1
|
Druelle F, Supiot A, Meulemans S, Schouteden N, Molina-Vila P, Rimbaud B, Aerts P, Berillon G. The quadrupedal walking gait of the olive baboon, Papio anubis: an exploratory study integrating kinematics and EMG. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271005. [PMID: 34292320 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primates exhibit unusual quadrupedal features (e.g. diagonal gaits, compliant walk) compared with other quadrupedal mammals. Their origin and diversification in arboreal habitats have certainly shaped the mechanics of their walking pattern to meet the functional requirements necessary for balance control in unstable and discontinuous environments. In turn, the requirements for mechanical stability probably conflict with mechanical energy exchange. In order to investigate these aspects, we conducted an integrative study on quadrupedal walking in the olive baboon (Papio anubis) at the Primatology station of the CNRS in France. Based on kinematics, we describe the centre of mass mechanics of the normal quadrupedal gait performed on the ground, as well as in different gait and substrate contexts. In addition, we studied the muscular activity of six hindlimb muscles using non-invasive surface probes. Our results show that baboons can rely on an inverted pendulum-like exchange of energy (57% on average, with a maximal observed value of 84%) when walking slowly (<0.9 m s-1) with a tight limb phase (∼55%) on the ground using diagonal sequence gaits. In this context, the muscular activity is similar to that of other quadrupedal mammals, thus reflecting the primary functions of the muscles for limb movement and support. In contrast, walking on a suspended branch generates kinematic and muscular adjustments to ensure better control and to maintain stability. Finally, walking using the lateral sequence gait increases muscular effort and reduces the potential for high recovery rates. The present exploratory study thus supports the assumption that primates are able to make use of an inverted pendulum mechanism on the ground using a diagonal walking gait, yet a different footfall pattern and substrate appear to influence muscular effort and efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France.,Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anthony Supiot
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Robert Debré University Hospital, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Silke Meulemans
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niels Schouteden
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Monde Sauvage Safari Parc, 4920 Aywaille, Belgium
| | - Pablo Molina-Vila
- Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Brigitte Rimbaud
- Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Peter Aerts
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vanhoof MJM, van Leeuwen T, Galletta L, Vereecke EE. The forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (fam.Hylobatidae). Part II. Quantitative analysis. J Anat 2021; 238:321-337. [PMID: 33011967 PMCID: PMC7812139 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates have a highly diverse locomotor repertoire defined by an equally diverse hand use. Based on how primates use their hands during locomotion, we can distinguish between terrestrial and arboreal taxa. The 'arboreal' hand is likely adapted towards high wrist mobility and grasping, whereas the 'terrestrial' hand will show adaptations to loading. While the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, functional adaptations in the forearm and hand musculature to locomotor behaviour have been documented only scarcely. In this paper, we investigate the forelimb musculature of the highly arboreal gibbons (including Hylobates lar,Hylobates pileatus,Nomascus leucogenys,Nomascus concolor and Symphalangus syndactylus) and compare this with the musculature of the semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Anatomical data from previous dissections on knuckle-walking bonobos (Pan paniscus) and bipedal humans (Homo sapiens) are also included to further integrate the analyses in the scope of catarrhine hand adaptation. This study indicates that the overall configuration of the arm and hand musculature of these primates is very similar but there are some apparent differences in relative size which can be linked to differences in forelimb function and which might be related to their specific locomotor behaviour. In macaques, there is a large development of wrist deviators, wrist and digital flexors, and m. triceps brachii, as these muscles are important during the different phases of palmi- and digitigrade quadrupedal walking to stabilize the wrist and elbow. In addition, their m. flexor carpi ulnaris is the most important contributor to the total force-generating capacity of the wrist flexors and deviators, and is needed to counteract the adducting torque at the elbow joint during quadrupedal walking. Gibbons show a relatively high force-generating capacity in their forearm rotators, wrist and digital flexors, which are important muscles in brachiation to actively regulate forward movement of the body. The results also stress the importance of the digital flexors in bonobos, during climbing and clambering, and in humans, which is likely linked to our advanced manipulation skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. M. Vanhoof
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
| | - Timo van Leeuwen
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
| | - Lorenzo Galletta
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityWaurn PoundsVictoriaAustralia
| | - Evie E. Vereecke
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simpson SW, Latimer B, Lovejoy CO. Why Do Knuckle-Walking African Apes Knuckle-Walk? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:496-514. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. Simpson
- Department of Anatomy; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland Ohio
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology; Cleveland Museum of Natural History; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Bruce Latimer
- Department of Orthodontics; Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine; Cleveland Ohio
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology; Cleveland Museum of Natural History; Cleveland Ohio
| | - C. Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology; Kent State University; Kent Ohio
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology; Cleveland Museum of Natural History; Cleveland Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Young JW, Shapiro LJ. Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165 Suppl 65:37-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyNortheast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED)Rootstown Ohio, 44272
| | - Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of TexasAustin Texas, 78712
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeininger A, Shapiro LJ, Raichlen DA. Ontogenetic changes in limb postures and their impact on effective limb length in baboons (P
