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D'Antonio B, Ferreira LC, Meekan M, Thomson PG, Lieber L, Virtue P, Power C, Pattiaratchi CB, Brierley AS, Sequeira AMM, Thums M. Links between the three-dimensional movements of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) and the bio-physical environment off a coral reef. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2024; 12:10. [PMID: 38297368 PMCID: PMC10829290 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-024-00452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring coastal-pelagic prey fields at scales relevant to the movements of marine predators is challenging due to the dynamic and ephemeral nature of these environments. Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are thought to aggregate in nearshore tropical waters due to seasonally enhanced foraging opportunities. This implies that the three-dimensional movements of these animals may be associated with bio-physical properties that enhance prey availability. To date, few studies have tested this hypothesis. METHODS Here, we conducted ship-based acoustic surveys, net tows and water column profiling (salinity, temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence) to determine the volumetric density, distribution and community composition of mesozooplankton (predominantly euphausiids and copepods) and oceanographic properties of the water column in the vicinity of whale sharks that were tracked simultaneously using satellite-linked tags at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Generalised linear mixed effect models were used to explore relationships between the 3-dimensional movement behaviours of tracked sharks and surrounding prey fields at a spatial scale of ~ 1 km. RESULTS We identified prey density as a significant driver of horizontal space use, with sharks occupying areas along the reef edge where densities were highest. These areas were characterised by complex bathymetry such as reef gutters and pinnacles. Temperature and salinity profiles revealed a well-mixed water column above the height of the bathymetry (top 40 m of the water column). Regions of stronger stratification were associated with reef gutters and pinnacles that concentrated prey near the seabed, and entrained productivity at local scales (~ 1 km). We found no quantitative relationship between the depth use of sharks and vertical distributions of horizontally averaged prey density. Whale sharks repeatedly dove to depths where spatially averaged prey concentration was highest but did not extend the time spent at these depth layers. CONCLUSIONS Our work reveals previously unrecognized complexity in interactions between whale sharks and their zooplankton prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D'Antonio
- Oceans Graduate School and the UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Luciana C Ferreira
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark Meekan
- The Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomson
- Oceans Graduate School and the UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lilian Lieber
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Patti Virtue
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- CSIRO Environment, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Chloe Power
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Charitha B Pattiaratchi
- Oceans Graduate School and the UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew S Brierley
- Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK
| | - Ana M M Sequeira
- The Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Division of Ecology and Evolution, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Michele Thums
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Klimpfinger C, Kriwet J. Morphological Variability and Function of Labial Cartilages in Sharks (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1486. [PMID: 38132312 PMCID: PMC10741050 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Labial cartilages (LCs), as their name suggests, lie in the folds of the connective tissue, the lips, framing the gape of elasmobranch chondrichthyans. As such, these cartilages lie laterally to the jaws and marginal teeth. They are considered to influence the ability of creating suction during the feeding process. As past studies have shown, LCs in sharks are as diverse as their varied feeding techniques and differ between species in number, size, shape, and position. This allows establishing parameters for inferring the feeding and hunting behaviors in these ecologically important fishes. (2) Methods: We present a study of LCs based on the CT scans of more than 100 extant shark species and, therefore, represent at least one member of every living family within the Euselachii, excluding batoids. (3) Results: Accordingly, sharks without labial cartilages or that have only small remnants are ram feeders or use pure biting and mainly occupy higher trophic levels (tertiary and quaternary consumers), whereas suction-feeding sharks have higher numbers (up to five pairs) of well-developed LCs and occupy slightly lower trophic levels (mainly secondary consumers). Species with unique feeding strategies, like the cookie-cutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis, an ectoparasite), display distinct shapes of LCs, while generalist species, conversely, exhibit a simpler arrangement of LCs. (4) Conclusions: We propose a dichotomous identification key to classify single LCs into different morphotypes and propose combinations of morphotypes that result in suction feeding differing in strength and, therefore, different hunting and feeding strategies. The conclusions of this study allow to infer information about feeding strategies not only in extant less-known sharks but also extinct sharks.
