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Buchberger G, Meyer M, Plamadeala C, Weissbach M, Hesser G, Baumgartner W, Heitz J, Joel AC. Robustness of antiadhesion between nanofibers and surfaces covered with nanoripples of varying spatial period. Front Ecol Evol 2023; 11:fevo.2023.1149051. [PMID: 37786452 PMCID: PMC7615146 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1149051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since nanofibers have a high surface-to-volume ratio, van der Waals forces render them attracted to virtually any surface. The high ratio provides significant advantages for applications in drug delivery, wound healing, tissue regeneration, and filtration. Cribellate spiders integrate thousands of nanofibers into their capture threads as an adhesive to immobilize their prey. These spiders have antiadhesive nanoripples on the calamistrum, a comb-like structure on their hindmost legs, and are thus an ideal model for investigating how nanofiber adhesion can be reduced. We found that these nanoripples had similar spacing in the cribellate species Uloborus plumipes, Amaurobius similis, and Menneus superciliosus, independent of phylogenetic relation and size. Ripple spacing on other body parts (i.e., cuticle, claws, and spinnerets), however, was less homogeneous. To investigate whether a specific distance between the ripples determines antiadhesion, we fabricated nanorippled foils by nanosecond UV laser processing. We varied the spatial periods of the nanoripples in the range ~203-613 nm. Using two different pulse numbers resulted in ripples of different heights. The antiadhesion was measured for all surfaces, showing that the effect is robust against alterations across the whole range of spatial periods tested. Motivated by these results, we fabricated irregular surface nanoripples with spacing in the range ~130-480 nm, which showed the same antiadhesive behavior. The tested surfaces may be useful in tools for handling nanofibers such as spoolers for single nanofibers, conveyor belts for producing endless nanofiber nonwoven, and cylindrical tools for fabricating tubular nanofiber nonwoven. Engineered fibers such as carbon nanotubes represent a further candidate application area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda Buchberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Marco Meyer
- Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cristina Plamadeala
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Günter Hesser
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Werner Baumgartner
- Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Heitz
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Ambient Climate Influences Anti-Adhesion between Biomimetic Structured Foil and Nanofibers. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123222. [PMID: 34947571 PMCID: PMC8707556 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to their uniquely high surface-to-volume ratio, nanofibers are a desired material for various technical applications. However, this surface-to-volume ratio also makes processing difficult as van der Waals forces cause nanofibers to adhere to virtually any surface. The cribellate spider Uloborus plumipes represents a biomimetic paragon for this problem: these spiders integrate thousands of nanofibers into their adhesive capture threads. A comb on their hindmost legs, termed calamistrum, enables the spiders to process the nanofibers without adhering to them. This anti-adhesion is due to a rippled nanotopography on the calamistrum. Via laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), these nanostructures can be recreated on artificial surfaces, mimicking the non-stickiness of the calamistrum. In order to advance the technical implementation of these biomimetic structured foils, we investigated how climatic conditions influence the anti-adhesive performance of our surfaces. Although anti-adhesion worked well at low and high humidity, technical implementations should nevertheless be air-conditioned to regulate temperature: we observed no pronounced anti-adhesive effect at temperatures above 30 °C. This alteration between anti-adhesion and adhesion could be deployed as a temperature-sensitive switch, allowing to swap between sticking and not sticking to nanofibers. This would make handling even easier.
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Cho M. Aerodynamics and the role of the earth's electric field in the spiders' ballooning flight. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:219-236. [PMID: 33712884 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some spiders aerially disperse relying on their fine fibres. This behaviour has been known as 'ballooning'. Observations on the ballooning behaviour of spiders have a long history and have more recently received special attention, yet its underlying physics is still poorly understood. It was traditionally believed that spiders rely on the airflows by atmospheric thermal convection to do ballooning. However, a recent experiment showed that exposure to an electric field alone can induce spiders' pre-ballooning behaviours (tiptoe and dropping/dangling) and even pulls them upwards in the air. The controversy between explanations of ballooning by aerodynamic flow or the earth's electric field has long existed. The major obstacle in studying the physics of ballooning is the fact that airflow and electric field are both invisible and our naked eyes can hardly recognise the ballooning silk fibres of spiders. This review explores the theory and evidence for the physical mechanisms of spiders' ballooning connects them to the behavioural physiology of spiders for ballooning. Knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future studies are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonsung Cho
- Animal Physiology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany. .,School of Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, 76 Hanggongdaehang-ro, Goyang-si, 10540, Republic of Korea.
