as stemming from a positive genetic correlation between the physiological traits underlying BMR and lactation performance. Nevertheless, our study lends such support at least at the level of phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Sadowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej K Gębczyński
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Paszko
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland
| | - Marek Konarzewski
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland
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Gamo Y, Troup C, Mitchell SE, Hambly C, Vaanholt LM, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake. XX. Body temperatures and physical activity of female mice during lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:3751-61. [PMID: 23788704 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.090308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lactating animals consume greater amounts of food than non-reproductive animals, but energy intake appears to be limited in late lactation. The heat dissipation limit theory suggests that the food intake of lactating mice is limited by the capacity of the mother to dissipate heat. Lactating mice should therefore have high body temperatures (Tb), and changes in energy intake during lactation should be reflected by variation in Tb. To investigate these predictions, 26 mice (Mus musculus) were monitored daily throughout lactation for food intake, body mass, litter size and litter mass. After weaning, 21 days postpartum, maternal food intake and body mass were monitored for another 10 days. Maternal activity and Tb were recorded every minute for 23 h a day using implanted transmitters (vital view). Energy intake increased to a plateau in late lactation (days 13-17). Daily gain in pup mass declined during this same period, suggesting a limit on maternal energy intake. Litter size and litter mass were positively related to maternal energy intake and body mass. Activity levels were constantly low, and mice with the largest increase in energy intake at peak lactation had the lowest activity. Tb rose sharply after parturition and the circadian rhythm became compressed within a small range. Tb during the light period increased considerably (1.1 ° C higher than in baseline), and lactating mice faced chronic hyperthermia, despite their activity levels in lactation being approximately halved. Average Tb increased in relation to energy intake as lactation progressed, but there was no relationship between litter size or litter mass and the mean Tb at peak lactation. These data are consistent with the heat dissipation limit theory, which suggests performance in late lactation is constrained by the ability to dissipate body heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gamo
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
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