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Alterations in biogenic amines levels associated with age-related muscular tissue impairment in Drosophila melanogaster. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3739-3748. [PMID: 35844402 PMCID: PMC9280237 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While holding on youth may be a universal wish, aging is a natural process associated with physical and physiological impairment in living organisms. Drosophila provides useful insights into aging-related events. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the age-related changes in muscle function and architecture in relation to the biogenic amine titers. To achieve this aim, visceral and skeletal muscles performance was tested in newly-eclosed, sexually mature and old adult flies using climbing and gut motility assays. In addition, age-related ultrastructural alterations of muscular tissue were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The titer of selected biogenic amines was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results demonstrated that old flies were dramatically slower in upward movement than either newly-eclosed or sexually mature flies. Similarly, gut contraction rate was significantly lower in old flies than the sexually mature, although it was markedly higher than that in the newly-eclosed flies. In TEM examination, there were several ultrastructural changes in the midgut epithelium, legs and thorax muscles of old flies. Regarding biogenic amine titers, the old flies had significantly lower concentrations of octopamine, dopamine and serotonin than the sexually mature. We concluded that aging has adverse effects on muscular system function and ultrastructure, synchronized with biogenic amine titers changes. Our results highlighted the need for more researches on therapeutics that may balance the levels of age-related alterations in biogenic amines.
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El Kholy S, Giesy JP, Al Naggar Y. Consequences of a short-term exposure to a sub lethal concentration of CdO nanoparticles on key life history traits in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124671. [PMID: 33349477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of cadmium oxide (CdO NPs) are among the most common industrial metal oxide nanoparticles. Early adulthood (P1) fruit flies (D. melanogaster) were exposed for 7 days to a sub lethal concentration (0.03 mg CdO NPs/mL, which was 20% of the LC50), spiked into food media to test whether short episodes of CdO NPs exposures early in adult life have long-lasting effects on life history traits such as fecundity well beyond exposure times. All studied life history traits, as well as climbing behavior were adversely affected by exposure to CdO NPs. A blistered wing phenotype was also observed in the non-exposed progeny (F1) of adult flies (P1) and their fecundity was significantly decreased (-50%) compared to the fecundity of non-exposed (control) F1 flies. Expressions of antioxidant enzymes encoding genes; catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD2) were significantly up regulated in P1 flies compared to control. Expression of metallothionein encoding genes (MTn A-D) were significantly up-regulated in both parent flies (P1) and their progeny (F1) after exposure of P1 flies to CdO NPs compared to non-exposed control flies, suggesting long-term potential effects. Taken together, these findings indicate that short-term exposure to a sub-lethal CdO NP concentration is sufficient to have long-lasting, adverse effects on fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar El Kholy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yahya Al Naggar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Mortola JP. Prenatal catch-up growth: A study in avian embryos. Mech Dev 2019; 156:32-40. [PMID: 30936002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Whether the growth of embryos after a period of stunt becomes accelerated (Catch-Up Growth, CUGr), as it occurs postnatally, has rarely been examined experimentally in any class of animals. Here, hypoxia or cold of different degrees and durations caused growth retardation in chicken embryos during the first or second week of incubation. On average, on the day of removal of the growth-inhibition, the weight of the experimental groups was 73% (wet) and 61% (dry) of control embryos, while near end-incubation (embryonic day E18) their weight averaged significantly more, respectively, 80% and 84% of controls (P < 0.001). When compared as function of developmental time, the post-intervention growth of experimental embryos was faster than that of controls. The faster growth was fully accounted for by their smaller weight at end-intervention, because embryonic growth is higher the smaller the weight. Hence, their growth was appropriate for their weight, rather than for their age. In fact, out of eight different models of growth based on age and weight (wet or dry) in various combination, the model based on embryonic wet weight at end-intervention, and weight alone, was the best predictor of the embryo's post-intervention growth. The oxygen consumption of the experimental embryos during CUGr was appropriate for their weight. In conclusion, in this experimental model of CUGr, the embryo's weight at the end of a stunt could fully predict and explain the rate of growth during the post-intervention recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo P Mortola
- Dept. Physiology, McGill Univ., room 1121, 3655 Sir William Osler promenade, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Jagnandan K, Higham TE. How rapid changes in body mass affect the locomotion of terrestrial vertebrates: ecology, evolution and biomechanics of a natural perturbation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jagnandan
- Life Sciences Department, San Diego City College, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Turko AJ, Kültz D, Fudge D, Croll RP, Smith FM, Stoyek MR, Wright PA. Skeletal stiffening in an amphibious fish out of water is a response to increased body weight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:3621-3631. [PMID: 29046415 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial animals must support their bodies against gravity, while aquatic animals are effectively weightless because of buoyant support from water. Given this evolutionary history of minimal gravitational loading of fishes in water, it has been hypothesized that weight-responsive musculoskeletal systems evolved during the tetrapod invasion of land and are thus absent in fishes. Amphibious fishes, however, experience increased effective weight when out of water - are these fishes responsive to gravitational loading? Contrary to the tetrapod-origin hypothesis, we found that terrestrial acclimation reversibly increased gill arch stiffness (∼60% increase) in the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus when loaded normally by gravity, but not under simulated microgravity. Quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that this change in mechanical properties occurred via increased abundance of proteins responsible for bone mineralization in other fishes as well as in tetrapods. Type X collagen, associated with endochondral bone growth, increased in abundance almost ninefold after terrestrial acclimation. Collagen isoforms known to promote extracellular matrix cross-linking and cause tissue stiffening, such as types IX and XII collagen, also increased in abundance. Finally, more densely packed collagen fibrils in both gill arches and filaments were observed microscopically in terrestrially acclimated fish. Our results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the fish musculoskeletal system can be fine-tuned in response to changes in effective body weight using biochemical pathways similar to those in mammals, suggesting that weight sensing is an ancestral vertebrate trait rather than a tetrapod innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Douglas Fudge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.,Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Dr., Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Frank M Smith