apio cynocephalus
). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:231-241. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Zeininger
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Box 90383 Durham North Carolina 27708
| | - Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology; The University of Texas at Austin; 2201 Speedway C3200 Austin Texas 78712
| | - David A. Raichlen
- School of Anthropology; The University of Arizona; 1009 E. South Campus Dr Tucson Arizona 85721
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Orr CM. Locomotor Hand Postures, Carpal Kinematics During Wrist Extension, and Associated Morphology in Anthropoid Primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:382-401. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caley M. Orr
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMail Stop F435, 13001 East 17th PlaceAurora Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Morphological Diversity in the Digital Rays of Primate Hands. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Experimental Research on Hand Use and Function in Primates. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Patterns, Variability, and Flexibility of Hand Posture During Locomotion in Primates. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Godfrey LR, Granatosky MC, Jungers WL. The Hands of Subfossil Lemurs. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Patel BA, Wallace IJ, Boyer DM, Granatosky MC, Larson SG, Stern JT. Distinct functional roles of primate grasping hands and feet during arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. J Hum Evol 2015; 88:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Patel BA, Larson SG, Stern JT. Electromyography of crural and pedal muscles in tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella): Implications for hallucal grasping behavior and first metatarsal morphology in euprimates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 156:553-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biren A. Patel
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90033
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089
| | - Susan G. Larson
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Stony Brook NY 17794
| | - Jack T. Stern
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Stony Brook NY 17794
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Almécija S, Orr CM, Tocheri MW, Patel BA, Jungers WL. Exploring Phylogenetic and Functional Signals in Complex Morphologies: The Hamate of Extant Anthropoids as a Test-Case Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:212-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Almécija
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Stony Brook New York
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici Z (ICTA-ICP), campus de la UAB, c/ de les Columnes, s/n., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
- NYCEP Morphometrics Group
| | - Caley M. Orr
- Department of Anatomy; Midwestern University; Downers Grove Illinois
| | - Matthew W. Tocheri
- Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; 10th and Constitution Avenue NW Washington DC
- Department of Anthropology; Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Biren A. Patel
- Cell and Neurobiology; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - William L. Jungers
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Stony Brook New York
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Venkataraman VV, Rolian C, Gordon AD, Patel BA. A resampling approach and implications for estimating the phalangeal index from unassociated hand bones in fossil primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:280-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V. Venkataraman
- Department of Biological Sciences; Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center, Dartmouth College; Hanover; NH; 03755
| | - Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary; Alberta; Canada; T2N4N1
| | - Adam D. Gordon
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany-SUNY; Albany; NY; 12222
| | - Biren A. Patel
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles; CA; 90033
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carlson KJ, Jashashvili T, Houghton K, Westaway MC, Patel BA. Joint loads in marsupial ankles reflect habitual bipedalism versus quadrupedalism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58811. [PMID: 23554931 PMCID: PMC3595237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint surfaces of limb bones are loaded in compression by reaction forces generated from body weight and musculotendon complexes bridging them. In general, joints of eutherian mammals have regions of high radiodensity subchondral bone that are better at resisting compressive forces than low radiodensity subchondral bone. Identifying similar form-function relationships between subchondral radiodensity distribution and joint load distribution within the marsupial postcranium, in addition to providing a richer understanding of marsupial functional morphology, can serve as a phylogenetic control in evaluating analogous relationships within eutherian mammals. Where commonalities are established across phylogenetic borders, unifying principles in mammalian physiology, morphology, and behavior can be identified. Here, we assess subchondral radiodensity patterns in distal tibiae of several marsupial taxa characterized by different habitual activities (e.g., locomotion). Computed tomography scanning, maximum intensity projection maps, and pixel counting were used to quantify radiodensity in 41 distal tibiae of bipedal (5 species), arboreal quadrupedal (4 species), and terrestrial quadrupedal (5 species) marsupials. Bipeds (Macropus and Wallabia) exhibit more expansive areas of high radiodensity in the distal tibia than arboreal (Dendrolagus, Phascolarctos, and Trichosurus) or terrestrial quadrupeds (Sarcophilus, Thylacinus, Lasiorhinus, and Vombatus), which may reflect the former carrying body weight only through the hind limbs. Arboreal quadrupeds exhibit smallest areas of high radiodensity, though they differ non-significantly from terrestrial quadrupeds. This could indicate slightly more compliant gaits by arboreal quadrupeds compared to terrestrial quadrupeds. The observed radiodensity patterns in marsupial tibiae, though their statistical differences disappear when controlling for phylogeny, corroborate previously documented patterns in primates and xenarthrans, potentially reflecting inferred limb use during habitual activities such as locomotion. Despite the complex nature of factors contributing to joint loads, broad observance of these patterns across joints and across a variety of taxa suggests that subchondral radiodensity can be used as a unifying form-function principle within Mammalia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian J Carlson
- Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|