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Waldvogel J, Freyler K, Ritzmann R, Gollhofer A. Energy transfer in reactive movements as a function of individual stretch load. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1265443. [PMID: 38098807 PMCID: PMC10720888 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1265443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: By directly recording electromyographic activity profiles and muscle-tendon interaction, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms why well-trained track and field athletes (experts) are able to outperform untrained individuals without former systematic experience in reactive jump training (novices). In particular, reactive power output and the elastic recoil properties of the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) were of special interest. For this purpose, stiffness regulation on muscle and joint level, energy management in terms of storing or dissipating elastic energy were compared between experts and novices during various stretch loads. Methods: Experts were compared with novices during reactive drop jumps (DJs) from drop heights ranging between 25 and 61 cm. Delta kinetic energy (Ekin) was calculated as the difference between the Ekin at take-off and ground contact (GC) to determine energy management. By recording electromyography of the lower limb muscles, in vivo fascicle dynamics (gastrocnemius medialis) and by combining kinematics and kinetics in a 3D inverse dynamics approach to compute ankle and knee joint kinetics, this study aimed to compare reactive jump performance, the neuromuscular activity and muscle-tendon interaction between experts and novices among the tested stretch loads. Results: Experts demonstrated significantly higher power output during DJs. Among all drop heights experts realized higher delta Ekin compared to novices. Consequently, higher reactive jump performance shown for experts was characterized by shorter GC time (GCT), higher jump heights and higher neuromuscular activity before and during the GC phase compared to novices. Concomitantly, experts were able to realize highest leg stiffness and delta Ekin in the lowest stretch load; however, both groups compensated the highest stretch load by prolonged GCT and greater joint flexion. On muscle level, experts work quasi-isometrically in the highest stretch load, while in novices GM fascicles were forcefully stretched. Conclusion: Group-specific stiffness regulation and elastic recoil properties are primarily influenced by the neuromuscular system. Due to their higher neuromuscular activity prior and during the GC phase, experts demonstrate higher force generating capacity. A functionally stiffer myotendinous system through enhanced neuromuscular input enables the experts loading their elastic recoil system more efficiently, thus realizing higher reactive power output and allowing a higher amount of energy storage and return. This mechanism is regulated in a stretch load dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Waldvogel
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Kohsaka H. Linking neural circuits to the mechanics of animal behavior in Drosophila larval locomotion. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1175899. [PMID: 37711343 PMCID: PMC10499525 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1175899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The motions that make up animal behavior arise from the interplay between neural circuits and the mechanical parts of the body. Therefore, in order to comprehend the operational mechanisms governing behavior, it is essential to examine not only the underlying neural network but also the mechanical characteristics of the animal's body. The locomotor system of fly larvae serves as an ideal model for pursuing this integrative approach. By virtue of diverse investigation methods encompassing connectomics analysis and quantification of locomotion kinematics, research on larval locomotion has shed light on the underlying mechanisms of animal behavior. These studies have elucidated the roles of interneurons in coordinating muscle activities within and between segments, as well as the neural circuits responsible for exploration. This review aims to provide an overview of recent research on the neuromechanics of animal locomotion in fly larvae. We also briefly review interspecific diversity in fly larval locomotion and explore the latest advancements in soft robots inspired by larval locomotion. The integrative analysis of animal behavior using fly larvae could establish a practical framework for scrutinizing the behavior of other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kohsaka
