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Pan C, Liang X, Chen S, Tao F, Yang X, Cen J. Red color-related proteins from the shell of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Isolation, identification and bioinformatic analysis. Food Chem 2020; 327:127079. [PMID: 32446028 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Two water-soluble red color-related proteins with the molecular masses of 24 and 73 kDa were purified from the shell of Procambarus clarkii. Initial color changes of these two proteins were detected at 30 °C and the large amount of red precipitate were obtained at 80 °C. PAGE analysis showed that the 24 kDa protein was the monomer, while the 73 kDa protein was the trimer. Identification revealed that these two proteins belonged to the hemocyanin subunit 2 family. With respect to the amino acid sequence similarity, the red color-related proteins shared the highest sequence identity with the hemocyanin derived from giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). The phylogenetic tree analysis also clearly supported this finding. The shell-derived red color-related proteins show potential use as the edible thermal-sensitive indicator in food processing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Feiyan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xianqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Jianwei Cen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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Ruiz TFR, Gois GVMR, Rocha JCR, Vidal MR, Gardinal MVB, Vicentini CA, Franceschini Vicentini IB. Myology of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda, Caridea): Morphology and swimming implication. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 58:100973. [PMID: 32745974 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the functional morphology of locomotion in prawns, and even fewer studies have succeeded in relating a specific muscular group to the movement of the body. The present study aimed to describe the morphology of the thoracoabdominal muscle system and its implications for swimming in juveniles of Macrobrachium amazonicum. Ten muscles were observed in the abdominal muscular system in juveniles of M. amazonicum. The complex arrangement of the anterior oblique muscle in association with the central muscles occupies most of the abdominal space. This muscular compound could promote a flexion movement of the abdomen for body propulsion as well as the tail movement during swimming. Morphofunctional continuity between thoracic and abdominal muscles could aid in locomotion and support the abdominal movement. Moreover, collagen plays a valuable role in connecting deep muscles not inserted in the carapace. Collagenous fascia could transmit the tension during the contraction of deep muscles for coordinated movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciensces, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto Campus, Brazil.
| | | | - João Candido Rodrigues Rocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Bauru Campus, Brazil
| | - Mateus Rossetto Vidal
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Botucatu Campus, Brazil
| | - Mario Vitor Buzete Gardinal
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Botucatu Campus, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Vicentini
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Bauru Campus, Brazil; Aquaculture Center of Unesp (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal Campus, Brazil
| | - Irene Bastos Franceschini Vicentini
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Bauru Campus, Brazil; Aquaculture Center of Unesp (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal Campus, Brazil
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Zhang B, Qi XE, Mao JL, Ying XG. Trehalose and alginate oligosaccharides affect the stability of myosin in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): The water-replacement mechanism confirmed by molecular dynamic simulation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Pan C, Ishizaki S, Chen S, Hao S, Zhou J, Yang X. Purification, characterization and antibacterial activities of red color-related protein found in the shell of kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. Food Chem 2020; 310:125819. [PMID: 31732248 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The well-known red color change plays a significant role in consumer acceptability of crustacean species. In this study, we described the purification of the red color-related protein named MjRCP75 from the shell of Marsupenaeus japonicus. It was a homogeneous monomer with molecular mass of 75 kDa and rich in α-helix conformation. The α-helix content decreased within the increasing of heating temperature and was transformed dominantly to β types. Identification and structural analysis revealed that MjRCP75 belonged to hemocyanin family. The released pigment from heated MjRCP75 showed a λmax at 483 nm in acetone. MjRCP75 showed clearly antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. These findings identify MjRCP75 as the red color-related protein in M. japonicus shell and reveal its involvement in antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Shoichiro Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Shuxian Hao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, National R&D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xianqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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Shi J, Zhang L, Lei Y, Shen H, Yu X, Luo Y. Differential proteomic analysis to identify proteins associated with quality traits of frozen mud shrimp ( Solenocera melantho ) using an iTRAQ-based strategy. Food Chem 2018; 251:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhang B, Hao GJ, Cao HJ, Tang H, Zhang YY, Deng SG. The cryoprotectant effect of xylooligosaccharides on denaturation of peeled shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) protein during frozen storage. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Koyama H, Mizusawa N, Hoashi M, Tan E, Yasumoto K, Jimbo M, Ikeda D, Yokoyama T, Asakawa S, Piyapattanakorn S, Watabe S. Changes in free amino acid concentrations and associated gene expression profiles in the abdominal muscle of kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus acclimated at different salinities. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.168997. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Shrimps inhabiting the coastal water can survive in a wide range of salinity. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in their acclimation to different environmental salinities have remained largely unknown. In the present study, we acclimated kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus at 1.7 %, 3.4 % and 4.0 % salinities. After acclimating for 6, 12, 24 and 72 h, we determined free amino acid concentrations in their abdominal muscle, and performed RNA-seq analysis on this muscle. The concentrations of free amino acids were clearly altered depending on salinity after acclimating for 24 h. Glutamine and alanine concentrations were markedly increased following the increase of salinity. In association with such changes, many genes related to amino acid metabolism changed their expression levels. In particular, the increase of the expression level of the gene encoding glutamate-ammonia ligase which functions in the glutamine metabolism appeared to be relevant to the increased glutamine concentration at high salinity. Furthermore, the alanine concentration increased at high salinity was likely to be associated with the decrease in the expression levels of the alanine-glyoxylate transaminase gene. Thus, there is a possibility that changes in the concentration of free amino acids for osmoregulation in kuruma shrimp are regulated by changes in the expression levels of genes related to amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Koyama
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Nanami Mizusawa
- Kitasato University School of Marine Biosciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masataka Hoashi
- Kitasato University School of Marine Biosciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Engkong Tan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ko Yasumoto
- Kitasato University School of Marine Biosciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Jimbo
- Kitasato University School of Marine Biosciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ikeda
- Kitasato University School of Marine Biosciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokoyama
- Kitasato University School of Marine Biosciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sanit Piyapattanakorn
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Shugo Watabe
- Kitasato University School of Marine Biosciences, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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Zhang B, Wu HX, Yang HC, Xiang XW, Li HB, Deng SG. Cryoprotective roles of trehalose and alginate oligosaccharides during frozen storage of peeled shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ). Food Chem 2017; 228:257-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang B, Yang HC, Tang H, Hao GJ, Zhang YY, Deng SG. Insights into Cryoprotective Roles of Carrageenan Oligosaccharides in Peeled Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during Frozen Storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1792-1801. [PMID: 28190351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cryoprotective effects of carrageenan oligosaccharides on peeled whiteleg shrimp were investigated and compared with sodium pyrophosphate treatment during frozen storage, primarily the interaction mechanisms between oligosaccharides and shrimp myosin. Data revealed significant profitable effects on water-holding capacity and textural variables in oligosaccharide-treated shrimp compared to the control. Chemical analyses showed that these saccharides maintained a higher myofibrillar protein content and Ca2+-ATPase activity in frozen shrimp. Additionally, the hematoxylin and eosin staining results indicated that the saccharides significantly slowed the damage to muscle tissue structures. The assumption was that water replacement hypothesis played a leading role in cryoprotection of frozen shrimp. Furthermore, the homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the saccharides substituted water molecules around the shrimp myosin surface by forming hydrogen bonds with polar residues of amino acids, thereby stabilizing the structures in the absence of water, leading to an increase in protein stability during frozen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan, 316022 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Cheng Yang
- Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute , Zhoushan, 316021 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - He Tang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan, 316022 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Juan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan, 316022 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan, 316022 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Gui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan, 316022 Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Kollmar M, Hatje K. Shared gene structures and clusters of mutually exclusive spliced exons within the metazoan muscle myosin heavy chain genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88111. [PMID: 24498429 PMCID: PMC3912159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular animals possess two to three different types of muscle tissues. Striated muscles have considerable ultrastructural similarity and contain a core set of proteins including the muscle myosin heavy chain (Mhc) protein. The ATPase activity of this myosin motor protein largely dictates muscle performance at the molecular level. Two different