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Matthew R Stoyek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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Schilder RJ, Raynor M. Molecular plasticity and functional enhancements of leg muscles in response to hypergravity in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3508-3518. [PMID: 28978639 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies of organismal and tissue biomechanics have clearly demonstrated that musculoskeletal design is strongly dependent on experienced loads, which can vary in the short term, as a result of growth during life history and during the evolution of animal body size. However, how animals actually perceive and make adjustments to their load-bearing musculoskeletal elements that accommodate variation in their body weight is poorly understood. We developed an experimental model system that can be used to start addressing these open questions, and uses hypergravity centrifugation to experimentally manipulate the loads experienced by Drosophila melanogaster We examined effects of this manipulation on leg muscle alternative splicing of the sarcomere gene troponin T (Dmel\up; Fbgn0004169, herein referred to by its synonym TnT), a process that was previously demonstrated to precisely correlate with quantitative variation in body weight in Lepidoptera and rat. In a similar fashion, hypergravity centrifugation caused fast (i.e. within 24 h) changes to fly leg muscle TnT alternative splicing that correlated with body weight variation across eight D. melanogaster lines. Hypergravity treatment also appeared to enhance leg muscle function, as centrifuged flies showed an increased negative geotaxis response and jump ability. Although the identity and location of the sensors and effectors involved remains unknown, our results provide further support for the existence of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that translates signals that encode body weight into appropriate skeletal muscle molecular and functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Schilder
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 501 Ag Sciences & Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA .,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Megan Raynor
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Sellers WI, Pond SB, Brassey CA, Manning PL, Bates KT. Investigating the running abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex using stress-constrained multibody dynamic analysis. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3420. [PMID: 28740745 PMCID: PMC5518979 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The running ability of Tyrannosaurus rex has been intensively studied due to its relevance to interpretations of feeding behaviour and the biomechanics of scaling in giant predatory dinosaurs. Different studies using differing methodologies have produced a very wide range of top speed estimates and there is therefore a need to develop techniques that can improve these predictions. Here we present a new approach that combines two separate biomechanical techniques (multibody dynamic analysis and skeletal stress analysis) to demonstrate that true running gaits would probably lead to unacceptably high skeletal loads in T. rex. Combining these two approaches reduces the high-level of uncertainty in previous predictions associated with unknown soft tissue parameters in dinosaurs, and demonstrates that the relatively long limb segments of T. rex—long argued to indicate competent running ability—would actually have mechanically limited this species to walking gaits. Being limited to walking speeds contradicts arguments of high-speed pursuit predation for the largest bipedal dinosaurs like T. rex, and demonstrates the power of multiphysics approaches for locomotor reconstructions of extinct animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart B Pond
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A Brassey
- School of Science and the Environment, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Philip L Manning
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Karl T Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Zill SN, Neff D, Chaudhry S, Exter A, Schmitz J, Büschges A. Effects of force detecting sense organs on muscle synergies are correlated with their response properties. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:564-578. [PMID: 28552666 PMCID: PMC5817982 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sense organs that monitor forces in legs can contribute to activation of muscles as synergist groups. Previous studies in cockroaches and stick insects showed that campaniform sensilla, receptors that encode forces via exoskeletal strains, enhance muscle synergies in substrate grip. However synergist activation was mediated by different groups of receptors in cockroaches (trochanteral sensilla) and stick insects (femoral sensilla). The factors underlying the differential effects are unclear as the responses of femoral campaniform sensilla have not previously been characterized. The present study characterized the structure and response properties (via extracellular recording) of the femoral sensilla in both insects. The cockroach trochantero-femoral (TrF) joint is mobile and the joint membrane acts as an elastic antagonist to the reductor muscle. Cockroach femoral campaniform sensilla show weak discharges to forces in the coxo-trochanteral (CTr) joint plane (in which forces are generated by coxal muscles) but instead encode forces directed posteriorly (TrF joint plane). In stick insects, the TrF joint is fused and femoral campaniform sensilla discharge both to forces directed posteriorly and forces in the CTr joint plane. These findings support the idea that receptors that enhance synergies encode forces in the plane of action of leg muscles used in support and propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha N Zill
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25704, USA.
| | - David Neff
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
| | - Sumaiya Chaudhry
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
| | - Annelie Exter
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Josef Schmitz
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ansgar Büschges
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
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