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Waldvogel J, Freyler K, Helm M, Monti E, Stäudle B, Gollhofer A, Narici MV, Ritzmann R, Albracht K. Changes in gravity affect neuromuscular control, biomechanics, and muscle-tendon mechanics in energy storage and dissipation tasks. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:190-202. [PMID: 36476161 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00279.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates neuromechanical control and muscle-tendon interaction during energy storage and dissipation tasks in hypergravity. During parabolic flights, while 17 subjects performed drop jumps (DJs) and drop landings (DLs), electromyography (EMG) of the lower limb muscles was combined with in vivo fascicle dynamics of the gastrocnemius medialis, two-dimensional (2D) kinematics, and kinetics to measure and analyze changes in energy management. Comparisons were made between movement modalities executed in hypergravity (1.8 G) and gravity on ground (1 G). In 1.8 G, ankle dorsiflexion, knee joint flexion, and vertical center of mass (COM) displacement are lower in DJs than in DLs; within each movement modality, joint flexion amplitudes and COM displacement demonstrate higher values in 1.8 G than in 1 G. Concomitantly, negative peak ankle joint power, vertical ground reaction forces, and leg stiffness are similar between both movement modalities (1.8 G). In DJs, EMG activity in 1.8 G is lower during the COM deceleration phase than in 1 G, thus impairing quasi-isometric fascicle behavior. In DLs, EMG activity before and during the COM deceleration phase is higher, and fascicles are stretched less in 1.8 G than in 1 G. Compared with the situation in 1 G, highly task-specific neuromuscular activity is diminished in 1.8 G, resulting in fascicle lengthening in both movement modalities. Specifically, in DJs, a high magnitude of neuromuscular activity is impaired, resulting in altered energy storage. In contrast, in DLs, linear stiffening of the system due to higher neuromuscular activity combined with lower fascicle stretch enhances the buffering function of the tendon, and thus the capacity to safely dissipate energy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, the neuromechanics of distinct movement modalities that fundamentally differ in their energy management function have been investigated during overload systematically induced by hypergravity. Parabolic flight provides a unique experimental setting that allows near-natural movement execution without the confounding effects typically associated with load variation. Our findings show that gravity-adjusted muscle activities are inversely affected within jumps and landings. Specifically, in 1.8 G, typical task-specific differences in neuromuscular activity are reduced during the center of mass deceleration phase, resulting in fascicle lengthening, which is associated with energy dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Waldvogel
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Freyler
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Helm
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of Chieti "G. D'annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Benjamin Stäudle
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ramona Ritzmann
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Smith RE, Lichtwark GA, Kelly LA. Flexor digitorum brevis utilises elastic strain energy to contribute to both work generation and energy absorption at the foot. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274868. [PMID: 35344050 PMCID: PMC9124483 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system utilizes tendon compliance of the intrinsic foot muscles to aid the foot's arch spring, storing and returning energy in its tendinous tissues. Recently, the intrinsic foot muscles have been shown to adapt their energetic contributions during a variety of locomotor tasks to fulfil centre of mass work demands. However, the mechanism by which the small intrinsic foot muscles are able to make versatile energetic contributions remains unknown. Therefore, we examined the muscle–tendon dynamics of the flexor digitorum brevis during stepping, jumping and landing tasks to see whether the central nervous system regulates muscle activation magnitude and timing to enable energy storage and return to enhance energetic contributions. In step-ups and jumps, energy was stored in the tendinous tissue during arch compression; during arch recoil, the fascicles shortened at a slower rate than the tendinous tissues while the foot generated energy. In step-downs and landings, the tendinous tissues elongated more and at greater rates than the fascicles during arch compression while the foot absorbed energy. These results indicate that the central nervous system utilizes arch compression to store elastic energy in the tendinous tissues of the intrinsic foot muscles to add or remove mechanical energy when the body accelerates or decelerates. This study provides evidence for an adaptive mechanism to enable the foot's energetic versatility and further indicates the value of tendon compliance in distal lower limb muscle–tendon units in locomotion. Summary: Demonstration of an adaptive mechanism that enables the intrinsic foot muscles to make versatile contributions to whole-body accelerations and decelerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E Smith