solutions to adjusting myosin properties to different muscle subtypes have been identified so far: Vertebrates and nematodes contain many independent differentially expressed Mhc genes while arthropods have single Mhc genes with clusters of mutually exclusive spliced exons (MXEs). The availability of hundreds of metazoan genomes now allowed us to study whether the ancient bilateria already contained MXEs, how MXE complexity subsequently evolved, and whether additional scenarios to control contractile properties in different muscles could be proposed, By reconstructing the Mhc genes from 116 metazoans we showed that all intron positions within the motor domain coding regions are conserved in all bilateria analysed. The last common ancestor of the bilateria already contained a cluster of MXEs coding for part of the loop-2 actin-binding sequence. Subsequently the protostomes and later the arthropods gained many further clusters while MXEs got completely lost independently in several branches (vertebrates and nematodes) and species (for example the annelid Helobdella robusta and the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Several bilateria have been found to encode multiple Mhc genes that might all or in part contain clusters of MXEs. Notable examples are a cluster of six tandemly arrayed Mhc genes, of which two contain MXEs, in the owl limpet Lottia gigantea and four Mhc genes with three encoding MXEs in the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis. Our analysis showed that similar solutions to provide different myosin isoforms (multiple genes or clusters of MXEs or both) have independently been developed several times within bilaterian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kollmar
- Group Systems Biology of Motor Proteins, Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Klas Hatje
- Group Systems Biology of Motor Proteins, Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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Koyama H, Piyapattanakorn S, Watabe S. Cloning of skeletal myosin heavy chain gene family from adult pleopod muscle and whole larvae of shrimps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 319:268-76. [PMID: 23526764 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and biological properties of skeletal muscle in crustacea have not been well understood compared with those of vertebrates. The present study focused on myosin, the major protein in skeletal muscle, from shrimps. In our previous study, two full-length genes encoding myosin heavy chain (MHC), a large subunit of the myosin molecule, were cloned from abdominal fast skeletal muscle of kuruma Marsupenaeus japonicus, black tiger Penaeus monodon and Pacific white Penaeus vannamei shrimps, and named as MHCa and MHCb. In this study, we renamed these as MHC1 and MHC2, respectively, due to the presence of various isoforms newly identified. Partial MHC sequences were identified from pleopod muscle of these shrimps. Two MHCs, named MHC3 and MHC4, were identified from pleopod muscle of kuruma shrimp, whereas two MHCs, named MHC4 and MHC5, were cloned from Pacific white shrimp pleopod. MHC3 was cloned only from black tiger shrimp pleopod. Partial MHC sequences from zoea, mysis, and postlarvae of black tiger and Pacific white shrimps were also determined. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that most MHCs from pleopod muscle and larval MHCs formed clades with MHC1 and MHC2, respectively. These MHCs were considered to be of fast type, since MHC1 and MHC2 are fast-type MHCs according to our previous study. MHC5 obtained from pleopod muscle of Pacific white shrimp in this study was monophyletic with American lobster Homarus americanus S2 slow tonic MHC previously reported, indicating that MHC5 from Pacific white shrimp is of slow type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Koyama
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Koyama H, Akolkar DB, Piyapattanakorn S, Watabe S. Cloning, expression, and localization of two types of fast skeletal myosin heavy chain genes from black tiger and Pacific white shrimps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 317:608-21. [PMID: 22952142 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The physiology and biochemistry of skeletal muscles in shrimps have been poorly understood compared with those from vertebrates. The present study was conducted focusing on myosin, the major protein in skeletal muscle, from adult specimens of black tiger Penaeus monodon and Pacific white Penaeus vannamei shrimps. Two genes encoding myosin heavy chain (MHC), a large subunit of the myosin molecule, were cloned from abdominal fast skeletal muscle and defined as MHCa and MHCb according to our previous study on kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. Random cloning demonstrated that the MHCb gene (MHCb) was expressed more abundantly than MHCa. The full-length cDNA clones of MHCa and MHCb from black tiger shrimp consisted of 5,926 and 5,914 bp, respectively, which encoded 1,914 and 1,909 amino acids, respectively, whereas those from Pacific white shrimp consisted of 5,923 and 5,908 bp, respectively, which encoded 1,913 and 1,909 amino acids, respectively. Both MHCa and MHCb were considered to be fast muscle type due to their strict localization in fast muscle. The amino acid identities between MHCa and MHCb of black tiger shrimp were 77%, 60%, and 73% in the regions of subfragment-1 (S1), subfragment-2 (S2) and light meromyosin (LMM), respectively, with 71% in total, whereas those of Pacific white shrimp were 78%, 60%, and 73% in the regions of S1, S2, and LMM, respectively, with 72% in total. In situ hybridization and northern blot analysis using different regions from abdominal muscle demonstrated different localizations of MHCa and MHCb transcripts in this muscle, suggesting their distinct physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Koyama
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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