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Lähteenaro M, Benda D, Straka J, Nylander JAA, Bergsten J. Phylogenomic analysis of Stylops reveals the evolutionary history of a Holarctic Strepsiptera radiation parasitizing wild bees. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 195:108068. [PMID: 38554985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Holarctic Stylops is the largest genus of the enigmatic insect order Strepsiptera, twisted winged parasites. Members of Stylops are obligate endoparasites of Andrena mining bees and exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism typical of Strepsiptera. So far, molecular studies on Stylops have focused on questions on species delimitation. Here, we utilize the power of whole genome sequencing to infer the phylogeny of this morphologically challenging genus from thousands of loci. We use a species tree method, concatenated maximum likelihood analysis and Bayesian analysis with a relaxed clock model to reconstruct the phylogeny of 46 Stylops species, estimate divergence times, evaluate topological consistency across methods and infer the root position. Furthermore, the biogeographical history and coevolutionary patterns with host species are assessed. All methods recovered a well resolved topology with close to all nodes maximally supported and only a handful of minor topological variations. Based on the result, we find that included species can be divided into 12 species groups, seven of them including only Palaearctic species, three Nearctic and two were geographically mixed. We find a strongly supported root position between a clade formed by the spreta, thwaitesi and gwynanae species groups and the remaining species and that the sister group of Stylops is Eurystylops or Eurystylops + Kinzelbachus. Our results indicate that Stylops originated in the Western Palaearctic or Western Palaearctic and Nearctic in the early Neogene or late Paleogene, with four independent dispersal events to the Nearctic. Cophylogenetic analyses indicate that the diversification of Stylops has been shaped by both significant coevolution with the mining bee hosts and host-shifting. The well resolved and strongly supported phylogeny will provide a valuable phylogenetic basis for further studies into the fascinating world of Strepsipterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Lähteenaro
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Benda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Entomology, National Museum of the Czech Republic, Cirkusová 1740, CZ-19300 Prague 9, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Johan A A Nylander
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Bergsten
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hoffmann M, Gardein H, Greil H, Erler S. Anatomical, phenological and genetic aspects of the host-parasite relationship between Andrena vaga (Hymenoptera) and Stylops ater (Strepsiptera). Parasitology 2023; 150:744-753. [PMID: 37157059 PMCID: PMC10410535 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stylops ater is an endoparasite of the mining bee Andrena vaga with extreme sexual dimorphism and hypermetamorphosis. Its population structure, parasitization mode, genetic diversity and impact on host morphology were examined in nesting sites in Germany to better understand this highly specialized host–parasite interaction. The shift in host emergence due to stylopization was proven to be especially strong in A. vaga. Around 10% of bees hosted more than 1 Stylops, with at maximum 4. A trend in Stylops' preference for hosts of their own sex and a sex-specific position of extrusion from the host abdomen was found. Invasion of Andrena eggs by Stylops primary larvae was depicted for the first time. Cephalothoraces of female Stylops were smaller in male and pluristylopized hosts, likely due to lower nutrient supply. The genes H3, 18S and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 were highly conserved, revealing near-absence of local variation within Stylops. Ovaries of hosts with male Stylops contained poorly developed eggs while those of hosts with female Stylops were devoid of visible eggs, which might be due to a higher protein demand of female Stylops. Male Stylops, which might have a more energy-consuming development, led to a reduction in head width of their hosts. Host masculinization was present in the leaner shape of the metabasitarsus of stylopized females and is interpreted as a by-product of manipulation of the host's endocrine system to shift its emergence. Stylopization intensified tergal hairiness, most strongly in hosts with female Stylops, near the point of parasite extrusion, hinting towards substance-induced host manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hoffmann
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hanna Gardein
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henri Greil
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvio Erler
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Konishi S, Mori F, Kakehi Y, Shimizu A, Sano F, Koyanagi K. Active tactile sensing of small insect force by a soft microfinger toward microfinger-insect interactions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16963. [PMID: 36216851 PMCID: PMC9550801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-robot interaction technology has contributed to improving sociality for humanoid robots. At scales far from human scales, a microrobot can interact with an environment in a small world. Microsensors have been applied to measurement of forces by flying or walking insects. Meanwhile, most previous works focused on the measurement of the behavior of insects. Here, we propose microrobot-insect interactions by soft microfingers integrated with artificial muscle actuators and tactile sensors, which has been developed for a haptic teleoperation robot system. A soft pneumatic balloon actuator acts as the artificial muscle, and a flexible strain sensor using a liquid metal provides tactile sensing. Force interaction between a pill bug and the microfinger could be accomplished. The microfinger (12 mm × 3 mm × 490 μm) can move and touch an insect, and it can detect reaction force from an insect. The measured reaction force from the legs of a pill bug as a representative insect was less than 10 mN. This paper presents a microfinger as an end effector for the active sensing of reaction force from a small insect. We anticipate that our results will lead to further evaluation of small living things as well as technology development for human-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Konishi
- grid.262576.20000 0000 8863 9909Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan ,grid.262576.20000 0000 8863 9909Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan ,Ritsumeikan Advanced Research Academy, Kyoto, 604-8520 Japan ,Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Kyoto, 604-8520 Japan
| | - Fuminari Mori
- grid.262576.20000 0000 8863 9909Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yugo Kakehi
- grid.262576.20000 0000 8863 9909Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Ayano Shimizu
- grid.262576.20000 0000 8863 9909Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Fumiya Sano
- grid.262576.20000 0000 8863 9909Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Kodai Koyanagi
- grid.262576.20000 0000 8863 9909Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan
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