1
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Cones AG, Schneider ER, Westneat DF. The incubation environment does not explain significant variation in heart rate plasticity among avian embryos. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247120. [PMID: 38456553 PMCID: PMC10949066 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The conditions an organism experiences during development can modify how they plastically respond to short-term changes in their environment later in life. This can be adaptive because the optimal average trait value and the optimal plastic change in trait value in response to the environment may differ across different environments. For example, early developmental temperatures can adaptively modify how reptiles, fish and invertebrates metabolically respond to temperature. However, whether individuals within populations respond differently (a prerequisite to adaptive evolution), and whether this occurs in birds, which are only ectothermic for part of their life cycle, is not known. We experimentally tested these possibilities by artificially incubating the embryos of Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) at constant or variable temperatures. We measured their consequent heart rate reaction norms to short-term changes in egg temperature and tracked their growth. Contrary to expectations, the early thermal environment did not modify heart rate reaction norms, but regardless, these reaction norms differed among individuals. Embryos with higher average heart rates were smaller upon hatching, but heart rate reaction norms did not predict subsequent growth. Our data also suggests that the thermal environment may affect both the variance in heart rate reaction norms and their covariance with growth. Thus, individual avian embryos can vary in their plasticity to temperature, and in contrast to fully ectothermic taxa, the early thermal environment does not explain this variance. Because among-individual variation is one precondition to adaptive evolution, the factors that do contribute to such variability may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Cones
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 101 Thomas Hunt Morgan Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Eve R. Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 101 Thomas Hunt Morgan Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - David F. Westneat
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 101 Thomas Hunt Morgan Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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2
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Gahm K, Arietta AZA, Skelly DK. Temperature‐mediated trade‐off between development and performance in larval wood frogs (
Rana sylvatica
). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:146-157. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaija Gahm
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - David K. Skelly
- School of the Environment Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
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3
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Bodensteiner BL, Agudelo‐Cantero GA, Arietta AZA, Gunderson AR, Muñoz MM, Refsnider JM, Gangloff EJ. Thermal adaptation revisited: How conserved are thermal traits of reptiles and amphibians? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:173-194. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Gustavo A. Agudelo‐Cantero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology ‐ Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Alex R. Gunderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Martha M. Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Department of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware Ohio USA
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4
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Healy TM, Bock AK, Burton RS. Variation in developmental temperature alters adulthood plasticity of thermal tolerance in Tigriopus californicus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.213405. [PMID: 31597734 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental change, organisms rely on both genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to adjust key traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Given the accelerating rate of climate change, plasticity may be particularly important. For organisms in warming aquatic habitats, upper thermal tolerance is likely to be a key trait, and many organisms express plasticity in this trait in response to developmental or adulthood temperatures. Although plasticity at one life stage may influence plasticity at another life stage, relatively little is known about this possibility for thermal tolerance. Here, we used locally adapted populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus to investigate these potential effects in an intertidal ectotherm. We found that low latitude populations had greater critical thermal maxima (CTmax) than high latitude populations, and variation in developmental temperature altered CTmax plasticity in adults. After development at 25°C, CTmax was plastic in adults, whereas no adulthood plasticity in this trait was observed after development at 20°C. This pattern was identical across four populations, suggesting that local thermal adaptation has not shaped this effect among these populations. Differences in the capacities to maintain ATP synthesis rates and to induce heat shock proteins at high temperatures, two likely mechanisms of local adaptation in this species, were consistent with changes in CTmax owing to phenotypic plasticity, which suggests that there is likely mechanistic overlap between the effects of plasticity and adaptation. Together, these results indicate that developmental effects may have substantial impacts on upper thermal tolerance plasticity in adult ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Healy
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0202, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
| | - Antonia K Bock
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0202, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
| | - Ronald S Burton
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0202, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
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5
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Luhring TM, Vavra JM, Cressler CE, DeLong JP. Phenotypically plastic responses to predation risk are temperature dependent. Oecologia 2019; 191:709-719. [PMID: 31598776 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Predicting how organisms respond to climate change requires that we understand the temperature dependence of fitness in relevant ecological contexts (e.g., with or without predation risk). Predation risk often induces changes to life history traits that are themselves temperature dependent. We explore how perceived predation risk and temperature interact to determine fitness (indicated by the intrinsic rate of increase, r) through changes to its underlying components (net reproductive rate, generation time, and survival) in Daphnia magna. We exposed Daphnia to predation cues from dragonfly naiads early, late, or throughout their ontogeny. Predation risk increased r differentially across temperatures and depending on the timing of exposure to predation cues. The timing of predation risk likewise altered the temperature-dependent response of T and R0. Daphnia at hotter temperatures responded to predation risk by increasing r through a combination of increased R0 and decreased T that together countered an increase in mortality rate. However, only D. magna that experienced predation cues early in ontogeny showed elevated r at colder temperatures. These results highlight the fact that phenotypically plastic responses of life history traits to predation risk can be strongly temperature dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Luhring
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 410 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA.