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Cribellate thread production as model for spider's spinneret kinematics. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:127-139. [PMID: 33483834 PMCID: PMC8046689 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spider silk attracts researchers from the most diverse fields, such as material science or medicine. However, still little is known about silk aside from its molecular structure and material strength. Spiders produce many different silks and even join several silk types to one functional unit. In cribellate spiders, a complex multi-fibre system with up to six different silks affects the adherence to the prey. The assembly of these cribellate capture threads influences the mechanical properties as each fibre type absorbs forces specifically. For the interplay of fibres, spinnerets have to move spatially and come into contact with each other at specific points in time. However, spinneret kinematics are not well described though highly sophisticated movements are performed which are in no way inferior to the movements of other flexible appendages. We describe here the kinematics for the spinnerets involved in the cribellate spinning process of the grey house spider, Badumna longinqua, as an example of spinneret kinematics in general. With this information, we set a basis for understanding spinneret kinematics in other spinning processes of spiders and additionally provide inspiration for biomimetic multiple fibre spinning.
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Piorkowski D, Liao CP, Joel AC, Wu CL, Doran N, Blamires SJ, Pugno NM, Tso IM. Adhesion of spider cribellate silk enhanced in high humidity by mechanical plasticization of the underlying fiber. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 114:104200. [PMID: 33214109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The disruptive nature of water presents a significant challenge when designing synthetic adhesives that maintain functionality in wet conditions. However, many animal adhesives can withstand high humidity or underwater conditions, and some are even enhanced by them. An understudied mechanism in such systems is the influence of material plasticization by water to induce adhesive work through deformation. Cribellate silk is a dry adhesive used by particular spiders to capture moving prey. It presents as a candidate for testing the water plasticization model as it can remain functional at high humidity despite lacking an aqueous component. We performed herein tensile and adhesion tests on cribellate threads from the spider, Hickmania troglodytes; a spider that lives within wet cave environments. We found that the work of adhesion of its cribellate threads increased as the axial fibre deformed during pull-off experiments. This effect was enhanced when the silk was wetted and as spider body size increased. Dry threads on the other hand were stiff with low adhesion. We rationalized our experiments by a series of scaling law models. We concluded that these cribellate threads operate best when the nanofibrils and axial fibers both contribute to adhesion. Design of future synthetic materials could draw inspiration from how water facilitates, rather than diminishes, cribellate silk adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota Piorkowski
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Pan Liao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan; Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Anna-Christin Joel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chung-Lin Wu
- Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Sean J Blamires
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Bionic, Nano Meta Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123, Trento, Italy; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - I-Min Tso
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan; Center for Tropical Ecology and Biodiversity, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Piorkowski D, Blackledge TA, Liao CP, Joel AC, Weissbach M, Wu CL, Tso IM. Uncoiling springs promote mechanical functionality of spider cribellate silk. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb215269. [PMID: 32001544 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.215269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Composites, both natural and synthetic, achieve novel functionality by combining two or more constituent materials. For example, the earliest adhesive silk in spider webs - cribellate silk - is composed of stiff axial fibers and coiled fibers surrounded by hundreds of sticky cribellate nanofibrils. Yet, little is known of how fiber types interact to enable capture of insect prey with cribellate silk. To understand the roles of each constituent fiber during prey capture, we compared the tensile performance of native-state and manipulated threads produced by the cribellate spider Psechrus clavis, and the adhesion of native threads along a smooth surface and hairy bee thorax. We found that the coiled fiber increases the work to fracture of the entire cribellate thread by up to 20-fold. We also found that the axial fiber breaks multiple times during deformation, an unexpected observation that indicates: (i) the axial fiber continues to contribute work even after breakage, and (ii) the cribellate nanofibrils may perform a previously unidentified role as a binder material that distributes forces throughout the thread. Work of adhesion increased on surfaces with more surface structures (hairy bee thorax) corresponding to increased deformation of the coiled fiber. Together, our observations highlight how the synergistic interactions among the constituents of this natural composite adhesive enhance functionality. These highly extensible threads may serve to expose additional cribellate nanofibrils to form attachment points with prey substrata while also immobilizing prey as they sink into the web due to gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota Piorkowski
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Todd A Blackledge
- Department of Biology, Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Chen-Pan Liao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung 40453, Taiwan
| | | | - Margret Weissbach
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Chung-Lin Wu
- Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 30011, Taiwan
| | - I-Min Tso
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
- Center for Tropical Ecology and Biodiversity, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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Grannemann CCF, Meyer M, Reinhardt M, Ramírez MJ, Herberstein ME, Joel AC. Small behavioral adaptations enable more effective prey capture by producing 3D-structured spider threads. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17273. [PMID: 31754208 PMCID: PMC6872738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders are known for producing specialized fibers. The radial orb-web, for example, contains tough silk used for the web frame and the capture spiral consists of elastic silk, able to stretch when prey impacts the web. In concert, silk proteins and web geometry affects the spider's ability to capture prey. Both factors have received considerable research attention, but next to no attention has been paid to the influence of fiber processing on web performance. Cribellate spiders produce a complex fiber alignment as their capture threads. With a temporally controlled spinneret movement, they connect different fibers at specific points to each other. One of the most complex capture threads is produced by the southern house spider, Kukulcania hibernalis (Filistatidae). In contrast to the so far characterized linear threads of other cribellate spiders, K. hibernalis spins capture threads in a zigzag pattern due to a slightly altered spinneret movement. The resulting more complex fiber alignment increased the thread's overall ability to restrain prey, probably by increasing the adhesion area as well as its extensibility. Kukulcania hibernalis' cribellate silk perfectly illustrates the impact of small behavioral differences on the thread assembly and, thus, of silk functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Meyer