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luke A Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Kharazi M, Theodorakis C, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A, Bohm S. A Simplified Method for Considering Achilles Tendon Curvature in the Assessment of Tendon Elongation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217387. [PMID: 34770691 PMCID: PMC8588279 DOI: 10.3390/s21217387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The consideration of the Achilles tendon (AT) curvature is crucial for the precise determination of AT length and strain. We previously established an ultrasound-kinematic-based method to quantify the curvature, using a line of reflective foil skin markers covering the AT from origin to insertion. The current study aimed to simplify the method by reducing the number of markers while maintaining high accuracy. Eleven participants walked (1.4 m/s) and ran (2.5, 3.5 m/s) on a treadmill, and the AT curvature was quantified using reflective foil markers aligned with the AT between the origin on the gastrocnemius myotendinous-junction (tracked by ultrasound) and a marker on the calcaneal insertion. Foil markers were then systematically removed, and the introduced error on the assessment of AT length and strain was calculated. We found a significant main effect of marker number on the measurement error of AT length and strain (p<0.001). Using more than 30% of the full marker-set for walking and 50% for running, the R2 of the AT length error saturated, corresponding to average errors of <0.1 mm and <0.15% strain. Therefore, a substantially reduced marker-set, associated with a marginal error, can be recommended for considering the AT curvature in the determination of AT length and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadreza Kharazi
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christos Theodorakis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-2093-46010
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6
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Deceleration Training in Team Sports: Another Potential 'Vaccine' for Sports-Related Injury? Sports Med 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 34716561 PMCID: PMC8761154 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity horizontal decelerations occur frequently in team sports and are typically performed to facilitate a reduction in momentum preceding a change of direction manoeuvre or following a sprinting action. The mechanical underpinnings of horizontal deceleration are unique compared to other high-intensity locomotive patterns (e.g., acceleration, maximal sprinting speed), and are characterised by a ground reaction force profile of high impact peaks and loading rates. The high mechanical loading conditions observed when performing rapid horizontal decelerations can lead to tissue damage and neuromuscular fatigue, which may diminish co-ordinative proficiency and an individual’s ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads. Furthermore, repetitive long-term deceleration loading cycles if not managed appropriately may propagate damage accumulation and offer an explanation for chronic aetiological consequences of the ‘mechanical fatigue failure’ phenomenon. Training strategies should look to enhance an athlete’s ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads, develop mechanically robust musculoskeletal structures, and ensure frequent high-intensity horizontal deceleration exposure in order to accustom individuals to the potentially damaging effects of intense decelerations that athletes will frequently perform in competition. Given the apparent importance of horizontal decelerations, in this Current Opinion article we provide considerations for sport science and medicine practitioners around the assessment, training and monitoring of horizontal deceleration. We feel these considerations could lead to new developments in injury-mitigation and physical development strategies in team sports.
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7
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Smith RE, Lichtwark GA, Kelly LA. The energetic function of the human foot and its muscles during accelerations and decelerations. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:268322. [PMID: 34018550 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human foot is known to aid propulsion by storing and returning elastic energy during steady-state locomotion. While its function during other tasks is less clear, recent evidence suggests the foot and its intrinsic muscles can also generate or dissipate energy based on the energetic requirements of the center of mass during non-steady-state locomotion. In order to examine contributions of the foot and its muscles to non-steady-state locomotion, we compared the energetics of the foot and ankle joint while jumping and landing before and after the application of a tibial nerve block. Under normal conditions, energetic contributions of the foot rose as work demands increased, while the relative contributions of the foot to center of mass work remained constant with increasing work demands. Under the nerve block, foot contributions to both jumping and landing decreased. Additionally, ankle contributions were also decreased under the influence of the block for both tasks. Our results reinforce findings that foot and ankle function mirror the energetic requirements of the center of mass and provide novel evidence that foot contributions remain relatively constant under increasing energetic demands. Also, while the intrinsic muscles can modulate the energetic capacity of the foot, their removal accounted for only a 3% decrement in total center of mass work. Therefore, the small size of intrinsic muscles appears to limit their capacity to contribute to center of mass work. However, their role in contributing to ankle work capacity is likely important for the energetics of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E Smith
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Luke A Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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8