| | - Janna M Vavra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 410 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Clayton E Cressler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 410 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - John P DeLong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 410 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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6
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Domenici P, Allan BJM, Lefrançois C, McCormick MI. The effect of climate change on the escape kinematics and performance of fishes: implications for future predator-prey interactions. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz078. [PMID: 31723432 PMCID: PMC6839432 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can have a pronounced impact on the physiology and behaviour of fishes. Notably, many climate change stressors, such as global warming, hypoxia and ocean acidification (OA), have been shown to alter the kinematics of predator-prey interactions in fishes, with potential effects at ecological levels. Here, we review the main effects of each of these stressors on fish escape responses using an integrative approach that encompasses behavioural and kinematic variables. Elevated temperature was shown to affect many components of the escape response, including escape latencies, kinematics and maximum swimming performance, while the main effect of hypoxia was on escape responsiveness and directionality. OA had a negative effect on the escape response of juvenile fish by decreasing their directionality, responsiveness and locomotor performance, although some studies show no effect of acidification. The few studies that have explored the effects of multiple stressors show that temperature tends to have a stronger effect on escape performance than OA. Overall, the effects of climate change on escape responses may occur through decreased muscle performance and/or an interference with brain and sensory functions. In all of these cases, since the escape response is a behaviour directly related to survival, these effects are likely to be fundamental drivers of changes in marine communities. The overall future impact of these stressors is discussed by including their potential effects on predator attack behaviour, thereby allowing the development of potential future scenarios for predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAS, Oristano, 09170 Italy
- Corresponding author: CNR-IAS, Oristano 09170, Italy.
| | - Bridie J M Allan
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark I McCormick
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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7
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Burggren W. Developmental phenotypic plasticity helps bridge stochastic weather events associated with climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/9/jeb161984. [PMID: 29748332 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The slow, inexorable rise in annual average global temperatures and acidification of the oceans are often advanced as consequences of global change. However, many environmental changes, especially those involving weather (as opposed to climate), are often stochastic, variable and extreme, particularly in temperate terrestrial or freshwater habitats. Moreover, few studies of animal and plant phenotypic plasticity employ realistic (i.e. short-term, stochastic) environmental change in their protocols. Here, I posit that the frequently abrupt environmental changes (days, weeks, months) accompanying much longer-term general climate change (e.g. global warming over decades or centuries) require consideration of the true nature of environmental change (as opposed to statistical means) coupled with an expansion of focus to consider developmental phenotypic plasticity. Such plasticity can be in multiple forms - obligatory/facultative, beneficial/deleterious - depending upon the degree and rate of environmental variability at specific points in organismal development. Essentially, adult phenotypic plasticity, as important as it is, will be irrelevant if developing offspring lack sufficient plasticity to create modified phenotypes necessary for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76205, USA
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8
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Schmitz OJ, Trussell GC. Multiple stressors, state-dependence and predation risk — foraging trade-offs: toward a modern concept of trait-mediated indirect effects in communities and ecosystems. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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9
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Gibson DJ, Sylvester EVA, Turko AJ, Tattersall GJ, Wright PA. Out of the frying pan into the air--emersion behaviour and evaporative heat loss in an amphibious mangrove fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus). Biol Lett 2016; 11:rsbl.2015.0689. [PMID: 26490418 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibious fishes often emerse (leave water) when faced with unfavourable water conditions. How amphibious fishes cope with the risks of rising water temperatures may depend, in part, on the plasticity of behavioural mechanisms such as emersion thresholds. We hypothesized that the emersion threshold is reversibly plastic and thus dependent on recent acclimation history rather than on conditions during early development. Kryptolebias marmoratus were reared for 1 year at 25 or 30°C and acclimated as adults (one week) to either 25 or 30°C before exposure to an acute increase in water temperature. The emersion threshold temperature and acute thermal tolerance were significantly increased in adult fish acclimated to 30°C, but rearing temperature had no significant effect. Using a thermal imaging camera, we also showed that emersed fish in a low humidity aerial environment (30°C) lost significantly more heat (3.3°C min(-1)) than those in a high humidity environment (1.6°C min(-1)). In the field, mean relative humidity was 84%. These results provide evidence of behavioural avoidance of high temperatures and the first quantification of evaporative cooling in an amphibious fish. Furthermore, the avoidance response was reversibly plastic, flexibility that may be important for tropical amphibious fishes under increasing pressures from climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gibson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma V A Sylvester
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glenn J Tattersall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Schmitz OJ, Rosenblatt AE, Smylie M. Temperature dependence of predation stress and the nutritional ecology of a generalist herbivore. Ecology 2016; 97:3119-3130. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oswald J. Schmitz
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University 370 Prospect StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06511USA
| | - Adam E. Rosenblatt
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University 370 Prospect StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06511USA
| | - Meredith Smylie
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University 370 Prospect StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06511USA
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11
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Evolution of Plasticity: Mechanistic Link between Development and Reversible Acclimation. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:237-249. [PMID: 26846962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic characteristics of animals can change independently from changes in the genetic code. These plastic phenotypic responses are important for population persistence in changing environments. Plasticity can be induced during early development, with persistent effects on adult phenotypes, and it can occur reversibly throughout life (acclimation). These manifestations of plasticity have been viewed as separate processes. Here we argue that developmental conditions not only change mean trait values but also modify the capacity for acclimation. Acclimation counteracts the potentially negative effects of phenotype-environment mismatches resulting from epigenetic modifications during early development. Developmental plasticity is therefore also beneficial when environmental conditions change within generations. Hence, the evolution of reversible acclimation can no longer be viewed as independent from developmental processes.
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