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DiBenedetto M, Helfrich KR, Pires A, Anderson EJ, Mullineaux LS. Responding to the signal and the noise: behavior of planktonic gastropod larvae in turbulence. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274062. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Swimming organisms may actively adjust their behavior in response to the flow around them. Ocean flows are typically turbulent, and characterized by chaotic velocity fluctuations. While some studies have observed planktonic larvae altering their behavior in response to turbulence, it is not always clear whether a plankter is responding to an individual turbulent fluctuation or to the time-averaged flow. To distinguish between these two paradigms, we conducted laboratory experiments with larvae in turbulence. We observed veliger larvae of the gastropod Crepidula fornicata in a jet-stirred turbulence tank while simultaneously measuring two-components of the fluid and larval velocity. Larvae were studied at two different stages of development, early-stage and late-stage, and their behavior was analyzed in response to different characteristics of turbulence: acceleration, dissipation, and vorticity. Our analysis considered both the effects of the time-averaged flow and the instantaneous flow around the larvae. Overall, we found that both stages of larvae increased their upward swimming speeds in response to increasing turbulence. However, we found that the early-stage larvae tended to respond to the time-averaged flow whereas the late-stage larvae tended to respond to the instantaneous flow around them. These observations indicate that larvae can integrate flow information over time and that their behavioral responses to turbulence can depend on both their present and past flow environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle DiBenedetto
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
| | - Karl R. Helfrich
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
| | - Anthony Pires
- Dickinson College, Department of Biology, Carlisle, 17013, USA
| | - Erik J. Anderson
- Grove City College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Grove City, 16127, USA
| | - Lauren S. Mullineaux
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
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2
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Involvement of Netrin/Unc-5 Interaction in Ciliary Beating and in Pattern Formation of the Ciliary Band-Associated Strand (CBAS) in the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186587. [PMID: 32916859 PMCID: PMC7555569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GABAergic neural circuit is involved in the motile activities of both larval and juvenile sea urchins. Therefore, its function is inherited beyond metamorphosis, despite large scale remodeling of larval organs during that period. However, the initial neural circuit formation mechanism is not well understood, including how glutamate decarboxylase-expressing blastocoelar cells (GADCs) construct the neural circuit along the circumoral ciliary band (a ciliary band-associated strand, CBAS) on the larval body surface. In this study, using whole-mount immunohistochemistry and 3D reconstructed imaging, the ontogenic process of CBAS patterning was studied by focusing on Netrin and the interaction with its receptor, Unc-5. During the early 2-arm pluteus stage, a small number of GADCs egress onto the apical surface of the larval ectoderm. Then, they line up on the circumoral side of the ciliary band, and by being inserted by a further number of GADCs, form longer multicellular strands along the Netrin stripe. Application of a synthetic peptide, CRFNMELYKLSGRKSGGVC of Hp-Netrin, that binds to the immunoglobulin domain of Unc-5 during the prism stage, causes stunted CBAS formation due to inhibition of GADC egression. This also results in reduced ciliary beating. Thus, the Netrin/Unc-5 interaction is involved in the construction and function of the CBAS.
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3
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Guillam M, Bessin C, Blanchet-Aurigny A, Cugier P, Nicolle A, Thiébaut É, Comtet T. Vertical distribution of brittle star larvae in two contrasting coastal embayments: implications for larval transport. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12033. [PMID: 32694630 PMCID: PMC7374168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of marine invertebrate larvae to control their vertical position shapes their dispersal pattern. In species characterized by large variations in population density, like many echinoderm species, larval dispersal may contribute to outbreak and die-off phenomena. A proliferation of the ophiuroid Ophiocomina nigra was observed for several years in western Brittany (France), inducing drastic changes on the benthic communities. We here studied the larval vertical distribution in this species and two co-occurring ophiuroid species, Ophiothrix fragilis and Amphiura filiformis, in two contrasting hydrodynamic environments: stratified in the bay of Douarnenez and well-mixed in the bay of Brest. Larvae were collected at 3 depths during 25 h within each bay. In the bay of Brest, all larvae were evenly distributed in the water column due to the intense vertical mixing. Conversely, in the bay of Douarnenez, a diel vertical migration was observed for O. nigra, with a night ascent of young larvae, and ontogenetic differences. These different patterns in the two bays mediate the effects of tidal currents on larval fluxes. O. fragilis larvae were mainly distributed above the thermocline which may favour larval retention within the bay, while A. filiformis larvae, mostly concentrated near the bottom, were preferentially exported. This study highlighted the complex interactions between coastal hydrodynamics and specific larval traits, e.g. larval morphology, in the control of larval vertical distribution and larval dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guillam
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation Et Diversité en Milieu Marin, ADMM, CS90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.
