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Patrone LGA, Ferrari GD, da Silva RM, Alberici LC, Lopes NP, Stabile AM, Klein W, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. Sex- and age-specific respiratory alterations induced by prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36710256 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabis legalization has risen in many countries, and its use during pregnancy has increased. The endocannabinoid system is present in the CNS at early stages of embryonic development, and regulates functional brain maturation including areas responsible for respiratory control, data on the influence of external cannabinoids on the development of the respiratory system and possible consequences during postnatal life are limited. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the effects of prenatal exposure to synthetic cannabinoid (WIN 55,212-2 [WIN], 0.5 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) on the respiratory control system in neonatal (P0, P6-7 and P12-13) and juvenile (P27-28) male and female rats. KEY RESULTS WIN administration to pregnant rats interfered sex-specifically with breathing regulation of offspring, promoting a greater sensitivity to CO2 at all ages in males (except P6-7) and in juvenile females. An altered hypoxic chemoreflex was observed in P0 (hyperventilation) and P6-7 (hypoventilation) males, which was absent in females. Along with breathing alterations, brainstem analysis showed an increase in the number of catecholaminergic neurons and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 ) and changes in tissue respiration in the early males. A reduction in pulmonary compliance was observed in juvenile male rats. Preexposure to WIN enhanced spontaneous apnoea and reduced the number of serotoninergic (5-HT) neurons in the raphe magnus nucleus of P0 females. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data demonstrate that excess stimulation of the endocannabinoid system during gestation has prolonged and sex-specific consequences for the respiratory control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gustavo A Patrone
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Ferrari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moreira da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane C Alberici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelita M Stabile
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilfried Klein
- Department of Biology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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McWhinnie RB, Sckrabulis JP, Raffel TR. Temperature and mass scaling affect cutaneous and pulmonary respiratory performance in a diving frog. Integr Zool 2021; 16:712-728. [PMID: 34002945 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change is altering patterns of temperature variation, with unpredictable consequences for species and ecosystems. The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) provides a powerful framework for predicting climate change impacts on ectotherm metabolic performance. MTE postulates that physiological and ecological processes are limited by organism metabolic rates, which scale predictably with body mass and temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine if different metabolic proxies generate different empirical estimates of key MTE model parameters for the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis when allowed to exhibit normal diving behavior. We used a novel methodological approach in combining a flow-through respirometry setup with the open-source Arduino platform to measure mass and temperature effects on 4 different proxies for whole-body metabolism (total O2 consumption, cutaneous O2 consumption, pulmonary O2 consumption, and ventilation frequency), following thermal acclimation to one of 3 temperatures (8°C, 17°C, or 26°C). Different metabolic proxies generated different mass-scaling exponents (b) and activation energy (EA ) estimates, highlighting the importance of metabolic proxy selection when parameterizing MTE-derived models. Animals acclimated to 17°C had higher O2 consumption across all temperatures, but thermal acclimation did not influence estimates of key MTE parameters EA and b. Cutaneous respiration generated lower MTE parameters than pulmonary respiration, consistent with temperature and mass constraints on dissolved oxygen availability, SA:V ratios, and diffusion distances across skin. Our results show that the choice of metabolic proxy can have a big impact on empirical estimates for key MTE model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B McWhinnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason P Sckrabulis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas R Raffel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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Hillman SS, Drewes RC, Hedrick MS. Control of blood volume following hypovolemic challenge in vertebrates: Transcapillary versus lymphatic mechanisms. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 254:110878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hillman SS. Anuran amphibians as comparative models for understanding extreme dehydration tolerance: a unique negative feedback lymphatic mechanism for blood volume regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R790-R798. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00160.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anurans are the most terrestrial order of amphibians. Couple the high driving forces for evaporative loss in terrestrial environments and their low resistance to evaporation, dehydration is an inevitable stress on their water balance. Anurans have the greatest tolerances for dehydration of any vertebrate group. Some species can tolerate evaporative losses up to 45% of their standard body mass. Anurans have remarkable capacities to regulate blood volume with hemorrhage and dehydration compared with mammals. Stabilization of blood volume is central to extending dehydration tolerance, since it avoids both the hypovolemic and hyperviscosity stresses on cardiac output and its consequential effects on aerobic capacity. Anurans, in contrast to mammals, seem incapable of generating a sufficient pressure difference, either oncotically or via interstitial compliance, to move fluid from the interstitium into the capillaries. Couple this inability to generate a sufficient pressure difference for transvascular uptake to a circulatory system with high filtration coefficients and a high rate of plasma turnover is the consequence. The novel lymphatic system of anurans is critical to a remarkable capacity for blood volume regulation. This review summarizes what is known about the anatomical and physiological specializations that are involved in explaining differential blood volume regulation and dehydration tolerance involving a true centrally mediated negative feedback of lymphatic function involving baroreceptors as sensors and lymph hearts, arginine vasotocin, pulmonary ventilation and specialized skeletal muscles as effectors.
