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Gregorovicova M, Lashkarinia SS, Yap CH, Tomek V, Sedmera D. Hemodynamics During Development and Postnatal Life. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:201-226. [PMID: 38884713 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A well-developed heart is essential for embryonic survival. There are constant interactions between cardiac tissue motion and blood flow, which determine the heart shape itself. Hemodynamic forces are a powerful stimulus for cardiac growth and differentiation. Therefore, it is particularly interesting to investigate how the blood flows through the heart and how hemodynamics is linked to a particular species and its development, including human. The appropriate patterns and magnitude of hemodynamic stresses are necessary for the proper formation of cardiac structures, and hemodynamic perturbations have been found to cause malformations via identifiable mechanobiological molecular pathways. There are significant differences in cardiac hemodynamics among vertebrate species, which go hand in hand with the presence of specific anatomical structures. However, strong similarities during development suggest a common pattern for cardiac hemodynamics in human adults. In the human fetal heart, hemodynamic abnormalities during gestation are known to progress to congenital heart malformations by birth. In this chapter, we discuss the current state of the knowledge of the prenatal cardiac hemodynamics, as discovered through small and large animal models, as well as from clinical investigations, with parallels gathered from the poikilotherm vertebrates that emulate some hemodynamically significant human congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gregorovicova
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Viktor Tomek
- Pediatric Cardiology, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Brette F, Le Guennec JY, Thireau J. Why are you talking with snakes? To get new evolutionary insights in cardiac electrophysiology! J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:213071. [PMID: 35297958 PMCID: PMC8939362 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brette, Le Guennec, and Thireau discuss recent findings on evolutionary cardiac electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Brette
- University of Bordeaux, CRCTB U1045, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.,IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Bordeaux, France.,PhyMedExp INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Le Guennec
- PhyMedExp INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Thireau
- PhyMedExp INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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3
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Boukens BJD, Joyce W, Kristensen DL, Hooijkaas I, Jongejan A, Wang T, Jensen B. Catecholamines are key modulators of ventricular repolarization patterns in the ball python (Python regius). J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:212914. [PMID: 34910097 PMCID: PMC8679508 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectothermic vertebrates experience daily changes in body temperature, and anecdotal observations suggest these changes affect ventricular repolarization such that the T-wave in the ECG changes polarity. Mammals, in contrast, can maintain stable body temperatures, and their ventricular repolarization is strongly modulated by changes in heart rate and by sympathetic nervous system activity. The aim of this study was to assess the role of body temperature, heart rate, and circulating catecholamines on local repolarization gradients in the ectothermic ball python (Python regius). We recorded body-surface electrocardiograms and performed open-chest high-resolution epicardial mapping while increasing body temperature in five pythons, in all of which there was a change in T-wave polarity. However, the vector of repolarization differed between individuals, and only a subset of leads revealed T-wave polarity change. RNA sequencing revealed regional differences related to adrenergic signaling. In one denervated and Ringer's solution-perfused heart, heating and elevated heart rates did not induce change in T-wave polarity, whereas noradrenaline did. Accordingly, electrocardiograms in eight awake pythons receiving intra-arterial infusion of the β-adrenergic receptor agonists adrenaline and isoproterenol revealed T-wave inversion in most individuals. Conversely, blocking the β-adrenergic receptors using propranolol prevented T-wave change during heating. Our findings indicate that changes in ventricular repolarization in ball pythons are caused by increased tone of the sympathetic nervous system, not by changes in temperature. Therefore, ventricular repolarization in both pythons and mammals is modulated by evolutionary conserved mechanisms involving catecholaminergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan J D Boukens
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William Joyce
- Department of Biology, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ingeborg Hooijkaas
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Offerhaus JA, Snelderwaard PC, Algül S, Faber JW, Riebel K, Jensen B, Boukens BJ. High heart rate associated early repolarization causes J-waves in both zebra finch and mouse. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14775. [PMID: 33709567 PMCID: PMC7953022 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High heart rates are a feature of small endothermic—or warm‐blooded—mammals and birds. In small mammals, the QT interval is short, and local ventricular recordings reveal early repolarization that coincides with the J‐wave on the ECG, a positive deflection following the QRS complex. Early repolarization contributes to short QT‐intervals thereby enabling brief cardiac cycles and high heart rates. We therefore hypothesized high hearts rates associate with early repolarization and J‐waves on the ECG of endothermic birds. We tested this hypothesis by comparing isolated hearts of zebra finches and mice and recorded pseudo‐ECGs and optical action potentials (zebra finch, n = 8; mouse, n = 8). In both species, heart rate exceeded 300 beats per min, and total ventricular activation was fast (QRS < 10 ms). Ventricular activation progressed from the left to the right ventricle in zebra finch, whereas it progressed from apex‐to‐base in mouse. In both species, the early repolarization front followed the activation front, causing a positive J‐wave in the pseudo‐ECG. Inhibition of early repolarization by 4‐aminopyridine reduced J‐wave amplitude in both species. Action potential duration was similar between ventricles in zebra finch, whereas in mouse the left ventricular action potential was longer. Accordingly, late repolarization had opposite directions in zebra finch (left‐right) and mouse (right‐left). This caused a similar direction for the zebra finch J‐wave and T‐wave, whereas in the mouse they were discordant. Our findings demonstrate that early repolarization and the associated J‐wave may have evolved by convergence in association with high heart rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost A Offerhaus
