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Sarwar MS, Ramirez CN, Kuo HCD, Chou P, Wu R, Sargsyan D, Yang Y, Shannar A, Peter RM, Yin R, Wang Y, Su X, Kong AN. Triterpenoid ursolic acid regulates the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene-driven epigenetic and metabolic alterations in SKH-1 hairless mice for skin cancer interception. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:288-299. [PMID: 38466106 PMCID: PMC11102768 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental carcinogens accountable to developing skin cancers. Recently, we reported that exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a common PAH, causes epigenetic and metabolic alterations in the initiation, promotion and progression of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). As a follow-up investigation, this study examines how dietary triterpenoid ursolic acid (UA) regulates B[a]P-driven epigenetic and metabolic pathways in SKH-1 hairless mice. Our results show UA intercepts against B[a]P-induced tumorigenesis at different stages of NMSC. Epigenomic cytosines followed by guanine residues (CpG) methyl-seq data showed UA diminished B[a]P-mediated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) profiles. Transcriptomic RNA-seq revealed UA revoked B[a]P-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of skin cancer-related genes, such as leucine-rich repeat LGI family member 2 (Lgi2) and kallikrein-related peptidase 13 (Klk13), indicating UA plays a vital role in B[a]P-mediated gene regulation and its potential consequences in NMSC interception. Association analysis of DEGs and DMRs found that the mRNA expression of KLK13 gene was correlated with the promoter CpG methylation status in the early-stage comparison group, indicating UA could regulate the KLK13 by modulating its promoter methylation at an early stage of NMSC. The metabolomic study showed UA alters B[a]P-regulated cancer-associated metabolisms like thiamin metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism during the initiation phase; pyruvate, citrate and thiamin metabolism during the promotion phase; and beta-alanine and pathothenate coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis during the late progression phase. Taken together, UA reverses B[a]P-driven epigenetic, transcriptomic and metabolic reprogramming, potentially contributing to the overall cancer interception against B[a]P-mediated NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Christina N Ramirez
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hsiao-Chen Dina Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Pochung Chou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Davit Sargsyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ahmad Shannar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rebecca Mary Peter
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Jaradat SK, Ayoub NM, Al Sharie AH, Aldaod JM. Targeting Receptor Tyrosine Kinases as a Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2024; 23:15330338241234780. [PMID: 38389413 PMCID: PMC10894558 DOI: 10.1177/15330338241234780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises a group of aggressive and heterogeneous breast carcinoma. Chemotherapy is the mainstay for the treatment of triple-negative tumors. Nevertheless, the success of chemotherapeutic treatments is limited by their toxicity and development of acquired resistance leading to therapeutic failure and tumor relapse. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore novel targeted therapies for TNBC. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a family of transmembrane receptors that are key regulators of intracellular signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and motility. Aberrant activity and/or expression of several types of RTKs have been strongly connected to tumorigenesis. RTKs are frequently overexpressed and/or deregulated in triple-negative breast tumors and are further associated with tumor progression and reduced survival in patients. Therefore, targeting RTKs could be an appealing therapeutic strategy for the treatment of TNBC. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the antitumor activity of RTK inhibitors in preclinical models of TNBC. The review also provides insights into the clinical trials evaluating the use of RTK inhibitors for the treatment of patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K. Jaradat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed H. Al Sharie
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Julia M. Aldaod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
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3
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Hojo M, Maeno A, Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto Y, Taquahashi Y, Hirose A, Suzuki J, Inomata A, Nakae D. Time-Course of Transcriptomic Change in the Lungs of F344 Rats Repeatedly Exposed to a Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube in a 2-Year Test. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2105. [PMID: 37513116 PMCID: PMC10383707 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive toxicological studies of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) over the last two decades, only a few studies have demonstrated their pulmonary carcinogenicities in chronic animal experiments, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. To obtain molecular insights into CNT-induced lung carcinogenicity, we performed a transcriptomic analysis using a set of lung tissues collected from rats in a 2-year study, in which lung tumors were induced by repeated intratracheal instillations of a multiwalled carbon nanotube, MWNT-7. The RNA-seq-based transcriptome identified a large number of significantly differentially expressed genes at Year 0.5, Year 1, and Year 2. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that macrophage-elicited signaling pathways such as phagocytosis, acute phase response, and Toll-like receptor signaling were activated throughout the experimental period. At Year 2, cancer-related pathways including ERBB signaling and some axonal guidance signaling pathways such as EphB4 signaling were perturbed. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry indicated that several key molecules such as Osteopontin/Spp1, Hmox1, Mmp12, and ERBB2 were markedly altered and/or localized in the preneoplastic lesions, suggesting their participation in the induction of lung cancer. Our findings support a scenario of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis and contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of MWCNT carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Hojo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Ai Maeno
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yuhji Taquahashi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tono-machi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1-4-25 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | - Jin Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akiko Inomata
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Dai Nakae
- Department of Medical Sports, Faculty of Health Care and Medical Sports, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-1 Uruido-Minami, Ichihara 290-0193, Chiba, Japan
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The Promoter Region of the Proto-Oncogene MST1R Contains the Main Features of G-Quadruplexes Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112905. [PMID: 36361696 PMCID: PMC9653784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MST1R (RON) is a receptor of the MET tyrosine kinase receptor family involved in several cancers such as pancreas, breast, ovary, colon, and stomach. Some studies have shown that overexpression of MST1R increases the migratory and invasive properties of cancer cells. The promoter region of the oncogene MST1R is enriched in guanine residues that can potentially form G-quadruplexes (G4s), as it was observed in other oncogenic promoters such as KRAS and c-MYC. There is abundant literature that links the presence of G4s in promoter regions of oncogenes to diverse gene regulation processes that are not well understood. In this work, we have studied the reverse and forward sequence of MST1R promoter region using the G4Hunter software and performed biophysical studies to characterize the best scored sequences.