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Klein W, Dabés L, Bonfim VMG, Magrini L, Napoli MF. Allometric relationships between cutaneous surface area and body mass in anuran amphibians. ZOOL ANZ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hedrick MS, McNew KA, Crossley DA. Baroreflex function in anurans from different environments. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 179:144-8. [PMID: 25447736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anurans from terrestrial environments have an enhanced ability to maintain mean arterial blood pressure (P(m)) through lymph mobilization in response to desiccation or hemorrhage compared with semiaquatic or aquatic species. Because short term blood pressure homeostasis is regulated by arterial baroreceptors, we compared baroreflex function in three species of anurans that span a range of environments, dehydration tolerance and an ability to maintain P(m) with dehydration and hemorrhage. The cardiac limb of the baroreflex loop was studied using pharmacological manipulation of P(m) with phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside (20–200 μg kg(− 1)), and the resulting changes in heart rate (f(H)) were quantitatively analyzed using a four-parameter sigmoidal logistic function. Resting P(m) in the aquatic species, Xenopus laevis, was 3.6 ± 0.3 kPa and was significantly less (P < 0.005) than for the semiaquatic species, Lithobates catesbeianus (4.1 ± 0.2 kPa), or the terrestrial species, Rhinella marina (4.7 ± 0.2 kPa). The maximal baroreflex gain was not different among the three species and ranged from 12.1 to 14.3 beats min( −1) kPa( −1) and occurred at P(m )ranging from 3.0 to 3.8 kPa, which were slightly below the resting P(m) for each species. Mean arterial blood pressures at rest in the three species were near the saturation point of the baroreflex curve which provides the animals with a greater fH response range to hypotensive, rather than hypertensive, changes in P(m). This is consistent with the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptors are key sensory components that allow anurans to maintain P(m) possibly by mobilization of lymphatic return in response to hypotension.