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3
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Waller MJ, Queiroz N, da Costa I, Cidade T, Loureiro B, Womersley FC, Fontes J, Afonso P, Macena BCL, Loveridge A, Humphries NE, Southall EJ, Sims DW. Direct measurement of cruising and burst swimming speeds of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) with estimates of field metabolic rate. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:864-883. [PMID: 37395550 PMCID: PMC10952363 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The shortfin mako shark is a large-bodied pursuit predator thought to be capable of the highest swimming speeds of any elasmobranch and potentially one of the highest energetic demands of any marine fish. Nonetheless, few direct speed measurements have been reported for this species. Here, animal-borne bio-loggers attached to two mako sharks were used to provide direct measurements of swimming speeds, kinematics and thermal physiology. Mean sustained (cruising) speed was 0.90 m s-1 (±0.07 s.d.) with a mean tail-beat frequency (TBF) of 0.51 Hz (±0.16 s.d.). The maximum burst speed recorded was 5.02 m s-1 (TBFmax = 3.65 Hz) from a 2 m long female. Burst swimming was sustained for 14 s (mean speed = 2.38 m s-1 ), leading to a 0.24°C increase in white muscle temperature in the 12.5 min after the burst. Routine field metabolic rate was estimated at 185.2 mg O2 kg-1 h-1 (at 18°C ambient temperature). Gliding behaviour (zero TBF) was more frequently observed after periods of high activity, especially after capture when internal (white muscle) temperature approached 21°C (ambient temperature: 18.3°C), indicating gliding probably functions as an energy recovery mechanism and limits further metabolic heat production. The results show shortfin mako sharks generally cruise at speeds similar to other endothermic fish - but faster than ectothermic sharks - with the maximum recorded burst speed being among the highest so far directly measured among sharks, tunas and billfishes. This newly recorded high-oxygen-demand performance of mako sharks suggests it may be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss due to climate-driven ocean deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J. Waller
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Nuno Queiroz
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do PortoCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Ivo da Costa
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do PortoCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Tiago Cidade
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do PortoCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Bruno Loureiro
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do PortoCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Freya C. Womersley
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Jorge Fontes
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARUniversidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARUniversidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
| | - Bruno C. L. Macena
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARUniversidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
| | | | | | | | - David W. Sims
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Masello JF, Rast W, Schumm YR, Metzger B, Quillfeldt P. Year-round behavioural time budgets of common woodpigeons inferred from acceleration data using machine learning. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-023-03306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Accelerometers capture rapid changes in animal motion, and the analysis of large quantities of such data using machine learning algorithms enables the inference of broad animal behaviour categories such as foraging, flying, and resting over long periods of time. We deployed GPS-GSM/GPRS trackers with tri-axial acceleration sensors on common woodpigeons (Columba palumbus) from Hesse, Germany (forest and urban birds) and from Lisbon, Portugal (urban park). We used three machine learning algorithms, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Extreme Gradient Boosting, to classify the main behaviours of the birds, namely foraging, flying, and resting and calculated time budgets over the breeding and winter season. Woodpigeon time budgets varied between seasons, with more foraging time during the breeding season than in winter. Also, woodpigeons from different sites showed differences in the time invested in foraging. The proportion of time woodpigeons spent foraging was lowest in the forest habitat from Hesse, higher in the urban habitat of Hesse, and highest in the urban park in Lisbon. The time budgets we recorded contrast to previous findings in woodpigeons and reaffirm the importance of considering different populations to fully understand the behaviour and adaptation of a particular species to a particular environment. Furthermore, the differences in the time budgets of Woodpigeons from this study and previous ones might be related to environmental change and merit further attention and the future investigation of energy budgets.