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Chen J, Wang K, Ye S, Meng X, Jia X, Huang Y, Ma Q. Tyrosine kinase receptor RON activates MAPK/RSK/CREB signal pathway to enhance CXCR4 expression and promote cell migration and invasion in bladder cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7093-7108. [PMID: 36103228 PMCID: PMC9512502 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. The poor survival may be due to a high proportion of tumor metastasis. RON and CXCR4 are the key regulators of cell motility in BC, while the relationship between RON and CXCR4 remains elusive. In the present study, immunohistochemistry analysis of BC and adjacent normal tissues found that higher RON expression was positively correlated with CXCR4 expression. Inhibiting and replenishing RON level were used to regulate CXCR4 expression, observing the effects on migration and invasion of BC cells. Overexpression of RON reversed the inhibited cell migration and invasion following siCXCR4 treatment. Conversely, overexpression of CXCR4 restored the inhibition of cell migration and invasion caused by shRON. The activation of RON-MAPK/RSK/CREB pathway was demonstrated in BC cells under MSP treatment. Dual luciferase and CHIP assay showed that p-CREB targeted CXCR4 by binding to its CRE sequence. RON knockdown suppressed BC tumor growth in xenograft mouse tumors, accompanied by reduced expression of CXCR4. In conclusion, our data adds evidence that RON, a membrane tyrosine kinase receptor, promotes BC migration and invasion not only by itself, but also by activating MAPK/RSK/CREB signaling pathway to enhance CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chen
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo City, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Urological Disease, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kejie Wang
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo City, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Urological Disease, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shazhou Ye
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo City, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Urological Disease, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo City, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Urological Disease, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Jia
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Urological Disease, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Ma
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo City, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Urological Disease, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Comprehensive Urogenital Cancer Center, Ningbo First Hospital, The affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Lyu J, Cheng C. Regulation of Alternative Splicing during Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 211:238-251. [PMID: 34348273 PMCID: PMC8741878 DOI: 10.1159/000518249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is an essential mechanism of gene regulation, giving rise to remarkable protein diversity in higher eukaryotes. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process that plays an essential role in metazoan embryogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that alternative splicing serves as a fundamental layer of regulation that governs cells to undergo EMT. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the functional impact of alternative splicing in EMT and EMT-associated activities. We then discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control alternative splicing changes during EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Lyu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular
& Human Genetics, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate
Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chonghui Cheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular
& Human Genetics, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate
Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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7
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Bourn JR, Ruiz-Torres SJ, Hunt BG, Benight NM, Waltz SE. Tumor cell intrinsic RON signaling suppresses innate immune responses in breast cancer through inhibition of IRAK4 signaling. Cancer Lett 2021; 503:75-90. [PMID: 33508385 PMCID: PMC7981256 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that cancer cells require both alterations in intrinsic cellular processes and the tumor microenvironment for tumor establishment, growth, and progression to metastatic disease. Despite this, knowledge of tumor-cell intrinsic molecular mechanisms controlling both tumor cell processes as well as the tumor microenvironment is limited. In this study, we provide evidence demonstrating the novel role of RON signaling in regulating breast cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis through modulation of tumor cell intrinsic processes and the tumor microenvironment. Using clinically relevant models of breast cancer, we show that RON signaling in the mammary epithelial tumor cells promotes tumor cell survival and proliferation as well as an immunopermissive microenvironment associated with decreased M1 macrophage, natural killer (NK) cell, and CD8+ T cell recruitment. Moreover, we demonstrate that RON signaling supports these phenotypes through novel mechanisms involving suppression of IRAK4 signaling and inhibition of type I Interferons. Our studies indicate that activation of RON signaling within breast cancer cells promotes tumor cell intrinsic growth and immune evasion which support breast cancer progression and highlight the role of targeting RON signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Bourn
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0521, USA
| | - Sasha J Ruiz-Torres
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0521, USA
| | - Brian G Hunt
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0521, USA
| | - Nancy M Benight
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0521, USA
| | - Susan E Waltz
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0521, USA; Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Jia J, Ren J, Yu H, Zhu C, Wang Y, Zhou R. Macrophage-stimulating protein is decreased in severe preeclampsia and regulates the biological behavior of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells. Placenta 2020; 103:33-42. [PMID: 33070035 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a major challenge for obstetricians. There is no effective way to block the development of PE other than terminating the pregnancy. The biological behavior of trophoblast cells, which are similar to cancer cells, may be closely related to the onset of PE. The vital role of macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) in the development and progression of cancer has been recognized, while a role for this protein in PE has rarely been reported. This study aimed to explore whether MSP affects severe PE (sPE) and, if so, to characterize the mechanism. Patient information, blood samples and/or placental tissues were collected. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the plasma MSP concentration. The relationships between the plasma MSP concentration and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Immunofluorescence was performed to localize MSP in placental tissues. Western blotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to determine MSP protein and mRNA expression in placental tissues. MSP was overexpressed or underexpressed in the trophoblastic cell line HTR-8/SVneo by lentiviral transfection and the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of cells were detected. MSP was downregulated in sPE, and the underexpression of MSP inhibited HTR-8/SVneo cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. We further verified that MSP affects the biological behavior of trophoblast cells through the β-catenin/ZEB1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that decreased MSP in the blood and placental tissues of patients with sPE, especially those with early-onset sPE, leads to reduced trophoblast cell invasion, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jin Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongbiao Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Cairong Zhu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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9
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Zhou D, Huang L, Zhou Y, Wei T, Yang L, Li C. RON and RONΔ160 promote gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and adaption to hypoxia via interaction with β-catenin. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2735-2748. [PMID: 31085796 PMCID: PMC6535062 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant accumulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase recepteur d’origine nantais (RON) has been verified in gastric adenocarcinoma. Upregulation of RON and its splice variant RONΔ160 contribute to the growth and migration in gastric cancer cells in vitro. However, the mechanisms of RON/RONΔ160-mediated gastric cancer growth and metastasis remain vague. We therefore examined the actions of RON, RONΔ160, and β-catenin in gastric cancer cells and tissue samples, and their effects on cell growth in vitro and in vivo. We found that in gastric cancer samples and cell lines, there was positive correlation between RON/RONΔ160 and β-catenin levels, and that they formed a RON/RONΔ160-β-catenin complex which was translocated to the nucleus. Hypoxia led the binding of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α to the RON/RONΔ160-β-catenin complex, which increased nuclear translocation and expression of downstream oncogenic signaling molecules. Overexpression of RON/RONΔ160 promoted the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells, which were also enhanced by hypoxia. Suppression of RON using siRNA or anti‑RON monoclonal antibody diminished gastric cancer cell and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. These findings establish a link between the receptor tyrosine kinase RON and β-catenin and provide insight into the mechanism by which they contribute to gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010030, China
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10
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Wang W, Xing H, Huang C, Pan H, Li D. Identification of pancreatic cancer type related factors by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Med Oncol 2020; 37:33. [PMID: 32200436 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-1339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to identify the core modules associated with pancreatic cancer (PC) types and the ncRNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that regulate core module genes by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). WGCNA was used to analyze the union of genes related to PC in NCBI and OMIM databases and the differentially expressed genes screened by TCGA-PAAD database. Samples were clustered according to gene expression in gene modules and Fisher exact method was performed. GO and KEGG were used for enrichment analysis to visually display module genes and screen driver genes. Hypergeometric test method was used to calculate pivot nodes among ncRNAs, TFs and mRNA based on RAID 2.0 and TRRUST v2 databases. The blue and yellow modules were identified as the core modules associated with PC types. MST1R, TMPRSS, MIR198, SULF1, COL1A1 and FAP were the core genes in the modules. Hypergeometric test results showed that ANCR, miR-3134, MT1DP, LOC154449, LOC28329 and other ncRNAs were key factors driving blue module genes, while LINC-ROR, UCA1, SNORD114-4, HEIH, SNORD114-6 and other ncRNAs were key factors driving yellow module genes. TFs with significant regulatory effect on blue module included LCOR, PIAS4, ZEB1, SNAI2, SMARCA4, etc. and on yellow module included HOXC6, PER2, HOXD3, TWIST2, VHL, etc. The core modules associated with PC types were proved as yellow and blue modules, and important ncRNAs and TFs regulating yellow and blue modules were found. This study provides relevant evidence for further identification of PC types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3# Eastern Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Xing
- Department of ICU, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Xiasha Campus, 368# Xiasha Road, Hangzhou, 310019, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxin Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Xiasha Campus, 368# Xiasha Road, Hangzhou, 310019, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3# Eastern Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Hao C, Cui Y, Chang S, Huang J, Birkin E, Hu M, Zhi X, Li W, Zhang L, Cheng S, Jiang WG. OPN promotes the aggressiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer cells through the activation of the RON tyrosine kinase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18101. [PMID: 31792339 PMCID: PMC6889187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is identified as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of tumor progression and metastasis. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the functions of OPN have not been well characterized. The current study sought to investigate the clinical implications of OPN expression in NSCLC and the role of OPN in the aggressiveness of the lung cancer cells. Using a proteomics approach, we identified that phospho-RON (p-RON) was one of the most remarkably up-regulated proteins in OPN-overexpressing cells. The levels of OPN and RON transcripts were unveiled as independent prognostic indicators of survival in NSCLC (p = 0.001). Higher levels of OPN, RON and p-RON proteins were observed in tumor tissues. Knock down of the OPN gene suppressed the migration and invasion abilities of the A549 lung cancer cells which endogenously expresses OPN. While ectopic expression of OPN in the SK-MES-1 lung cancer cells increased levels of cellular invasion and migration. In addition, these changes were accompanied by a phosphorylated activation of RON. Small-molecule inhibition of RON or siRNA silencing of RON significantly reduced OPN-induced migration and invasion of lung cancer cells and had an inhibitory effect on the OPN-mediated cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our study suggests that in NSCLC, the aberrant expression of OPN can be considered as an independent survival indicator and is associated with disease progression. OPN plays a crucial role in promoting migration and invasion properties of lung cancer cells through its phosphorylation activation of the RON signaling pathway, implying its potential as a therapeutic target in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Cui