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Harper DJ, Cohen DD, Rhodes D, Carling C, Kiely J. Drop jump neuromuscular performance qualities associated with maximal horizontal deceleration ability in team sport athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1005-1016. [PMID: 34006201 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1930195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between, and within, drop jump (DJ) neuromuscular performance (NMP) qualities and maximal horizontal deceleration ability. We also compared DJ NMP qualities in "high" versus "low" horizontal deceleration ability athletes. Twenty-nine university athletes performed: (1) DJs on force plates from 20 (DJ20) and 40 cm (DJ40) heights and (2) maximal horizontal deceleration, measured using radar, following a 20 m acceleration. Maximal horizontal deceleration was evaluated using deceleration (HDEC; m·s-2), across the entire deceleration phase and during early and late deceleration sub-phases. Of the DJ variables assessed, DJ20 and DJ40 reactive strength index (RSI) and concentric mean force had the largest correlations with HDEC (r = -0.54 to -0.61) and the largest differences between high and low HDEC groups (d = 1.20 to 1.40). These correlations were stronger with the early than late HDEC sub-phase (r = -0.54 to -0.66 vs. r = -0.24 to -0.40). Notably, eccentric mean force in DJ40 had large correlations with both DJ20 and DJ40 concentric mean force (r = 0.67 to 0.77), whereas at DJ20 these correlations were small (r = 0.22 to 0.40). Similarly, DJ40 eccentric mean force had a much larger difference between the high and low HDEC groups than DJ20 (d = 1.11 vs. 0.51). These findings suggest DJ RSI from either height may be used as a proxy for HDEC ability, while DJ kinetic analyses should use a higher height to distinguish those with a better capacity to generate eccentric braking forces under increased eccentric loading demands.HIGHLIGHTS Players with greater drop jump reactive strength index (RSI) demonstrated superior horizontal deceleration ability.Drop jump RSI had a greater association with the early compared to the late horizontal deceleration sub-phase.Of the drop jump kinetic variables examined, concentric mean force had the largest associations with horizontal deceleration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Sports Science Centre (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - David Rhodes
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Dick TJM, Clemente CJ, Punith LK, Sawicki GS. Series elasticity facilitates safe plantar flexor muscle-tendon shock absorption during perturbed human hopping. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210201. [PMID: 33726594 PMCID: PMC8059679 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In our everyday lives, we negotiate complex and unpredictable environments. Yet, much of our knowledge regarding locomotion has come from studies conducted under steady-state conditions. We have previously shown that humans rely on the ankle joint to absorb energy and recover from perturbations; however, the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) behaviour and motor control strategies that accompany these joint-level responses are not yet understood. In this study, we determined how neuromuscular control and plantar flexor MTU dynamics are modulated to maintain stability during unexpected vertical perturbations. Participants performed steady-state hopping and, at an unknown time, we elicited an unexpected perturbation via rapid removal of a platform. In addition to kinematics and kinetics, we measured gastrocnemius and soleus muscle activations using electromyography and in vivo fascicle dynamics using B-mode ultrasound. Here, we show that an unexpected drop in ground height introduces an automatic phase shift in the timing of plantar flexor muscle activity relative to MTU length changes. This altered timing initiates a cascade of responses including increased MTU and fascicle length changes and increased muscle forces which, when taken together, enables the plantar flexors to effectively dissipate energy. Our results also show another mechanism, whereby increased co-activation of the plantar- and dorsiflexors enables shortening of the plantar flexor fascicles prior to ground contact. This co-activation improves the capacity of the plantar flexors to rapidly absorb energy upon ground contact, and may also aid in the avoidance of potentially damaging muscle strains. Our study provides novel insight into how humans alter their neural control to modulate in vivo muscle-tendon interaction dynamics in response to unexpected perturbations. These data provide essential insight to help guide design of lower-limb assistive devices that can perform within varied and unpredictable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. M. Dick
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christofer J. Clemente
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Laksh K. Punith