Significance statement
In this study we took advantage of accelerometer technology and machine learning methods to investigate year-round behavioural time budgets of wild common woodpigeons (Columba palumbus). Our analysis focuses on identifying coarse-scale behaviours (foraging, flying, resting) using various machine learning algorithms. Woodpigeon time budgets varied between seasons and among sites. Particularly interesting is the result showing that urban woodpigeons spend more time foraging than forest conspecifics. Our study opens an opportunity to further investigate and understand how a successful bird species such as the woodpigeon copes with increasing environmental change and urbanisation. The increase in the proportion of time devoted to foraging might be one of the behavioural mechanisms involved but opens questions about the costs associated to such increase in terms of other important behaviours.
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Wilson RP, Reynolds SD, Potts JR, Redcliffe J, Holton M, Buxton A, Rose K, Norman BM. Highlighting when animals expend excessive energy for travel using Dynamic Body Acceleration. iScience 2022; 25:105008. [PMID: 36105597 PMCID: PMC9464956 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Travel represents a major cost for many animals so there should be selection pressure for it to be efficient – at minimum cost. However, animals sometimes exceed minimum travel costs for reasons that must be correspondingly important. We use Dynamic Body Acceleration (DBA), an acceleration-based metric, as a proxy for movement-based power, in tandem with vertical velocity (rate of change in depth) in a shark (Rhincodon typus) to derive the minimum estimated power required to swim at defined vertical velocities. We show how subtraction of measured DBA from the estimated minimum power for any given vertical velocity provides a “proxy for power above minimum” metric (PPAmin), highlighting when these animals travel above minimum power. We suggest that the adoption of this metric across species has value in identifying where and when animals are subject to compelling conditions that lead them to deviate from ostensibly judicious energy expenditure. Plots of vertical speed vs DBA in sharks show swimming with minimum power DBA values above this minimum indicate higher speeds or increases in drag Linked to space use, this can identify regions and times of excess power use
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Tomita T, Toda M, Murakumo K, Miyamoto K, Matsumoto R, Ueda K, Sato K. Volume of the whale shark and their mechanism of vertical feeding. ZOOLOGY 2021; 147:125932. [PMID: 34130224 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides a noninvasive method to estimate the body volume of sharks (Elasmobranchii, Selachii) using a computational geometric model. This method allows the volume of sharks to be estimated from lateral and ventral photographs assuming an elliptical body cross-sectional geometry. A comparison of the estimated and actual body volumes of several shark species showed that the estimation error was < 0.5%. The accuracy of the model decreased if photographs that were inclined to the orthogonal plane were used, although this error was on average < 2.3% if the inclination angle was 10° or less. Applying this model to captive whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) that were 8.0 and 8.8 m in total length revealed that their body volumes were 3.5 and 4.5 m3, respectively. These estimates allowed for the quantitative evaluation of our hypothesis, that the whale shark uses suctioned air for buoyancy control during vertical feeding-a behavior unique to this species among elasmobranchs. The volume estimates of the captive whale sharks, together with the density estimates from their liver proportions, revealed that the air occupying a part of oro-pharyngeal and branchial cavities can help the whale sharks to keep their body floating. This hypothesis may explain how the whale shark sometimes stays at the water surface without fin motion during vertical feeding, even though their body density is greater than that of seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketeru Tomita
- Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan; Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan.