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Siyuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Emily Birkin
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Mu Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyi Zhi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University School of Oncology and Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, P.R. China
| | - Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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12
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Park JS, Choi HI, Kim DH, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and the Expression of Pro-Fibrotic Markers via Src/Smad Signaling in HK-2 and NRK49F Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215489. [PMID: 31690042 PMCID: PMC6862011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play important roles in the pathogenic processes of kidney fibrosis. However, the pathophysiological roles of recepteur d’origine nantais (RON), one of the receptor tyrosine kinases, have not yet been defined. We investigated whether the activation or sequence-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppression of RON could regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the expression of pro-fibrotic markers, and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Stable cell lines and transient transfection for RON and the transfected cells of siRNA for RON were developed to investigate the molecular mechanisms in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) and interstitial fibroblasts (NRK49F) cells. RON overexpression induced EMT and increased expression of fibrosis-related proteins such as N-cadherin, vimentin, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), αSMA, and fibronectin in HK-2 and NRK49F cells. RON overexpression increased various RTKs and the phosphorylation of Src (Y416) and Smad, while inhibition of RON by siRNA attenuated the expression of EMT- and fibrosis-related proteins and decreased RTKs such as insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), as well as the phosphorylation of Src and Smad pathways. siRNA silencing of Src also attenuated the expression of IGFR, FGFR1, VEGFR, and PDGFR. Inhibition of RON can exert an anti-fibrotic effect by the inhibition of EMT and other RTKs through control of Src and Smad pathways in HK-2 and NRK49F cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebongro, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Hoon-In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebongro, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebongro, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebongro, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebongro, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebongro, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebongro, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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13
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Kim SA, Lee KH, Lee DH, Lee JK, Lim SC, Joo YE, Chung IJ, Noh MG, Yoon TM. Receptor tyrosine kinase, RON, promotes tumor progression by regulating EMT and the MAPK signaling pathway in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:513-526. [PMID: 31268163 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase, recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), is known to be associated with the progression, metastasis, and prognosis of various types of cancers. Nevertheless, the role of RON in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is unclear. This study evaluated whether RON affects oncogenic behavior, oncogenic signaling pathways, and clinical outcomes, including survival, in human OSCC. Reverse transcription‑PCR, quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine mRNA and protein expression levels of RON. Cell invasion, migration and apoptosis assays were used to assess the functional effects of small interfering RNA‑mediated knockdown of RON or snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SLUG). RON knockdown suppressed tumor cell invasion and migration and enhanced apoptosis in human OSCC cells. RON knockdown also decreased the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling proteins, such as ERK1/2, JNK and p38. In addition, RON knockdown suppressed the expression of the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)‑related transcription factor, SLUG. SLUG knockdown blocked the enhancement of cell invasion and migration induced by macrophage‑stimulation protein (MSP)‑mediated RON activation in OSCC cells. The cell morphology was changed to spindle‑like shape under MSP‑mediated RON activation in OSCC cells. RON was overexpressed in both fresh and paraffin‑embedded human OSCC tissues. Taken together, these results indicate that RON contributed to tumor progression by regulating the EMT‑related factor, SLUG, and the MAPK pathway in OSCC. This study may provide a theoretical basis for the application of RON‑targeting agents, currently being studied in various cancer fields, for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kyoo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Giun Noh
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Mi Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
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14
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Bedolla RG, Shah DP, Huang SB, Reddick RL, Ghosh R, Kumar AP. Receptor tyrosine kinase recepteur d'origine nantais as predictive marker for aggressive prostate cancer in African Americans. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:854-861. [PMID: 30859654 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Published evidence shows a correlation between several molecular markers and prostate cancer (PCa) progression including in African Americans (AAs) who are disproportionately affected. Our early detection efforts led to the identification of elevated levels of antiapoptotic protein, c-FLIP and its upstream regulatory factors such as androgen receptor (AR), recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), a receptor tyrosine kinase in human prostate tumors. The primary objective of this study was to explore whether these markers play a role in racial disparities using immunohistochemistry in prostatectomy samples from a cohort of AA, Hispanic Whites (HWs), and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify a statistical association between molecular markers, possible correlation with risk factors including race, obesity, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and disease aggressiveness. Further, changes in the levels and expression of these molecular markers were also evaluated using human PCa cell lines. We found significantly elevated levels of RON ( P = 0.0082), AR ( P = 0.0001), c-FLIP ( P = 0.0071) in AAs compared with HWs or NHWs. Furthermore, a higher proportion of HW and NHWs had a high Gleason score (>6) but not PSA as compared to AAs ( P = 0.032). In summary, our findings suggest that PSA was important in predicting aggressive disease for the cohort overall; however, high levels of RON may play a role in predisposing AA men to develop aggressive disease. Future research is needed using large datasets to confirm these findings and to explore whether all or any of these markers could aid in race-specific stratification of patients for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roble G Bedolla
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dimpy P Shah
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shih-Bo Huang
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert L Reddick
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Addanki P Kumar
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Research Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
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15
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Li C, Morvaridi S, Lam G, Chheda C, Kamata Y, Katsumata M, Edderkaoui M, Yuan X, Nissen N, Pandol SJ, Wang Q. MSP-RON Signaling Is Activated in the Transition From Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) to Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Front Physiol 2019; 10:147. [PMID: 30863319 PMCID: PMC6399467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest epithelial malignancies and remains difficult to treat. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) represent the majority of the pre-cancer lesions in the pancreas. The PDAC microenvironment consists of activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and immune cells, which are thought to contribute to neoplastic transformation. However, the signaling events involved in driving the transition from the neoplastic precursor to the more advanced and aggressive forms in the pancreas are not well understood. Recepteur d’Origine Nantais (RON) is a c-MET family receptor tyrosine kinase that is implicated in playing a role in cell proliferation, migration and other aspects of tumorigenesis. Macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) is the ligand for RON and becomes activated upon proteolytic cleavage by matriptase (also known as ST14), a type II transmembrane serine protease. In the current study, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of human pancreatic tissues, we found that the expression levels MSP and matriptase are drastically increased during the transition from the preneoplastic PanIN stages to the more advanced and aggressive PDAC. Moreover, RON is highly expressed in both PDAC and in cancer-associated stellate cells. In contrast, MSP, RON, and matriptase are expressed at low levels, if any, in normal pancreas. Our study underscores an emerging role of MSP-RON autocrine and paracrine signaling events in driving malignant progression in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Susan Morvaridi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gloria Lam
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chintan Chheda
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yoshiko Kamata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Makoto Katsumata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaopu Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Nissen
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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16
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Faham N, Zhao L, Welm AL. mTORC1 is a key mediator of RON-dependent breast cancer metastasis with therapeutic potential. NPJ Breast Cancer 2018; 4:36. [PMID: 30456298 PMCID: PMC6226524 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-018-0091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the biggest challenge in treating breast cancer, and it kills >40,000 breast cancer patients annually in the US. Aberrant expression of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase in breast tumors correlates with poor prognosis and has been shown to promote metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern how RON promotes metastasis, and how to block it, are still largely unknown. We sought to determine critical effectors of RON using a combination of mutational and pharmacologic strategies. High-throughput proteomic analysis of breast cancer cells upon activation of RON showed robust phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6. Further analysis revealed that RON strongly signals through mTORC1/p70S6K, which is mediated predominantly by the PI3K pathway. A targeted mutation approach to modulate RON signaling validated the importance of PI3K/mTORC1 pathway for spontaneous metastasis in vivo. Finally, inhibition of mTORC1 with an FDA-approved drug, everolimus, resulted in transient shrinkage of established RON-dependent metastases, and combined blockade of mTORC1 and RON delayed progression. These studies have identified a key downstream mediator of RON-dependent metastasis in breast cancer cells and revealed that inhibition of mTORC1, or combined inhibition of mTORC1 and RON, may be effective for treatment of metastatic breast cancers with elevated expression of RON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najme Faham
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
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17
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Mixed Mesonephric Adenocarcinoma and High-grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix: Case Description of a Previously Unreported Entity With Insights Into Its Molecular Pathogenesis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2018; 36:76-89. [PMID: 27532149 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative cervical carcinomas are uncommon and typically encompass unusual histologic subtypes. Mesonephric adenocarcinoma is one such subtype. Mesonephric tumors in the female genital tract are thought to arise from Wolffian remnants, and are extremely rare tumors with widely variable morphology. Sarcomatoid dedifferentiation has been previously described in a few cases, but other forms of dedifferentiation have not been reported. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix (e.g. small cell carcinoma) is associated with HPV infection, typically HPV 18. These tumors often arise in association with a conventional epithelial component such as squamous cell carcinoma or usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma. We describe a case of mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with an HPV-negative high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma at the morphologic and immunophenotypic level, for which we performed targeted massively parallel sequencing analysis of the 2 elements. Both components shared identical mutations in U2AF1 p.R156H (c.467G>A) and GATA3 p.M422fs (c.1263dupG), as well as MYCN amplification. In addition, the neuroendocrine carcinoma harbored TP53 and MST1R mutations not present in the mesonephric carcinoma. Our data suggest a clonal origin of the 2 components of this rare entity, rather than a collision tumor.