| | - Claire Bessin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation Et Diversité en Milieu Marin, ADMM, CS90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Aline Blanchet-Aurigny
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, Département Dynamiques des Ecosystèmes Côtiers (DYNECO), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Benthique Côtière (LEBCO), Technopole Brest Iroise, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Cugier
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, Département Dynamiques des Ecosystèmes Côtiers (DYNECO), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Benthique Côtière (LEBCO), Technopole Brest Iroise, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Amandine Nicolle
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation Et Diversité en Milieu Marin, ADMM, CS90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.,ENSTA Bretagne, Pôle STIC/OSM, 2 rue François Verny, 29806, Brest Cedex 9, France
| | - Éric Thiébaut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation Et Diversité en Milieu Marin, ADMM, CS90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Comtet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation Et Diversité en Milieu Marin, ADMM, CS90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
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Bezares-Calderón LA, Berger J, Jékely G. Diversity of cilia-based mechanosensory systems and their functions in marine animal behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190376. [PMID: 31884914 PMCID: PMC7017336 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory cells that detect mechanical forces usually have one or more specialized cilia. These mechanosensory cells underlie hearing, proprioception or gravity sensation. To date, it is unclear how cilia contribute to detecting mechanical forces and what is the relationship between mechanosensory ciliated cells in different animal groups and sensory systems. Here, we review examples of ciliated sensory cells with a focus on marine invertebrate animals. We discuss how various ciliated cells mediate mechanosensory responses during feeding, tactic responses or predator-prey interactions. We also highlight some of these systems as interesting and accessible models for future in-depth behavioural, functional and molecular studies. We envisage that embracing a broader diversity of organisms could lead to a more complete view of cilia-based mechanosensation. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Hodin J, Ferner MC, Gaylord B. Choosing the right home: settlement responses by larvae of six sea urchin species align with hydrodynamic traits of their contrasting adult habitats. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ocean organisms as diverse as seaweeds and sea cucumbers exhibit life cycles in which dispersal occurs primarily via microscopic larvae or spores, with adults exhibiting limited or even no dispersal. In benthic animals, the larval stage concludes with irreversible settlement into the benthos. The decision of where and when to settle is thus one of substantial import. Prior work has shown that settlement in two shoreline echinoids (a sea urchin and a sand dollar) is unexpectedly sensitive to an environmental feature (intense fluid turbulence) that can be considered as a signal to larvae of their arrival in the neighbourhood of the hydrodynamically energetic habitats in which these taxa live as adults. Here, we used a comparative approach to explore the evolution of turbulence responsiveness in late-stage echinoid larvae. We examined three pairs of closely related sea urchins that differ in the energetic exposure of their adult habitats and found that larval responsiveness to turbulence was more pronounced in urchins that settle in more hydrodynamically exposed locations. These results raise the possibility that evolutionary differences in larval responsiveness to environmental indicators of appropriate adult habitat might reinforce or even provide a mechanism for vicariance in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hodin
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - Matthew C Ferner
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Wheeler JD, Secchi E, Rusconi R, Stocker R. Not Just Going with the Flow: The Effects of Fluid Flow on Bacteria and Plankton. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:213-237. [PMID: 31412210 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, from lakes and oceans to soil and the human body. Bacteria and plankton experience a broad range of flows, from the chaotic motion characteristic of turbulence to smooth flows at boundaries and in confined environments. Flow creates forces and torques that affect the movement, behavior, and spatial distribution of microorganisms and shapes the chemical landscape on which they rely for nutrient acquisition and communication. Methodological advances and closer interactions between physicists and biologists have begun to reveal the importance of flow-microorganism interactions and the adaptations of microorganisms to flow. Here we review selected examples of such interactions from bacteria, phytoplankton, larvae, and zooplankton. We hope that this article will serve as a blueprint for a more in-depth consideration of the effects of flow in the biology of microorganisms and that this discussion will stimulate further multidisciplinary effort in understanding this important component of microorganism habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette D Wheeler
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Roberto Rusconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Roman Stocker
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
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George SB, Strathmann RR. Arms of larval seastars of Pisaster ochraceus provide versatility in muscular and ciliary swimming. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213803. [PMID: 30870513 PMCID: PMC6417731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval swimming with cilia, unaided by muscles, is the presumed ancestral condition for echinoderms, but use of muscles in swimming has evolved several times. Ciliation and musculature of the arms of brachiolaria-stage larvae in the family Asteriidae provide unusual versatility in the use of muscles in swimming. The muscles affect swimming in two different ways. (1) Contraction of muscles moves the arms, propelling the larva. (2) Contraction of muscles changes orientation of the arms, thereby changing direction of ciliary currents and direction of swimming. New observations of the brachiolaria of the asteriid seastar Pisaster ochraceus demonstrate more versatility in both of these uses of muscles than had been previously described: the posterolateral arms stroke in more ways to propel the larva forward and to change the direction of swimming, and more pairs of the arms point ciliary currents in more directions for changes in direction of swimming. Morphology of brachiolariae suggests that these uses of muscles in swimming evolved before divergence of the families Stichasteridae and Asteriidae within forcipulate asteroids. This versatile use of muscles for swimming, both alone and in combination with ciliary currents, further distinguishes the swimming of these brachiolariae from swimming by larvae of other echinoderms and larvae of acorn worms in the sister phylum Hemichordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B. George