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory S. Sawicki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Waldvogel J, Ritzmann R, Freyler K, Helm M, Monti E, Albracht K, Stäudle B, Gollhofer A, Narici M. The Anticipation of Gravity in Human Ballistic Movement. Front Physiol 2021; 12:614060. [PMID: 33815134 PMCID: PMC8010298 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.614060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretch-shortening type actions are characterized by lengthening of the pre-activated muscle-tendon unit (MTU) in the eccentric phase immediately followed by muscle shortening. Under 1 g, pre-activity before and muscle activity after ground contact, scale muscle stiffness, which is crucial for the recoil properties of the MTU in the subsequent push-off. This study aimed to examine the neuro-mechanical coupling of the stretch-shortening cycle in response to gravity levels ranging from 0.1 to 2 g. During parabolic flights, 17 subjects performed drop jumps while electromyography (EMG) of the lower limb muscles was combined with ultrasound images of the gastrocnemius medialis, 2D kinematics and kinetics to depict changes in energy management and performance. Neuro-mechanical coupling in 1 g was characterized by high magnitudes of pre-activity and eccentric muscle activity allowing an isometric muscle behavior during ground contact. EMG during pre-activity and the concentric phase systematically increased from 0.1 to 1 g. Below 1 g the EMG in the eccentric phase was diminished, leading to muscle lengthening and reduced MTU stretches. Kinetic energy at take-off and performance were decreased compared to 1 g. Above 1 g, reduced EMG in the eccentric phase was accompanied by large MTU and muscle stretch, increased joint flexion amplitudes, energy loss and reduced performance. The energy outcome function established by linear mixed model reveals that the central nervous system regulates the extensor muscles phase- and load-specifically. In conclusion, neuro-mechanical coupling appears to be optimized in 1 g. Below 1 g, the energy outcome is compromised by reduced muscle stiffness. Above 1 g, loading progressively induces muscle lengthening, thus facilitating energy dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Waldvogel
- Department of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ramona Ritzmann
- Department of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biomechanics, Rennbahnklinik, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Freyler
- Department of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Helm
- Department of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Monti
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Faculty of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stäudle
- Faculty of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Narici
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Myology Centre 'CIR-Myo', Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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11
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Konow N, Collias A, Biewener AA. Skeletal Muscle Shape Change in Relation to Varying Force Requirements Across Locomotor Conditions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:143. [PMID: 32265722 PMCID: PMC7100385 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractions of skeletal muscles to generate in vivo movement involve dynamic changes in contractile and elastic tissue strains that likely interact to influence the force and work of a muscle. However, studies of the in vivo dynamics of skeletal muscle and tendon strains remain largely limited to bipedal animals, and rarely cover the broad spectra of movement requirements met by muscles that operate as motors, struts, or brakes across the various gaits that animals commonly use and conditions they encounter. Using high-speed bi-planar fluoromicrometry, we analyze in vivo strains within the rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) across a range of gait and slope conditions. These conditions require changes in muscle force ranging from decline walk (low) to incline gallop (high). Measurements are made from implanted (0.5–0.8 mm) tantalum spheres marking MG mid-belly width, mid-belly thickness, as well as strains of distal fascicles, the muscle belly, and the Achilles tendon. During stance, as the muscle contracts, muscle force increases linearly with respect to gait–slope combinations, and both shortening and lengthening fiber strains increase from approximately 5 to 15% resting length. Contractile change in muscle thickness (thickness strain) decreases (r2 = 0.86; p = 0.001); whereas, the change in muscle width (width strain) increases (r2 = 0.88; p = 0.001) and tendon strain increases (r2 = 0.77; p = 0.015). Our results demonstrate force-dependency of contractile and tendinous tissue strains with compensatory changes in shape for a key locomotor muscle in the hind limb of a small quadruped. These dynamic changes are linked to the ability of a muscle to tune its force and work output as requirements change with locomotor speed and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Konow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States.,Concord Field Station, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Bedford, MA, United States
| | - Alexandra Collias
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Andrew A Biewener
- Concord Field Station, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Bedford, MA, United States
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12