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18
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Matsushita J, Okamura K, Nakabayashi K, Suzuki T, Horibe Y, Kawai T, Sakurai T, Yamashita S, Higami Y, Ichihara G, Hata K, Nohara K. The DNA methylation profile of liver tumors in C3H mice and identification of differentially methylated regions involved in the regulation of tumorigenic genes. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:317. [PMID: 29566670 PMCID: PMC5865360 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C3H mice have been frequently used in cancer studies as animal models of spontaneous liver tumors and chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are among pivotal control mechanisms of gene expression leading to carcinogenesis. Although information on somatic mutations in liver tumors of C3H mice is available, epigenetic aspects are yet to be clarified. Methods We performed next generation sequencing-based analysis of DNA methylation and microarray analysis of gene expression to explore genes regulated by DNA methylation in spontaneous liver tumors of C3H mice. Overlaying these data, we selected cancer-related genes whose expressions are inversely correlated with DNA methylation levels in the associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) located around transcription start sites (TSSs) (promoter DMRs). We further assessed mutuality of the selected genes for expression and DNA methylation in human HCC using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Results We obtained data on genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in the normal and tumor livers of C3H mice. We identified promoter DMRs of genes which are reported to be related to cancer and whose expressions are inversely correlated with the DNA methylation, including Mst1r, Slpi and Extl1. The association between DNA methylation and gene expression was confirmed using a DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) in Hepa1c1c7 cells and Hepa1-6 cells. Overexpression of Mst1r in Hepa1c1c7 cells illuminated a novel downstream pathway via IL-33 upregulation. Database search indicated that gene expressions of Mst1r and Slpi are upregulated and the TSS upstream regions are hypomethylated also in human HCC. These results suggest that DMRs, including those of Mst1r and Slpi, are involved in liver tumorigenesis in C3H mice, and also possibly in human HCC. Conclusions Our study clarified genome wide DNA methylation landscape of C3H mice. The data provide useful information for further epigenetic studies of mice models of HCC. The present study particularly proposed novel DNA methylation-regulated pathways for Mst1r and Slpi, which may be applied not only to mouse HCC but also to human HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4221-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Matsushita
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Okamura
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yu Horibe
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawai
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakurai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | | | - Yoshikazu Higami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Nohara
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
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19
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Chen JF, Yu BX, Ma L, Lv XY, Jiang JH, Ma Q. RON is overexpressed in bladder cancer and contributes to tumorigenic phenotypes in 5637 cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6547-6554. [PMID: 29725403 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptor macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (MST1R, also known as RON) contributes to the transformation and malignant progression observed in epithelial cells. The purpose of the present study is to assess the value of RON as a potential target in bladder cancer (BC) therapeutics. The expression profile of RON in BC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues was detected via immunohistochemistry. The rate of positive RON expression differed significantly between bladder urothelial cancer tissues (54.7%) and paraneoplastic tissues (29.4%) (P<0.05). RON expression was positively associated with the number of tumors per patient, histological grading, pathological stage and distant metastasis (all P<0.05). Downregulation of RON expression using small interfering RNAs inhibited cell growth, cell migration and promoted cell apoptosis in the 5637 cell line. RON inhibition induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/S boundary following an increase of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, and a decrease of cyclin D1, cyclin D3 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of RON significantly blocked signal transduction, including downstream protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. These results indicated that RON serves a notable role in BC and is a potential target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Chen
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Xia Yu
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Yi Lv
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hui Jiang
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Qi Ma
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The Ninth Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
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20
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Park YL, Lee GH, Kim KY, Myung E, Kim JS, Myung DS, Park KJ, Cho SB, Lee WS, Jung YD, Kim HS, Joo YE. Expression of RON in colorectal cancer and its relationships with tumor cell behavior and prognosis. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:652-62. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aims and background The aims of the current study were to evaluate whether recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) affects tumor cell behavior and oncogenic signaling pathways in colorectal cancer, and to examine the relationship of its expression with various clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Methods Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of the RON gene in human colorectal cancer tissue. To study the biological role of RON in tumor cell behavior and cellular signaling pathways, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knock down RON gene expression in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Results Knockdown of RON inhibited the induction of the invasive growth phenotype and the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways including Akt, MAPK and β-catenin. RON overexpression was associated with tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, tumor stage and poor survival. Conclusions These results suggest that RON overexpression may help in predicting poor clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wan-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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21
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Parikh PK, Ghate MD. Recent advances in the discovery of small molecule c-Met Kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1103-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Batth I, Yun H, Hussain S, Meng P, Osmulski P, Huang THM, Bedolla R, Profit A, Reddick R, Kumar A. Crosstalk between RON and androgen receptor signaling in the development of castration resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:14048-63. [PMID: 26872377 PMCID: PMC4924697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the fatal form of prostate cancer. Although reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) occurs following androgen deprivation, the precise mechanism involved is unclear. Here we show that the receptor tyrosine kinase, RON alters mechanical properties of cells to influence epithelial to mesenchymal transition and functions as a transcription factor to differentially regulate AR signaling. RON inhibits AR activation and subset of AR-regulated transcripts in androgen responsive LNCaP cells. However in C4-2B, a castrate-resistant sub-line of LNCaP and AR-negative androgen independent DU145 cells, RON activates subset of AR-regulated transcripts. Expression of AR in PC-3 cells leads to activation of RON under androgen deprivation but not under androgen proficient conditions implicating a role for RON in androgen independence. Consistently, RON expression is significantly elevated in castrate resistant prostate tumors. Taken together our results suggest that RON activation could aid in promoting androgen independence and that inhibition of RON in combination with AR antagonist(s) merits serious consideration as a therapeutic option during hormone deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Batth
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Current address: Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huiyoung Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Suleman Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peng Meng
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Current address: Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, USA
| | - Pawel Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tim Hui-Ming Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Roble Bedolla
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Profit
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Reddick
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Addanki Kumar
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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23
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Han DH, Kang CM, Lee SW, Hwang HK, Lee WJ. A missing link between RON expression and oncological outcomes in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4225-4230. [PMID: 28943931 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration and activation of recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) expression is known to be associated with cancer progression and decreased survival in various types of human cancer, including pancreatic cancer. Therefore, in the present study, RON expression levels were determined in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer to evaluate the potential oncological role of RON in the clinical setting of distal pancreatic cancer. From January 2005 to December 2011, a total of 57 patients underwent radical distal pancreatectomy for left-sided pancreatic cancer. Ductal adenocarcinoma was confirmed in all patients. Among these patients, 17 patients who received preoperative neoadjuvant treatment and 7 patients without available paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were excluded from the present study. RON expression in a the pancreatic cancer cell lines ASPC-1, BxPC-3, MiaPaCa-3 and Panc-1, as well as in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer specimens was determined by Western blot analysis. RON and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry using pre-diluted anti-RON and anti-VEGF antibodies. An association was identified between the oncological outcome and RON overexpression. Increased levels of RON expression were observed in two pancreatic cancer cell lines, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3. RON overexpression was detected in specimens from 15/33 patients (45.5%) using immunohistochemistry. No significant association was identified between RON overexpression and VEGF overexpression (25.5 vs. 87.9%; P=0.667). No significant differences in disease-free survival or disease-specific survival associated with RON overexpression were identified. Although the results of previous studies have suggested that RON is a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, in the present study no association between RON overexpression and any adverse oncological effect was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hoon Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Moo Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Whan Lee