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sila Algül
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaeike W Faber
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katharina Riebel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Vityazev VA, Azarov JE. Stretch-excitation correlation in the toad heart. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb228882. [PMID: 33161379 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The activation sequence of the ventricular myocardium in ectotherms is a matter of debate. We studied the correlation between the ventricular activation sequence and the pattern of local stretches in 13 toads (Bufo bufo). Epicardial potential mapping was done with a 56-lead sock array. Activation times were determined as dV/dt (min) in each lead. Initial epicardial foci of activation were found on the left side of the ventricular base, whereas regions on the apex and the right side of the base demonstrated late activation. Video recordings (50 frames s-1) showed that the median presystolic stretch in left-side ventricular regions was greater than that in right-side regions [4.70% (interquartile range 3.25-8.85%) versus 1.45% (interquartile range 0.38-3.05%), P=0.028, respectively]. Intracardiac bolus injection elicited ventricular activation with a similar sequence and duration. Thus, ventricular areas of earliest activation were associated with greater presystolic stretch, implying the existence of a stretch-excitation relationship in ectotherm hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Vityazev
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Jan E Azarov
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Komi Republic, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Medicine of the Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar, 167001, Komi Republic, Russia
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Kvasilova A, Olejnickova V, Jensen B, Christoffels VM, Kolesova H, Sedmera D, Gregorovicova M. The formation of the atrioventricular conduction axis is linked in development to ventricular septation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb229278. [PMID: 33046580 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During development, the ventricles of mammals and birds acquire a specialized pattern of electrical activation with the formation of the atrioventricular conduction system (AVCS), which coincides with the completion of ventricular septation. We investigated whether AVCS formation coincides with ventricular septation in developing Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). Comparisons were made with Amazon toadhead turtle (Mesoclemmys heliostemma) with a partial septum only and no AVCS (negative control) and with chicken (Gallus gallus) (septum and AVCS, positive control). Optical mapping of the electrical impulse in the crocodile and chicken showed a similar developmental specialization that coincided with full ventricular septation, whereas in the turtle the ventricular activation remained primitive. Co-localization of neural marker human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) and cardiomyocyte marker anti-myosin heavy chain (MF20) identified the AVCS on top of the ventricular septum in the crocodile and chicken only. AVCS formation is correlated with ventricular septation in both evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kvasilova
- Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Olejnickova
- Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Department of Developmental Cardiology, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hana Kolesova
- Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic .,Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Department of Developmental Cardiology, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Gregorovicova
- Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic .,Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Department of Developmental Cardiology, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Jensen B, Christoffels VM. Reptiles as a Model System to Study Heart Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037226. [PMID: 31712265 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A chambered heart is common to all vertebrates, but reptiles show unparalleled variation in ventricular septation, ranging from almost absent in tuataras to full in crocodilians. Because mammals and birds evolved independently from reptile lineages, studies on reptile development may yield insight into the evolution and development of the full ventricular septum. Compared with reptiles, mammals and birds have evolved several other adaptations, including compact chamber walls and a specialized conduction system. These adaptations appear to have evolved from precursor structures that can be studied in present-day reptiles. The increase in the number of studies on reptile heart development has been greatly facilitated by sequencing of several genomes and the availability of good staging systems. Here, we place reptiles in their phylogenetic context with a focus on features that are primitive when compared with the homologous features of mammals. Further, an outline of major developmental events is given, and variation between reptile species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Hanemaaijer J, Gregorovicova M, Nielsen JM, Moorman AFM, Wang T, Planken RN, Christoffels VM, Sedmera D, Jensen B. Identification of the building blocks of ventricular septation in monitor lizards (Varanidae). Development 2019; 146:dev.177121. [PMID: 31285354 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among