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Wade L, Lichtwark GA, Farris DJ. Joint and muscle-tendon coordination strategies during submaximal jumping. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:596-603. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00293.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that during submaximal jumping humans prioritize reducing energy consumption by minimizing countermovement depth. However, sometimes movement is constrained to a nonpreferred pattern, and this requires adaptation of neural control that accounts for complex interactions between muscle architecture, muscle properties, and task demands. This study compared submaximal jumping with either a preferred or a deep countermovement depth to examine how joint and muscle mechanics are integrated into the adaptation of coordination strategies in the deep condition. Three-dimensional motion capture, two force plates, electromyography, and ultrasonography were used to examine changes in joint kinetics and kinematics, muscle activation, and muscle kinematics for the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus. Results demonstrated that a decrease in ankle joint work during the deep countermovement depth was due to increased knee flexion, leading to unfavorably short biarticular muscle lengths and reduced active fascicle length change during ankle plantar flexion. Therefore, ankle joint work was likely decreased because of reduced active fascicle length change and operating position on the force-length relationship. Hip joint work was significantly increased as a result of altered muscle activation strategies, likely due to a substantially greater hip extensor muscle activation period compared with plantar flexor muscles during jumping. Therefore, coordination strategies at individual joints are likely influenced by time availability, where a short plantar flexor activation time results in dependence on muscle properties, instead of simply altering muscle activation, while the longer time for contraction of muscles at the hip allows for adjustments to voluntary neural control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using human jumping as a model, we show that adapting movement patterns to altered task demands is achieved differently by muscles across the leg. Because of proximal-to-distal sequencing, distal muscles (i.e., plantar flexors) have reduced activation periods and, as a result, rely on muscle contractile properties (force-length relationship) for adjusting joint kinetics. For proximal muscles that have greater time availability, voluntary activation is modulated to adjust muscle outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Wade
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen A. Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dominic J. Farris
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Aeles J, Vanwanseele B. Do Stretch-Shortening Cycles Really Occur in the Medial Gastrocnemius? A Detailed Bilateral Analysis of the Muscle-Tendon Interaction During Jumping. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1504. [PMID: 31920709 PMCID: PMC6923193 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of stretch-shortening cycles (SSCs) is often studied in laboratory settings, yet it remains unclear whether highly active muscle SSCs actually occur during in vivo movement. Nine highly trained jumping athletes performed single-leg pre-hop forward jumps at maximal effort. We hypothesized that these jumps would induce a SSC at the level of the muscle in the medial gastrocnemius. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected together with electromyography signals (EMG) and muscle fascicle length and pennation angle changes of the medial gastrocnemius of both legs and combined with a musculoskeletal model to calculate the stretch-shortening behavior of the muscle (fascicles) and tendon (series-elastic element). The length changes of the fascicles, longitudinal muscle displacement, series-elastic element, and whole muscle-tendon unit further allowed for a detailed analysis of the architectural gearing ratio between different phases of the SSC within a single movement. We found a SSC at the level of the joint, muscle-tendon unit and tendon but not at the muscle. We further found that the average architectural gearing ratio was higher during the stretching of the series-elastic element as compared to when the series-elastic element was shortening, yet this was not statistically tested because of low sample size for this parameter. However, we found no correlation when plotting the architectural gearing ratio as a function of the fascicle velocities at each instance in time. Despite the athletes having a clear preferred leg for jumping, we found no differences in any kinematic or kinetic parameter between the preferred and non-preferred leg or any parameter from the muscle-tendon interaction analysis other than a reduced longitudinal muscle shortening in the non-preferred leg (p = 0.008). We conclude that, although common at the level of the joints, MTUs, and tendon (series-elastic element), highly active SSCs very rarely occur in the medial gastrocnemius, even in movements that induce high loading. This has important implications for the translation of ex vivo findings on SSC effects, such as residual force enhancement, in this muscle. We further conclude that there is no precise tuning of the architectural gearing ratio in the medial gastrocnemius throughout the whole movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Aeles