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Hwang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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24
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Saraswat M, Mäkitie A, Agarwal R, Joenväärä S, Renkonen S. Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients can be differentiated from healthy individuals with label-free serum proteomics. Br J Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28632724 PMCID: PMC5537490 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No blood biomarkers to detect early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) without clinical signs exist – diagnosis is solely based on histology of a visible tumour. Most OSCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stage, which leads to significant morbidity and poor survival. Our aim was to find the serum screening or detection biomarkers in OSCC. Methods: Serum samples from patients with OSCC treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital (Finland) were collected. Age- and gender-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Quantitative label-free proteomics in high definition MSE mode(HDMSE) was performed on 13 patients and 12 healthy samples. Various statistical analyses were performed on quantitative proteomics data to obtain the most influential proteins, which classify the patients vs healthy samples. Results: In quantitative proteomic analysis (HDMSE), 388 proteins were quantified in our pilot study. A complete separation between cases and controls was seen in supervised and unsupervised classification techniques such as orthogonal projections on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and self-organising maps. Using OPLS-DA S-plot, we identified a set of eight proteins that completely separated OSCC patients from healthy individuals. Conclusions: Although the tumour stages varied from I to IVa, these potential biomarkers were able to identify all OSCCs demonstrating their sensitivity to detect tumours of all stages. We are the first to suggest a set of serum biomarkers in our pilot study to be evaluated further as a diagnostic panel to detect preclinical OSCC in risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Saraswat
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- GenXPro GmbH, Altenhöferallee 3, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Sakari Joenväärä
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Suvi Renkonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 11382, Sweden
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25
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LoRusso PM, Gounder M, Jalal SI, André V, Kambhampati SRP, Loizos N, Hall J, Holzer TR, Nasir A, Cosaert J, Kauh J, Chiorean EG. Phase 1 study of narnatumab, an anti-RON receptor monoclonal antibody, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:442-450. [PMID: 28161886 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Macrophage-stimulating 1-receptor (RON) is expressed on macrophages, epithelial cells, and a variety of tumors. Narnatumab (IMC-RON8; LY3012219) is a neutralizing monoclonal antibody that blocks RON binding to its ligand, macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP). This study assessed safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of narnatumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods Narnatumab was administered intravenously weekly at 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg or every 2 weeks at 15, 20, 30, or 40 mg/kg in 4-week cycles. Results Thirty-nine patients were treated, and 1 dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) (grade 3 hyponatremia, 5 mg/kg) was reported. The most common narnatumab-related adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (20.5%) and decreased appetite, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting (10.3% each). Except for 2 treatment-related grade 3 AEs (hyponatremia, hypokalemia), all treatment-related AEs were grade 1 or 2. Narnatumab had a short half-life (<7 days). After Cycle 2, no patients had concentrations above 140 μg/mL (concentration that demonstrated antitumor activity in animal models), except for 1 patient receiving 30 mg/kg biweekly. Eleven patients had a best response of stable disease, ranging from 6 weeks to 11 months. Despite only 1 DLT, due to suboptimal drug exposure, the dose was not escalated beyond 40 mg/kg biweekly. This decision was based on published data reporting that mRNA splice variants of RON are highly prevalent in tumors, accumulate in cytoplasm, and are not accessible by large-molecule monoclonal antibodies. Conclusions Narnatumab was well tolerated and showed limited antitumor activity with this dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M LoRusso
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mrinal Gounder
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shadia I Jalal
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Nick Loizos
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer Hall
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Aejaz Nasir
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jan Cosaert
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - John Kauh
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Gabriela Chiorean
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Faham N, Welm AL. RON Signaling Is a Key Mediator of Tumor Progression in Many Human Cancers. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:177-188. [PMID: 28057847 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.031377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing body of literature covering RON receptor tyrosine kinase function in different types of human cancers, it is becoming clear that RON has prominent roles in both cancer cells and in the tumor-associated microenvironment. RON not only activates several oncogenic signaling pathways in cancer cells, leading to more aggressive behavior, but also promotes an immunosuppressive, alternatively activated phenotype in macrophages and limits the antitumor immune response. These two unique functions of this oncogene, the strong correlation between RON expression and poor outcomes in cancer, and the high tolerability of a new RON inhibitor make it an exciting therapeutic target, the blocking of which offers an advantage toward improving the survival of cancer patients. Here, we discuss recent findings on the role of RON signaling in cancer progression and its potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najme Faham
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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27
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Chen JF, Yu BX, Yu R, Ma L, Lv XY, Cheng Y, Ma Q. Monoclonal antibody Zt/g4 targeting RON receptor tyrosine kinase enhances chemosensitivity of bladder cancer cells to Epirubicin by promoting G1/S arrest and apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:721-728. [PMID: 28075465 PMCID: PMC5355669 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epirubicin (EPI) is one of the most used intravesical chemotherapy agents after transurethral resection to non-muscle invasive bladder tumors (NMIBC) to prevent cancer recurrence and progression. However, even after resection of bladder tumors and intravesical chemotherapy, half of them will recur and progress. RON is a membrane tyrosine kinase receptor usually overexpressed in bladder cancer cells and associated with poor pathological features. This study aims to investigate the effects of anti-RON monoclonal antibody Zt/g4 on the chemosensitivity of bladder cells to EPI. After Zt/g4 treatment, cell cytotoxicity was significantly increased and cell invasion was markedly suppressed in EPI-treated bladder cancer cells. Further investigation indicated that combing Zt/g4 with EPI promoted cell G1/S-phase arrest and apoptosis, which are the potential mechanisms that RON signaling inhibition enhances chemosensitivity of EPI. Thus, combing antibody-based RON targeted therapy enhances the therapeutic effects of intravesical chemotherapy, which provides new strategy for further improvement of NMIBC patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Chen
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Xia Yu
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315212, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Yi Lv
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Qi Ma
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Xu P, Ding S, Zhu L, Le F, Huang X, Tian Y, Zhang X. Elevated RON protein expression in endometriosis and disease-associated ovarian cancers. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 295:631-639. [PMID: 27888297 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) protein expression has been demonstrated to correlate with tumor progression, metastasis, and prognosis, and its mRNA expression increases in deeply infiltrating endometriotic lesions. However, it remains unclear whether RON protein expression also increases in endometriotic lesions, and may be a risk factor of malignant transformation in endometriotic lesions. METHODS The protein expression of RON in control (n = 19), eutopic (n = 16), and ectopic (n = 51) endometria, as well as in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers (EAOC, n = 16) was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. RESULTS Endometriotic lesions expressed low levels of RON protein, but no RON protein expression appeared in matched eutopic or control endometrium. EAOC exhibited high levels of RON protein. The frequency and IHC score of RON protein expression were both significantly higher in EAOC [100.0% (14/14), 5.37 ± 0.74] than those in endometriotic lesions [51.0% (26/51), 2.15 ± 1.12; P = 0.002, 0.001]. Multivariate analysis of covariance only revealed a correlation of RON protein expression and EAOC (P = 0.006), but no correlations of RON protein expression and clinical parameters (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These obtained results suggest that increased RON expression might be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and disease-associated ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojie Ding
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zhu
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Le
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufeng Huang
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Tian
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