lizards, only monitor lizards (Varanidae) have a functionally divided cardiac ventricle. The division results from the combined function of three partial septa, which may be homologous to the ventricular septum of mammals and archosaurs. We show in developing monitors that two septa, the 'muscular ridge' and 'bulbuslamelle', express the evolutionarily conserved transcription factors Tbx5, Irx1 and Irx2, orthologues of which mark the mammalian ventricular septum. Compaction of embryonic trabeculae contributes to the formation of these septa. The septa are positioned, however, to the right of the atrioventricular junction and they do not participate in the separation of incoming atrial blood streams. That separation is accomplished by the 'vertical septum', which expresses Tbx3 and Tbx5 and orchestrates the formation of the electrical conduction axis embedded in the ventricular septum. These expression patterns are more pronounced in monitors than in other lizards, and are associated with a deep electrical activation near the vertical septum, in contrast to the primitive base-to-apex activation of other lizards. We conclude that evolutionarily conserved transcriptional programmes may underlie the formation of the ventricular septa of monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermo Hanemaaijer
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Gregorovicova
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.,Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan M Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Antoon F M Moorman
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - R Nils Planken
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Sedmera
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic .,Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Olejníčková V, Šaňková B, Sedmera D, Janáček J. Trabecular Architecture Determines Impulse Propagation Through the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1876. [PMID: 30670981 PMCID: PMC6331446 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most embryonic ventricular cardiomyocytes are quite uniform, in contrast to the adult heart, where the specialized ventricular conduction system is molecularly and functionally distinct from the working myocardium. We thus hypothesized that the preferential conduction pathway within the embryonic ventricle could be dictated by trabecular geometry. Mouse embryonic hearts of the Nkx2.5:eGFP strain between ED9.5 and ED14.5 were cleared and imaged whole mount by confocal microscopy, and reconstructed in 3D at 3.4 μm isotropic voxel size. The local orientation of the trabeculae, responsible for the anisotropic spreading of the signal, was characterized using spatially homogenized tensors (3 × 3 matrices) calculated from the trabecular skeleton. Activation maps were simulated assuming constant speed of spreading along the trabeculae. The results were compared with experimentally obtained epicardial activation maps generated by optical mapping with a voltage-sensitive dye. Simulated impulse propagation starting from the top of interventricular septum revealed the first epicardial breakthrough at the interventricular grove, similar to experimentally obtained activation maps. Likewise, ectopic activation from the left ventricular base perpendicular to dominant trabecular orientation resulted in isotropic and slower impulse spreading on the ventricular surface in both simulated and experimental conditions. We conclude that in the embryonic pre-septation heart, the geometry of the A-V connections and trabecular network is sufficient to explain impulse propagation and ventricular activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Olejníčková
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Šaňková
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Sedmera
- Department of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Janáček
- Department of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Kvasilova A, Gregorovicova M, Kundrat M, Sedmera D. HNK‐1 in Morphological Study of Development of the Cardiac Conduction System in Selected Groups of Sauropsida. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:69-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kvasilova
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martina Gregorovicova
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kundrat
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Innovation and Technology Park, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik Kosice Slovak Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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Anderson RH, Mori S, Spicer DE, Sanchez-Quintana D, Jensen B. The Anatomy, Development, and Evolution of the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5030044. [PMID: 30135383 PMCID: PMC6162790 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well over 100 years since Sunao Tawara clarified the location of the axis of the specialised myocardium responsible for producing coordinated ventricular activation. Prior to that stellar publication, controversies had raged as to how many bundles crossed the place of the atrioventricular insulation as found in mammalian hearts, as well as the very existence of the bundle initially described by Wilhelm His Junior. It is, perhaps surprising that controversies continue, despite the multiple investigations that have taken place since the publication of Tawara’s monograph. For example, we are still unsure as to the precise substrates for the so-called slow and fast pathways into the atrioventricular node. Much has been done, nonetheless, to characterise the molecular make-up of the specialised pathways, and to clarify their mechanisms of development. Of this work itself, a significant part has emanated from the laboratory coordinated for a quarter of a century by Antoon FM Moorman. In this review, which joins the others in recognising the value of his contributions and collaborations, we review our current understanding of the anatomy, development, and evolution of the atrioventricular conduction axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Anderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4EP, UK.
| | - Shumpei Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Damian Sanchez-Quintana
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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