| | - Minoru Toda
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Murakumo
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan; Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan
| | - Rui Matsumoto
- Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan; Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ueda
- Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan; Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sato
- Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan; Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424, Motobu-cho, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan
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Guo P, Zhang K, Yasuda Y, Yang W, Galipon J, Rival DE. On the influence of biomimetic shark skin in dynamic flow separation. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:034001. [PMID: 33482662 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abdf31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of shark skin on the boundary-layer separation process under dynamic conditions (maneuvers) has been studied experimentally. We use a foil covered with biomimetic shark skin to explore how this type of surface impacts boundary-layer dynamics in both steady and accelerating conditions. The effect of denticles is assessed via particle image velocimetry in the wake. It is shown that dynamic conditions and small-scale disturbances can mitigate boundary-layer separation through instantaneous modification of the local pressure-gradient distribution. For instance, the region of favourable pressure gradient can be extended by accelerating the foil. The acceleration results in a thinner separated shear layer on the foil surface when compared to the steady reference case. This remarkable difference indicates that local roughness (introduced through for instance biomimetic shark skin) may trigger an interaction with relatively large-scale structures in the boundary layer for effective boundary-layer control during unsteady propulsion and maneuvering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengming Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Yuji Yasuda
- Keio University Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Josephine Galipon
- Keio University Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- Nagoya University, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - David E Rival
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Whitehead DA, Magaña FG, Ketchum JT, Hoyos EM, Armas RG, Pancaldi F, Olivier D. The use of machine learning to detect foraging behaviour in whale sharks: a new tool in conservation. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:865-869. [PMID: 33058201 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study we present the first attempt at modelling the feeding behaviour of whale sharks using a machine learning analytical method. A total of eight sharks were monitored with tri-axial accelerometers and their foraging behaviours were visually observed. Our results highlight that the random forest model is a valid and robust approach to predict the feeding behaviour of the whale shark. In conclusion this novel approach exposes the practicality of this method to serve as a conservation tool and the capability it offers in monitoring potential disturbances of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren A Whitehead
- Pelagios Kakunjá A.C., La Paz, Mexico
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Felipe G Magaña
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rogelio G Armas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Francesca Pancaldi
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Damien Olivier
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Harvey-Carroll J, Stewart JD, Carroll D, Mohamed B, Shameel I, Zareer IH, Araujo G, Rees R. The impact of injury on apparent survival of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in South Ari Atoll Marine Protected Area, Maldives. Sci Rep 2021; 11:937. [PMID: 33441580 PMCID: PMC7806644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is an endangered species with a declining global population. The South Ari Atoll Marine Protected Area (SAMPA), Maldives, is one of few locations globally where year-long residency of individuals occurs. This SAMPA aggregation appears to consist almost exclusively of immature males. Due to its year-round residency, this local aggregation is subjected to a high degree of tourism pressure. This ecotourism contributes to the high level of interest and protection offered to whale sharks by the local community. Unfortunately, if regulations are not followed or enforced, tourism can bring with it major stressors, such as accidental injuries. We used POPAN capture-mark-recapture models and lagged identification rate analysis to assess the effect of major injuries on whale shark residency within SAMPA. Injuries may be obtained outside SAMPA. We found individuals with major injuries had a higher apparent survival in the area than those without. Lagged identification rates also demonstrated that sharks with major injuries are more likely to return to the area. We suggest that major injuries result in sharks prolonging their time in the developmental habitat. These findings have implications for individual fitness and the population viability of this endangered species. We propose targeted conservation strategies be considered to protect sharks from further injury. Based on the presented spatio-temporal distributions of sharks, and current local knowledge of sighting patterns, speed limit zones and propeller-exclusion zones should be implemented and enforced. If carried out alongside tourist education, these measures will contribute to the protection of whale sharks within SAMPA and beyond. Furthermore, our results can aid research direction, alongside regulation and enforcement development, at similar sites worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Harvey-Carroll
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme (MWSRP), South Ari Atoll, Maldives ,grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Daire Carroll
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme (MWSRP), South Ari Atoll, Maldives ,grid.43641.340000 0001 1014 6626The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613The University of Warwick, School of Life Science, Coventry, UK
| | - Basith Mohamed
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme (MWSRP), South Ari Atoll, Maldives
| | - Ibrahim Shameel
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme (MWSRP), South Ari Atoll, Maldives
| | | | - Gonzalo Araujo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Cagulada Compound, 6308 Jagna, Bohol Philippines
| | - Richard Rees
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme (MWSRP), South Ari Atoll, Maldives
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Klimpfinger C, Kriwet J. Comparative morphology of labial cartilages in sharks (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1844323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Klimpfinger
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J. Kriwet
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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