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Greenbaum A, Rajput A, Wan G. RON kinase isoforms demonstrate variable cell motility in normal cells. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00153. [PMID: 27656686 PMCID: PMC5021793 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant RON (Recepteur d'Origine Nantais) tyrosine kinase activation causes the epithelial cell to evade normal growth pathways, resulting in unregulated cell proliferation, increased cell motility and decreased apoptosis. Wildtype (wt) RON has been shown to play a role in metastasis of epithelial malignancies. It presents an important potential therapeutic target for colorectal, breast, gastric and pancreatic cancer. Little is known about functional differences amongst RON isoforms RON155, RON160 and RON165. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various RON kinase isoforms on cell motility. METHODS Cell lines with stable expression of wtRON were generated by inserting the coding region of RON in pTagRFP (tagged red fluorescence protein plasmid). The expression constructs of RON variants (RON155, RON160 and RON165) were generated by creating a mutagenesis-based wtRON-pTag RFP plasmid and stably transfected into HEK 293 cells. The wound closure scratch assay was used to investigate the effect on cell migratory capacity of wild type RON and its variants. RESULTS RON transfected cells demonstrated increased cell motility compared to HEK293 control cells. RON165 cell motility was significantly increased compared to RON160 (mean percentage of wound covered 37.37% vs. 32.40%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS RON tyrosine kinase isoforms have variable cell motility. This may reflect a difference in the behavior of malignant epithelial cells and their capacity for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Greenbaum
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC 10 5610, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ashwani Rajput
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, MSC 07 4025, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Guanghua Wan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, MSC 07 4025, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Combined analysis of DNA methylome and transcriptome reveal novel candidate genes with susceptibility to bovine Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29390. [PMID: 27411928 PMCID: PMC4944166 DOI: 10.1038/srep29390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is a widely spread disease of lactating cows. Its major pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In this study, we performed genome-wide integrative analysis of DNA methylation and transcriptional expression to identify candidate genes and pathways relevant to bovine S. aureus subclinical mastitis. The genome-scale DNA methylation profiles of peripheral blood lymphocytes in cows with S. aureus subclinical mastitis (SA group) and healthy controls (CK) were generated by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation combined with microarrays. We identified 1078 differentially methylated genes in SA cows compared with the controls. By integrating DNA methylation and transcriptome data, 58 differentially methylated genes were shared with differently expressed genes, in which 20.7% distinctly hypermethylated genes showed down-regulated expression in SA versus CK, whereas 14.3% dramatically hypomethylated genes showed up-regulated expression. Integrated pathway analysis suggested that these genes were related to inflammation, ErbB signalling pathway and mismatch repair. Further functional analysis revealed that three genes, NRG1, MST1 and NAT9, were strongly correlated with the progression of S. aureus subclinical mastitis and could be used as powerful biomarkers for the improvement of bovine mastitis resistance. Our studies lay the groundwork for epigenetic modification and mechanistic studies on susceptibility of bovine mastitis.
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31
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Kim N, Cho SB, Park YL, Park SY, Myung E, Kim SH, Yu HM, Son YA, Myung DS, Lee WS, Joo YE. Effect of Recepteur d'Origine Nantais expression on chemosensitivity and tumor cell behavior in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3331-40. [PMID: 27035413 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON) expression is known to induce oncogenic properties including tumor cell growth, survival, motility, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. In the present study, we evaluated whether RON affects chemosensitivity and oncogenic behavior of colorectal cancer cells and investigated its prognostic value in colorectal cancer. To evaluate the impact of RON on chemosensitivity and tumor cell behavior, we treated colorectal cancer cells with small interfering RNAs specific to RON. This was followed by flow cytometric analyses and migration, Matrigel invasion and endothelial tube formation assays. The expression of RON was investigated by immunohistochemistry in colorectal cancer tissues. TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical staining for CD34 and D2-40 were deployed to determine apoptosis, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RON knockdown enhanced 5-fluorouracil (FU)-induced apoptosis by upregulating the activities of caspases and expression of proapoptotic genes. Moreover, it enhanced 5-FU-induced cell cycle arrest by decreasing the expression of cyclins and cyclin‑dependent kinases and inducing that of p21. Furthermore, RON knockdown augmented the 5-FU-induced inhibition of invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells. The β-catenin signaling cascade was blocked by RON knockdown upon 5-FU treatment. RON knockdown also decreased endothelial tube formation and expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1α and increased angiostatin expression. Furthermore, it inhibited lymphatic endothelial cell tube formation and the expression of VEGF-C and COX-2. RON expression was observed to be associated with age, tumor size, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, tumor stage, lymph node and distant metastasis, and poor survival rate. The mean microvessel density value of RON-positive tumors was significantly higher than that of RON-negative ones. These results indicate that RON is associated with tumor progression by inhibiting chemosensitivity and enhancing angiogenesis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ae Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
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Chang HY, Chang TC, Huang WY, Lee CT, Yen CJ, Tsai YS, Tzai TS, Chen SH, Chow NH. RON Nuclear Translocation under Hypoxia Potentiates Chemoresistance to DNA Double-Strand Break-Inducing Anticancer Drugs. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:276-86. [PMID: 26772202 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with radioresistance, chemoresistance, and metastasis, which eventually lead to cancer progression and a poor patient prognosis. RON [also known as macrophage-stimulating protein receptor (MST1R)] belongs to the c-MET [also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR)] receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily. To identify the interaction partners of RON nuclear translocation in response to hypoxia, the nuclear extract of TSGH8301 bladder cancer cells was immunoprecipitated for tandem mass profiling analysis. Nuclear RON interacted with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent DNA helicase 2 (Ku70) and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to activate nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair. The interaction was time dependent, extending 3 to 24 hours posthypoxia or until the components had been exposed to the chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin and epirubicin. Stable knockdown experiments in vitro suggest the importance of RON for the chemoresistance of cancer cells under hypoxia. In addition, the tyrosine kinase domain of nuclear RON is crucial for interaction with Ku70 under hypoxia. J82 cells transfected with RON showed a survival advantage in the presence of epirubicin and hypoxia. This suggests that nuclear RON activates NHEJ repair by interacting with Ku70/DNA-PKcs and inhibiting RON activity to increase cancer cell chemosensitivity. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(2); 276-86. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chia Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Huang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shyan Tsai
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shin Tzai
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Haw Chow
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Chang K, Karnad A, Zhao S, Freeman JW. Roles of c-Met and RON kinases in tumor progression and their potential as therapeutic targets. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3507-18. [PMID: 25784650 PMCID: PMC4414132 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Met and receptor originated from nantes (RON) are structurally related transmembrane phosphotyrosine kinase receptors. c-Met and RON show increased expression or activity in a variety of tumors leading to tumor progression and may play a role in acquired resistance to therapy. Although often co-expressed, the distinct functional roles of c-Met and RON are not fully understood. c-Met and RON form both activated homodimers and heterodimers with themselves and other families of phosphotyrosine kinase receptors. Inhibitors for c-Met and RON including small molecular weigh kinase inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies are in pre-clinical investigation and clinical trials. Several of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors have activity against both c-Met and RON kinases whereas the antibodies generally are target specific. As with many targeted agents used to treat solid tumors, it is likely that c-Met/RON inhibitors will have greater benefit when used in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted agents. A careful analysis of c-Met/RON expression or activity and a better elucidation of how they influence cell signaling will be useful in predicting which tumors respond best to these inhibitors as well as determining which agents can be used with these inhibitors for combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics Program, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anand Karnad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics Program, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - James W Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics Program, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Research and Development, Audie Murphy Veterans Administration Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Splicing Regulators and Their Roles in Cancer Biology and Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:150514. [PMID: 26273588 PMCID: PMC4529883 DOI: 10.1155/2015/150514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing allows cells to expand the encoding potential of their genomes. In this elegant mechanism, a single gene can yield protein isoforms with even antagonistic functions depending on the cellular physiological context. Alterations in splicing regulatory factors activity in cancer cells, however, can generate an abnormal protein expression pattern that promotes growth, survival, and other processes, which are relevant to tumor biology. In this review, we discuss dysregulated alternative splicing events and regulatory factors that impact pathways related to cancer. The SR proteins and their regulatory kinases SRPKs and CLKs have been frequently found altered in tumors and are examined in more detail. Finally, perspectives that support splicing machinery as target for the development of novel anticancer therapies are discussed.