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marian Reinhardt
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín J Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Anna-Christin Joel
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology II, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Viera C, Garcia LF, Lacava M, Fang J, Wang X, Kasumovic MM, Blamires SJ. Silk physico-chemical variability and mechanical robustness facilitates intercontinental invasibility of a spider. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13273. [PMID: 31519928 PMCID: PMC6744404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There are substantive problems associated with invasive species, including threats to endemic organisms and biodiversity. Understanding the mechanisms driving invasions is thus critical. Variable extended phenotypes may enable animals to invade into novel environments. We explored here the proposition that silk variability is a facilitator of invasive success for the highly invasive Australian house spider, Badumna longinqua. We compared the physico-chemical and mechanical properties and underlying gene expressions of its major ampullate (MA) silk between a native Sydney population and an invasive counterpart from Montevideo, Uruguay. We found that while differential gene expressions might explain the differences in silk amino acid compositions and protein nanostructures, we did not find any significant differences in silk mechanical properties across the populations. Our results accordingly suggest that B. longinqua’s silk remains functionally robust despite underlying physico-chemical and genetic variability as the spider expands its range across continents. They also imply that a combination of silk physico-chemical plasticity combined with mechanical robustness might contribute more broadly to spider invasibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Viera
- Entomología, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio Ecología del Comportamiento (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis F Garcia
- Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Sede Treinta y Tres, Universidad de la República, Treinta y Tres, Uruguay
| | - Mariángeles Lacava
- Laboratorio Ecología del Comportamiento (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro Universitario de Rivera, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Jian Fang
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Xungai Wang
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Michael M Kasumovic
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sean J Blamires
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Michalik P, Piorkowski D, Blackledge TA, Ramírez MJ. Functional trade-offs in cribellate silk mediated by spinning behavior. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9092. [PMID: 31235797 PMCID: PMC6591232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Web-building spiders are an extremely diverse predatory group due to their use of physiologically differentiated silk types in webs. Major shifts in silk functional properties are classically attributed to innovations in silk genes and protein expression. Here, we disentangle the effects of spinning behavior on silk performance of the earliest types of capture threads in spider webs for the first time. Progradungula otwayensis produces two variations of cribellate silk in webs: ladder lines are stereotypically combed with the calamistrum while supporting rail lines contain silk that is naturally uncombed, spun without the intervention of the legs. Combed cribellate silk is highly extensible and adhesive suggesting that the reserve warp and cribellate fibrils brings them into tension only near or after the underlying axial fibers are broken. In contrast, these three fiber components are largely aligned in the uncombed threads and deform as a single composite unit that is 5-10x stronger, but significantly less adhesive, allowing them to act as structural elements in the web. Our study reveals that cribellate silk can occupy a surprisingly diverse performance space, accessible through simple changes in spider behavior, which may have facilitated the impressive diversification of web architectures utilizing this ancient silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michalik
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Straße 26, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | - Todd A Blackledge
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Martín J Ramírez
- Division of Arachnology, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Heiss A, Park D, Joel AC. The Calamistrum of the Feather-Legged Spider Uloborus plumipes Investigated by Focused Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:139-146. [PMID: 29560845 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are natural specialists in fiber processing. In particular, cribellate spiders manifest this ability as they produce a wool of nanofibers to capture prey. During its production they deploy a sophisticated movement of their spinnerets to darn in the fibers as well as a comb-like row of setae, termed calamistrum, on the metatarsus which plays a key role in nanofiber processing. In comparison to the elaborate nanofiber extraction and handling process by the spider's calamistrum, the human endeavors of spinning and handling of artificial nanofibers is still a primitive technical process. An implementation of biomimetics in spinning technology could lead to new materials and applications. Despite the general progress in related fields of nanoscience, the expected leap forward in spinning technology depends on a better understanding of the specific shapes and surfaces that control the forces at the nanoscale and that are involved in the mechanical processing of the nanofibers, respectively. In this study, the authors investigated the morphology of the calamistrum of the cribellate spider Uloborus plumipes. Focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopy tomography provided a good image contrast and the best trade-off between investigation volume and spatial resolution. A comprehensive three-dimensional model is presented and the putative role of the calamistrum in nanofiber processing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heiss
- 1The Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem),Katharinenstrasse 17,73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend,Germany
| | - Daesung Park
- 2Central Facility for Electron Microscopy,RWTH Aachen University,Ahornstrasse 55,52074 Aachen,Germany
| | - Anna-Christin Joel
- 3Institute for Biology II,RWTH Aachen University,Worringerweg 3,52074 Aachen,Germany
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