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Hollville E, Nordez A, Guilhem G, Lecompte J, Rabita G. Surface properties affect the interplay between fascicles and tendinous tissues during landing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:203-217. [PMID: 31776693 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle-tendon units are forcefully stretched during rapid deceleration events such as landing. Consequently, tendons act as shock absorbers by buffering the negative work produced by muscle fascicles likely to prevent muscle damage. Landing surface properties can also modulate the amount of energy dissipated by the body, potentially effecting injury risk. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of three different surfaces on the muscle-tendon interactions of gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and vastus lateralis (VL) during single- and double-leg landings from 50 cm. METHODS Ultrasound images, muscle activity and joint kinematics were collected for 12 participants. Surface testing was also performed, revealing large differences in mechanical behavior. RESULTS During single-leg landing, stiffer surfaces increased VL fascicle lengthening and velocity, and muscle activity independent of joint kinematics while GM length changes showed no difference between surfaces. Double-leg landing resulted in similar fascicle and tendon behavior despite greater knee flexion angles on stiffer surfaces. CONCLUSION This demonstrates that VL fascicle lengthening is greater when the surface stiffness increases, when performing single-leg landing. This is due to the combination of limited knee joint flexion and lower surface absorption ability which resulted in greater mechanical demand mainly withstood by fascicles. GM muscle-tendon interactions remain similar between landing surfaces and types. Together, this suggests that surface damping properties primarily affect the VL muscle-tendon unit with a potentially higher risk of injury as a result of increased surface stiffness when performing single-leg landing tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Hollville
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.,NG Lab, Natural Grass, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance' (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jennyfer Lecompte
- NG Lab, Natural Grass, Paris, France.,LBM-Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Rabita
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.
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15
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Maharaj JN, Cresswell AG, Lichtwark GA. Tibialis anterior tendinous tissue plays a key role in energy absorption during human walking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.191247. [PMID: 31064856 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.191247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The elastic tendinous tissues of distal lower limb muscles can improve the economy of walking and running, amplify the power generated by a muscle and absorb energy. This paper explores the behaviour of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and its tendinous tissue during gait, as it absorbs energy during contact and controls foot position during swing. Simultaneous measurements of ultrasound, surface electromyography and 3D motion capture with musculoskeletal modelling from 12 healthy participants were recorded as they walked at preferred and fast walking speeds. We quantified the length changes and velocities of the TA muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and its fascicles across the stride at each speed. Fascicle length changes and velocities were relatively consistent across speeds, although the magnitude of fascicle length change differed between the deep and superficial regions. At contact, when the TA is actively generating force, the fascicles remained relatively isometric as the MTU actively lengthened, presumably stretching the TA tendinous tissue and absorbing energy. This potentially protects the muscle fibres from damage during weight acceptance and allows energy to be returned to the system later in the stride. During early swing, the fascicles and MTU both actively shortened to dorsiflex the foot, clearing the toes from the ground; however, at the fast walking velocity, the majority of shortening occurred through tendinous tissue recoil, highlighting its role in accelerating ankle dorsiflexion to power rapid foot clearance in swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayishni N Maharaj
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew G Cresswell
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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16
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Hollville E, Nordez A, Guilhem G, Lecompte J, Rabita G. Interactions between fascicles and tendinous tissues in gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis during drop landing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:55-70. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Hollville
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department French Institute of Sport (INSEP) Paris France
- NG lab Natural Grass Paris France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Laboratory ‘Movement, Interactions, Performance’ (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes Nantes France
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department French Institute of Sport (INSEP) Paris France