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35
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Batth IS, Yun H, Kumar AP. Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), more than a kinase: Role in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:937-46. [PMID: 26152593 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. It is natural for a hormone-driven malignancy such as prostate cancer that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) would be the preferred treatment for clinical disease management. However, after initial treatment response a vast majority of patients develop metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is fatal. While great headway has been made to understand the possible mechanisms that drive castrate-resistant disease, a bonafide cure remains elusive. Reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling partly contributes to the emergence of CRPC. Here we briefly examine some of the known mechanisms of AR reactivation including intratumoral synthesis of androgens, modulation of AR coregulators, and AR variants with constitutive activity as well as activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. We primarily focus on the emerging dual function of the receptor tyrosine kinase (recepteur d'origine nantais; RON) as a traditional tyrosine kinase and transcription factor. We further discuss activation of RON as an alternate mechanism in the development of CRPC and available therapeutic approaches for clinical management of CRPC by combined inhibition of RON and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Singh Batth
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huiyoung Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Addankl P Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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36
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MAYER SEBASTIAN, HIRSCHFELD MARC, JAEGER MARKUS, PIES SUSANNE, IBORRA SEVERINE, ERBES THALIA, STICKELER ELMAR. RON alternative splicing regulation in primary ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:423-30. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Watanabe H, Yokoyama Y, Kokuryo T, Ebata T, Igami T, Sugawara G, Mizuno T, Shimoyama Y, Nagino M. Prognostic Value of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Patients with Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22:2235-42. [PMID: 25586241 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an aggressive surgical approach to perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) has improved survival, a prognosis of advanced PHC remains unsatisfactory. The overexpression of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) and recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in some types of cancer. METHODS One hundred sixty-nine patients who underwent histologically curative resection for PHC were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for MET and RON. The association between a positive expression of MET or RON and clinicopathologic features as well as the patients' prognosis were analyzed. RESULTS There were 27 patients (16 %) who had a positive expression for both MET and RON. Although clinicopathologic features in the either MET- or RON-negative group were not significantly different compared to the both MET- and RON-positive group, the prognosis tended to be worse in the patients with both MET and RON positivity. When the analysis was limited to patients with advanced-stage disease (stage III and IVa), a multivariate analysis revealed that both MET and RON positivity and lymph node metastasis were identified as independent poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS The overall survival rate for patients with both MET and RON positivity was worse than that with either MET or RON negativity in patients with advanced PHC. The poor prognosis in these patients was not associated with unfavorable clinicopathologic features. The examination of MET and RON expression in PHC may enable a tailored method for patient classification that could not otherwise be achieved using the conventional pathologic classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Chao KL, Gorlatova NV, Eisenstein E, Herzberg O. Structural basis for the binding specificity of human Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON) receptor tyrosine kinase to macrophage-stimulating protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29948-60. [PMID: 25193665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand, serum macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), play important roles in inflammation, cell growth, migration, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition during tumor development. The binding of mature MSPαβ (disulfide-linked α- and β-chains) to RON ectodomain modulates receptor dimerization, followed by autophosphorylation of tyrosines in the cytoplasmic receptor kinase domains. Receptor recognition is mediated by binding of MSP β-chain (MSPβ) to the RON Sema. Here we report the structure of RON Sema-PSI-IPT1 (SPI1) domains in complex with MSPβ at 3.0 Å resolution. The MSPβ serine protease-like β-barrel uses the degenerate serine protease active site to recognize blades 2, 3, and 4 of the β-propeller fold of RON Sema. Despite the sequence homology between RON and MET receptor tyrosine kinase and between MSP and hepatocyte growth factor, it is well established that there is no cross-reactivity between the two receptor-ligand systems. Comparison of the structure of RON SPI1 in complex with MSPβ and that of MET receptor tyrosine kinase Sema-PSI in complex with hepatocyte growth factor β-chain reveals the receptor-ligand selectivity determinants. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies of the SPI1-MSPβ interaction confirm the formation of a 1:1 complex. SPI1 and MSPαβ also associate primarily as a 1:1 complex with a binding affinity similar to that of SPI1-MSPβ. In addition, the SPI1-MSPαβ ultracentrifuge studies reveal a low abundance 2:2 complex with ∼ 10-fold lower binding affinity compared with the 1:1 species. These results support the hypothesis that the α-chain of MSPαβ mediates RON dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinlin L Chao
- From the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and
| | - Natalia V Gorlatova
- From the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and
| | - Edward Eisenstein
- From the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and the Fischell Department of Bioengineering and
| | - Osnat Herzberg
- From the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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39
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RON (recepteur d’origine nantais) expression and its association with tumor progression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2014; 41:201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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40
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The RON receptor tyrosine kinase in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and its potential implications for future targeted therapies. Pancreas 2014; 43:183-9. [PMID: 24518495 PMCID: PMC4009395 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating disease with a mortality rate that has not changed substantially in decades. Novel therapies are therefore desperately needed. The RON receptor tyrosine kinase has been identified as an important mediator of KRAS oncogene addiction and is overexpressed in the majority of pancreatic cancers. Preclinical studies show that inhibition of RON function decreases pancreatic cancer cell migration, invasion, and survival and can sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapy. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding RON biology and pancreatic cancer and discusses its potential as a therapeutic target.
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41
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De Schutter T, Andrei G, Topalis D, Duraffour S, Mitera T, van den Oord J, Matthys P, Snoeck R. Reduced tumorigenicity and pathogenicity of cervical carcinoma SiHa cells selected for resistance to cidofovir. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:158. [PMID: 24325392 PMCID: PMC4029382 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insights into the mechanisms associated with chemotherapy-resistance are important for implementation of therapeutic strategies and for unraveling the mode of action of chemotherapeutics. Although cidofovir (CDV) has proven efficacious in the treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced proliferation, no studies concerning the development of resistance to CDV in HPV-positive tumor cells have been performed yet. Methods From the cervical carcinoma SiHa cells (SiHaparental), which are HPV-16 positive, cidofovir-resistant cells (SiHaCDV) were selected, and differential gene expression profiles were analyzed by means of microarrays. We examined in vitro phenotyping of resistant cells compared to parental cells as well as tumorigenicity and pathogenicity in a mouse-xenograft model. Results SiHaCDV had a resistant phenotype and a reduced growth both in vitro and in vivo. A markedly diminished inflammatory response (as measured by production of host- and tumor-derived cytokines and number of neutrophils and macrophages in spleen) was induced by SiHaCDV than by SiHaparental in the xenograft model. Gene expression profiling identified several genes with differential expression upon acquisition of CDV-resistance and pointed to a diminished induction of inflammatory response in SiHaCDV compared to SiHaparental. Conclusions Our results indicate that acquisition of resistance to cidofovir in SiHa cells is linked to reduced pathogenicity. The present study contributes to our understanding on the antiproliferative effects of CDV and on the mechanisms involved, the inflammatory response playing a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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42
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Moon H, Cho S, Loh TJ, Zhou J, Ghigna C, Biamonti G, Green MR, Zheng X, Shen H. A 2-nt RNA enhancer on exon 11 promotes exon 11 inclusion of the Ron proto-oncogene. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:450-5. [PMID: 24189591 PMCID: PMC4528306 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ron is a human receptor for the macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP). Exon 11 skipping of Ron pre-mRNA produces the RonΔ165 protein that has a deletion of a 49 amino acid region in the β-chain extracellular domain. RonΔ165 is constitutively active even in the absence of its ligand. Through stepwise deletion analysis, we identified a 2-nt RNA enhancer, which is located 74 nt upstream from the 5′ splice site of exon 11, for exon 11 inclusion. Through double-base and single-base substitution analysis of the 2-nt RNA, we demonstrated that the GA, CC, UG and AC dinucleotides on exon 11, in addition to the wild-type AG sequence, function as enhancers for exon 11 inclusion of the Ron pre-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heegyum Moon
- School of life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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43