- Biology Department, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard R. Strathmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, United States of America
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Ferner MC, Hodin J, Ng G, Gaylord B. Brief exposure to intense turbulence induces a sustained life-history shift in echinoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.187351. [PMID: 30573667 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.187351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In coastal ecosystems, attributes of fluid motion can prompt animal larvae to rise or sink in the water column and to select microhabitats within which they attach and commit to a benthic existence. In echinoid (sea urchin and sand dollar) larvae living along wave-exposed shorelines, intense turbulence characteristic of surf zones can cause individuals to undergo an abrupt life-history shift characterized by precocious entry into competence - the stage at which larvae will settle and complete metamorphosis in response to local cues. However, the mechanistic details of this turbulence-triggered onset of competence remain poorly defined. Here, we evaluate in a series of laboratory experiments the time course of this turbulence effect, both the rapidity with which it initiates and whether it perdures. We found that larvae become competent with turbulence exposures as brief as 30 s, with longer exposures inducing a greater proportion of larvae to become competent. Intriguingly, larvae can remember such exposures for a protracted period (at least 24 h), a pattern reminiscent of long-term potentiation. Turbulence also induces short-term behavioral responses that last less than 30 min, including cessation of swimming, that facilitate sinking and thus contact of echinoid larvae with the substratum. Together, these results yield a novel perspective on how larvae find their way to suitable adult habitat at the critical settlement transition, and also open new experimental opportunities to elucidate the mechanisms by which planktonic animals respond to fluid motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Ferner
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and Estuary & Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Jason Hodin
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Gabriel Ng
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
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Hodin J, Heyland A, Mercier A, Pernet B, Cohen DL, Hamel JF, Allen JD, McAlister JS, Byrne M, Cisternas P, George SB. Culturing echinoderm larvae through metamorphosis. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 150:125-169. [PMID: 30777174 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Echinoderms are favored study organisms not only in cell and developmental biology, but also physiology, larval biology, benthic ecology, population biology and paleontology, among other fields. However, many echinoderm embryology labs are not well-equipped to continue to rear the post-embryonic stages that result. This is unfortunate, as such labs are thus unable to address many intriguing biological phenomena, related to their own cell and developmental biology studies, that emerge during larval and juvenile stages. To facilitate broader studies of post-embryonic echinoderms, we provide here our collective experience rearing these organisms, with suggestions to try and pitfalls to avoid. Furthermore, we present information on rearing larvae from small laboratory to large aquaculture scales. Finally, we review taxon-specific approaches to larval rearing through metamorphosis in each of the four most commonly-studied echinoderm classes-asteroids, echinoids, holothuroids and ophiuroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hodin
- Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, United States.
| | - Andreas Heyland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Bruno Pernet
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - David L Cohen
- State of Hawai'i, Division of Aquatic Resources, Ānuenue Fisheries Research Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment (SEVE), Portugal Cove-St. Philips, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Allen
- Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Justin S McAlister
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paula Cisternas
- School of Medical Sciences and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophie B George
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States
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Hodin J, Ferner MC, Ng G, Gaylord B. Sand Dollar Larvae Show Within-Population Variation in Their Settlement Induction by Turbulence. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:152-166. [PMID: 30624118 DOI: 10.1086/699827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Settlement-the generally irreversible transition from a planktonic phase to a benthic phase-is a critical stage in the life history of many shoreline organisms. It is reasonable to expect that larvae are under intense selection pressure to identify appropriate settlement habitat. Several decades of studies have focused mainly on local indicators that larvae use to identify suitable habitat, such as olfactory cues that indicate the presence of conspecifics or a favored food source. Our recent work has shown that the larvae of seashore-dwelling echinoids (sea urchins, sand dollars, and kin) can be primed to settle following a brief exposure to a broader-scale indicator of their approach to shore: an increase in fluid turbulence. Here we demonstrate that this priming shows within-population variation: the offspring of certain Pacific sand dollar (Dendraster excentricus) parents-both specific fathers and specific mothers, regardless of the other parent-are more responsive to turbulence than others. In particular, the observation of the effect correlating, in some cases, with specific fathers leads us to conclude that these behavioral differences are likely genetic and thus heritable. We also report that turbulence exposure causes larvae to temporarily sink to the bottom of a container of seawater and that larvae that respond in this way are also more likely to subsequently settle. We hypothesize a two-step scenario for the evolution of turbulence responsiveness at settlement and suggest that the evolutionary origin of these behaviors could be a driving force for population differentiation and speciation.
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12
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Knight K. Extra arms destabilise sea urchin larvae. J Exp Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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