| | - Jennyfer Lecompte
- NG lab Natural Grass Paris France
- LBM ‐ Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech Paris France
| | - Giuseppe Rabita
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department French Institute of Sport (INSEP) Paris France
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17
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Werkhausen A, Albracht K, Cronin NJ, Paulsen G, Bojsen-Møller J, Seynnes OR. Effect of Training-Induced Changes in Achilles Tendon Stiffness on Muscle-Tendon Behavior During Landing. Front Physiol 2018; 9:794. [PMID: 29997526 PMCID: PMC6028711 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During rapid deceleration of the body, tendons buffer part of the elongation of the muscle–tendon unit (MTU), enabling safe energy dissipation via eccentric muscle contraction. Yet, the influence of changes in tendon stiffness within the physiological range upon these lengthening contractions is unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of training-induced stiffening of the Achilles tendon on triceps surae muscle–tendon behavior during a landing task. Twenty-one male subjects were assigned to either a 10-week resistance-training program consisting of single-leg isometric plantarflexion (n = 11) or to a non-training control group (n = 10). Before and after the training period, plantarflexion force, peak Achilles tendon strain and stiffness were measured during isometric contractions, using a combination of dynamometry, ultrasound and kinematics data. Additionally, testing included a step-landing task, during which joint mechanics and lengths of gastrocnemius and soleus fascicles, Achilles tendon, and MTU were determined using synchronized ultrasound, kinematics and kinetics data collection. After training, plantarflexion strength and Achilles tendon stiffness increased (15 and 18%, respectively), and tendon strain during landing remained similar. Likewise, lengthening and negative work produced by the gastrocnemius MTU did not change detectably. However, in the training group, gastrocnemius fascicle length was offset (8%) to a longer length at touch down and, surprisingly, fascicle lengthening and velocity were reduced by 27 and 21%, respectively. These changes were not observed for soleus fascicles when accounting for variation in task execution between tests. These results indicate that a training-induced increase in tendon stiffness does not noticeably affect the buffering action of the tendon when the MTU is rapidly stretched. Reductions in gastrocnemius fascicle lengthening and lengthening velocity during landing occurred independently from tendon strain. Future studies are required to provide insight into the mechanisms underpinning these observations and their influence on energy dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Hahn D, Riedel TN. Residual force enhancement contributes to increased performance during stretch-shortening cycles of human plantar flexor muscles in vivo. J Biomech 2018; 77:190-193. [PMID: 29935734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that muscular force production is history-dependent, which results in enhanced (RFE) and depressed (RFD) steady-state forces after stretching and shortening, respectively. However, it remains unclear if force-enhancing mechanisms can contribute to increased performance during in vivo stretch-shortening cycles (SSCs) of human locomotor muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether RFE-related mechanisms contribute to enhanced force and power output during SSCs of the human plantar flexor muscles. Net ankle torques of fourteen participants were measured during and after pure isometric, pure stretch, pure shortening, and SSC contractions when the triceps surae muscles were electrically stimulated at a submaximal level that resulted in 30% of their maximum isometric torque. Dynamic contractions were performed over an amplitude of 15°, from 5° plantar flexion to 10° dorsiflexion, at a speed of 120° s-1. External ankle work during shortening was 11.6% greater during SSCs compared to pure shortening contractions (p = .003). Additionally, RFD after SSCs (8.6%) was reduced compared to RFD after pure shortening contractions (12.0%; p < .05). It is therefore concluded that RFE-related mechanisms contribute to increased performance following SSCs of human locomotor muscles. Since RFD after SSCs decreased although work during shortening was increased, we speculate that the relevant mechanism lies outside actin-myosin interaction. Finally, our data suggests that RFE might be relevant and beneficial for human locomotion whenever a muscle is stretched, but this needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hahn
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Timotheus N Riedel
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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19
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Hoppeler HH. Publisher's note: Modulation of muscle-tendon interaction in the human triceps surae during an energy dissipation task. Amelie Werkhausen, Kirsten Albracht, Neil J. Cronin, Rahel Meier, Jens Bojsen-Møller, Olivier R. Seynnes. J. Exp. Biol. doi: 10.1242/jeb.164111. J Exp Biol 2017:jeb.170837. [PMID: 28970345 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.170837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
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