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Smith LD, Lucas CM, Eperon IC. Intron retention in the alternatively spliced region of RON results from weak 3' splice site recognition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77208. [PMID: 24155930 PMCID: PMC3796505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The RON gene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor for macrophage-stimulating protein. A constitutively active isoform that arises by skipping of exon 11 is expressed in carcinomas and contributes to an invasive phenotype. However, a high proportion of the mRNA expressed from the endogenous gene, or from transfected minigenes, appears to retain introns 10 and 11. It is not known whether this represents specific repression or the presence of weak splicing signals. We have used chimeric pre-mRNAs spliced in vitro to investigate the reason for intron retention. A systematic test showed that, surprisingly, the exon sequences known to modulate exon 11 skipping were not limiting, but the 3’ splice site regions adjacent to exons 11 and 12 were too weak to support splicing when inserted into a globin intron. UV-crosslinking experiments showed binding of hnRNP F/H just 5’ of these regions, but the hnRNP F/H target sequences did not mediate inhibition. Instead, the failure of splicing is linked to weak binding of U2AF65, and spliceosome assembly stalls prior to formation of any of the ATP-dependent complexes. We discuss mechanisms by which U2AF65 binding is facilitated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M. Lucas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C. Eperon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Knockdown of RON receptor kinase delays but does not prevent tumor progression while enhancing HGF/MET signaling in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e76. [PMID: 24100611 PMCID: PMC3816215 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the role of RON (receptor originated from nantes) in tumor progression was further investigated in context with MET expression and activity. RON and MET expressions were not detected in an immortalized normal human pancreas cell line (HPNE), but were co-expressed in five of seven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines (PANC-1, BxPC-3, Capan-2, CFPAC-1 and AsPC-1). RON expression was knocked down by an shRNA approach in two PDAC cell lines (BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1) that co-express MET. Knockdown of RON significantly inhibited cell growth, clonogenicity and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), RON ligand induced invasion by in vitro assays and significantly inhibited tumor growth (P<0.001) and metastasis (P<0.009) in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model at week 7. However, by week 9, the mice implanted with RON knockdown cells had developed similar size primary tumors and metastases compared with that seen in the control group at week 7. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that MET remains highly expressed in cells and tumor tissues where RON was knocked down. Moreover, knockdown of RON did not prevent hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulated invasion in in vitro Matrigel assays. Treating cells with MSP induced the transphosphorylation of MET, suggesting that signaling may be modulated by relative levels of RON and MET receptors and their corresponding ligands. To this point, HGF treatment of RON knockdown cells caused an increase in intensity and duration of MET signaling, suggesting that MET signaling may compensate for loss of RON signaling. Treatment of cells with an MET inhibitor, PHA-665752, had minimal effects on inhibiting cell growth but significantly inhibited cell invasion induce by ligands for either MET or RON. These results suggest that HGF/MET signaling may have a more important role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis rather than in tumor cell proliferation. This study indicates that specific inhibition of RON delays but does not prevent progression of PDAC. Moreover, specific signaling may be modulated by the interaction of RON and MET receptors. This dynamic interaction of RON and MET in pancreatic cancer cells suggests that dual targeting of both RON and MET will be preferable to inhibition of either target alone.
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45
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Vasiliadou I, Holen I. The role of macrophages in bone metastasis. J Bone Oncol 2013; 2:158-66. [PMID: 26909287 PMCID: PMC4723381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is one of the most common sites of metastatic disease, affecting a large number of patients with advanced cancer. Although an increasing number of therapies are available for treatment of bone metastasis, this remains incurable, highlighting the need for better understanding of the underlying biology. Metastatic tumour spread to distant organs is a multistage process, involving not only cancer cells but also those of the surrounding host microenvironment. Tumour associated macrophages are multifunctional cells that contribute both to tumour development and response to treatment by regulating adaptive immunity, remodelling of stroma, mediating basement membrane breakdown and angiogenesis. Although direct evidence for a specific role of macrophages in bone metastasis is limited, their involvement in metastasis in general is well documented. In this review we provide an overview of role of macrophages in tumour progression, with particular emphasis on their potential role in bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigenia Vasiliadou
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/YCR Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/YCR Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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46
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Graveel CR, Tolbert D, Vande Woude GF. MET: a critical player in tumorigenesis and therapeutic target. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009209. [PMID: 23818496 PMCID: PMC3685898 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than 25 years ago, numerous studies have established that the MET receptor is unique among tyrosine kinases. Signaling through MET is necessary for normal development and for the progression of a wide range of human cancers. MET activation has been shown to drive numerous signaling pathways; however, it is not clear how MET signaling mediates diverse cellular responses such as motility, invasion, growth, and angiogenesis. Great strides have been made in understanding the pleotropic aspects of MET signaling using three-dimensional molecular structures, cell culture systems, human tumors, and animal models. These combined approaches have driven the development of MET-targeted therapeutics that have shown promising results in the clinic. Here we examine the unique features of MET and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) structure and signaling, mutational activation, genetic mouse models of MET and HGF/SF, and MET-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Graveel
- Molecular Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
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47
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Ron tyrosine kinase receptor synergises with EGFR to confer adverse features in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:482-92. [PMID: 23799848 PMCID: PMC3721396 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although EGFR inhibitors have shown some success in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), the results are not dramatic. Additional molecular targets are urgently needed. We previously showed that the loss of Ron receptor activity significantly slowed squamous tumour growth and progression in a murine model. Based on these data, we hypothesised that Ron expression confers an aggressive phenotype in HNSCCs. Methods: We prospectively collected and evaluated 154 snap-frozen, primary HNSCCs for Ron and EGFR expression/phosphorylation. Biomarker correlation with clinical, pathological and outcome data was performed. The biological responses of HNSCC cell lines to Ron knockdown, its activation and the biochemical interaction between Ron and EGFR were examined. Results: We discovered that 64.3% (99 out of 154) HNSCCs expressed Ron. The carcinomas expressed exclusively mature functional Ron, whereas the adjacent nonmalignant epithelium expressed predominantly nonfunctional Ron precursor. There was no significant association between Ron and sex, tumour differentiation, perineural/vascular invasion or staging. However, patients with Ron+HNSCC were significantly older and more likely to have oropharyngeal tumours. Ron+HNSCC also had significantly higher EGFR expression and correlated strongly with phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR). Newly diagnosed HNSCC with either Ron/pEGFR or both had lower disease-free survival than those without Ron and pEGFR. Knocking down Ron in SCC9 cells significantly blunted their migratory response to not only the Ron ligand, MSP, but also EGF. Stimulation of Ron in SCC9 cells significantly augmented the growth effect of EGF; the synergistic effect of both growth factors in SCC9 cells was dependent on Ron expression. Activated Ron also interacted with and transactivated EGFR. Conclusion: Ron synergises with EGFR to confer certain adverse features in HNSCCs.
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Lee KE, Park JS, Khoi PN, Joo YE, Lee YH, Jung YD. Upregulation of recepteur d'origine nantais tyrosine kinase and cell invasiveness via early growth response-1 in gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1217-23. [PMID: 22095683 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation and activation of the recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) has been implicated in carcinogenesis of epithelial tumors. RON expression was induced by the tumor promoter, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), in gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. Studies with deleted and site-directed mutagenesis of Egr-1 promoter and with expression vectors encoding Egr-1 confirmed that Egr-1 is essential for RON expression. In addition, AGS cells pretreated with PMA showed remarkably enhanced invasiveness, which was partially abrogated by siRNA-targeted RON and Egr-1. These results suggest that tumor promoter induces RON expression via Egr-1, which, in turn, stimulates cell invasiveness in AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko E Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
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Hughes K, Dobson J. Prognostic histopathological and molecular markers in feline mammary neoplasia. Vet J 2012; 194:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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MOON HEEGYUM, CHO SUNGHEE, YANG XIAOMING, ZHOU JIANHUA, LOH TIINGJEN, ZHENG XUEXIU, SHEN HAIHONG. Identification of novel splicing variants from RON proto-oncogene pre-mRNA. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2217-20. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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