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Hedrick MS, McNew KA, Crossley DA. Reprint of "Baroreflex function in anurans from different environments". Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 186:61-65. [PMID: 25843212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Anurans from terrestrial environments have an enhanced ability to maintain mean arterial blood pressure (Pm) through lymph mobilization in response to desiccation or hemorrhage compared with semiaquatic or aquatic species. Because short term blood pressure homeostasis is regulated by arterial baroreceptors, we compared baroreflex function in three species of anurans that span a range of environments, dehydration tolerance and an ability to maintain Pm with dehydration and hemorrhage. The cardiac limb of the baroreflex loop was studied using pharmacological manipulation of Pm with phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside (20-200μgkg(-1)), and the resulting changes in heart rate (fH) were quantitatively analyzed using a four-parameter sigmoidal logistic function. Resting Pm in the aquatic species, Xenopus laevis, was 3.6±0.3kPa and was significantly less (P<0.005) than for the semiaquatic species, Lithobates catesbeianus (4.1±0.2kPa), or the terrestrial species, Rhinella marina (4.7±0.2kPa). The maximal baroreflex gain was not different among the three species and ranged from 12.1 to 14.3beatsmin(-1)kPa(-1) and occurred at Pm ranging from 3.0 to 3.8kPa, which were slightly below the resting Pm for each species. Mean arterial blood pressures at rest in the three species were near the saturation point of the baroreflex curve which provides the animals with a greater fH response range to hypotensive, rather than hypertensive, changes in Pm. This is consistent with the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptors are key sensory components that allow anurans to maintain Pm possibly by mobilization of lymphatic return in response to hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Kadi A McNew
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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Withers PC, Hedrick MS, Drewes RC, Hillman SS. Pulmonary Compliance and Lung Volume Are Related to Terrestriality in Anuran Amphibians. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:374-83. [DOI: 10.1086/676146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Burggren WW, Christoffels VM, Crossley DA, Enok S, Farrell AP, Hedrick MS, Hicks JW, Jensen B, Moorman AFM, Mueller CA, Skovgaard N, Taylor EW, Wang T. Comparative cardiovascular physiology: future trends, opportunities and challenges. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:257-76. [PMID: 24119052 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inaugural Kjell Johansen Lecture in the Zoophysiology Department of Aarhus University (Aarhus, Denmark) afforded the opportunity for a focused workshop comprising comparative cardiovascular physiologists to ponder some of the key unanswered questions in the field. Discussions were centred around three themes. The first considered function of the vertebrate heart in its various forms in extant vertebrates, with particular focus on the role of intracardiac shunts, the trabecular ('spongy') nature of the ventricle in many vertebrates, coronary blood supply and the building plan of the heart as revealed by molecular approaches. The second theme involved the key unanswered questions in the control of the cardiovascular system, emphasizing autonomic control, hypoxic vasoconstriction and developmental plasticity in cardiovascular control. The final theme involved poorly understood aspects of the interaction of the cardiovascular system with the lymphatic, renal and digestive systems. Having posed key questions around these three themes, it is increasingly clear that an abundance of new analytical tools and approaches will allow us to learn much about vertebrate cardiovascular systems in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. W. Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - V. M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - D. A. Crossley
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - S. Enok
- Zoophysiology; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - M. S. Hedrick
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - J. W. Hicks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine CA USA
| | - B. Jensen
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Zoophysiology; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. F. M. Moorman
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - C. A. Mueller
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - N. Skovgaard
- Zoophysiology; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - E. W. Taylor
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - T. Wang
- Zoophysiology; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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Hedrick MS, Hillman SS, Drewes RC, Withers PC. Lymphatic regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:297-308. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
All vertebrate animals share in common the production of lymph through net capillary filtration from their closed circulatory system into their tissues. The balance of forces responsible for net capillary filtration and lymph formation is described by the Starling equation, but additional factors such as vascular and interstitial compliance, which vary markedly among vertebrates, also have a significant impact on rates of lymph formation. Why vertebrates show extreme variability in rates of lymph formation and how nonmammalian vertebrates maintain plasma volume homeostasis is unclear. This gap hampers our understanding of the evolution of the lymphatic system and its interaction with the cardiovascular system. The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate lymphatic system is not clear, but recent advances suggest common developmental factors for lymphangiogenesis in teleost fishes, amphibians, and mammals with some significant changes in the water-land transition. The lymphatic system of anuran amphibians is characterized by large lymphatic sacs and two pairs of lymph hearts that return lymph into the venous circulation but no lymph vessels per se. The lymphatic systems of reptiles and some birds have lymph hearts, and both groups have extensive lymph vessels, but their functional role in both lymph movement and plasma volume homeostasis is almost completely unknown. The purpose of this review is to present an evolutionary perspective in how different vertebrates have solved the common problem of the inevitable formation of lymph from their closed circulatory systems and to point out the many gaps in our knowledge of this evolutionary progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Hedrick
- Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | | | - Robert C. Drewes
- Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Philip C. Withers
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
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