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Harrison B. Update on sentinel node pathology in breast cancer. Semin Diagn Pathol 2022; 39:355-366. [PMID: 35803776 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic examination of the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in patients with breast cancer has been impacted by the publication of practicing changing trials over the last decade. With evidence from the ACOSOG Z0011 trial to suggest that there is no significant benefit to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in early-stage breast cancer patients with up to 2 positive SLNs, the rate of ALND, and in turn, intraoperative evaluation of SLNs has significantly decreased. It is of limited clinical significance to pursue multiple levels and cytokeratin immunohistochemistry to detect occult small metastases, such as isolated tumor cells and micrometastases, in this setting. Patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy, who represent a population with more extensive disease and aggressive tumor biology, were not included in Z0011 and similar trials, and thus, the evidence cannot be extrapolated to them. Recent trials have supported the safety and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in these patients when clinically node negative at the time of surgery. ALND remains the standard of care for any amount of residual disease in the SLNs and intraoperative evaluation of SLNs is still of value for real time surgical decision making. Given the potential prognostic significance of residual small metastases in treated lymph nodes, as well as the decreased false negative rate with the use of cytokeratin immunohistochemistry (IHC), it may be reasonable to maintain a low threshold for the use of cytokeratin IHC in post-neoadjuvant cases. Further recommendations for patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy await outcomes data from ongoing clinical trials. This review will provide an evidence-based discussion of best practices in SLN evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Harrison
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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Tamminen A, Meretoja T, Koskivuo I. Oncological Safety of Skin-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction in Extensive Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. J Surg Res 2022; 279:25-32. [PMID: 35717793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with immediate breast reconstruction is the ideal treatment for interested and suitable patients with extensive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). There is no guideline to indicate on how large DCIS the procedure can be performed safely. The primary target of this study was to define the oncological safety of SSM in extensive pure DCIS. The secondary target was to find predictive factors for DCIS upstaging to invasive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 71 consecutive patients with extensive pure DCIS and undergoing SSM with immediate latissimus dorsi (LD) breast reconstruction were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS The median size of DCIS lesion in preoperative imaging was 60 mm, the median weight of mastectomy specimen was 350 g, and the median resection margin (RM) was 2.0 mm. A total of 20 patients (28%) had an RM less than 0.5 mm and nine patients (13%) had ink positive margins. Six patients having positive RM underwent reoperation. A total of 29 patients (41%) presented invasive cancer foci in final histopathological assessment and nine patients (13%) had an axillary metastasis. Adjuvant therapy was given to 23 patients presenting invasive cancer. There were no local recurrences or distant metastases (0%, 95% confidence interval 0-0.051) during the mean follow-up of 71 mo. None of the factors evaluated predicted upstaging to invasive disease. CONCLUSIONS SSM with immediate breast reconstruction in patients with extensive DCIS is oncologically safe even when the margins are close or positive. Additional invasive foci and solitary axillary lymph node metastases are frequent but do not worsen the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Tamminen
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Tuomo Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Koskivuo
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Mukhtar RA, Brabham CE, Guo R, Abel MK, Wong J, Ewing C, Esserman LJ, Alvarado M. Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: Factors associated with false negatives. Breast J 2021; 27:406-408. [PMID: 33486856 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Mukhtar
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Case E Brabham
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruby Guo
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Kathryn Abel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Wong
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl Ewing
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Esserman
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Alvarado
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Chen SB, Liu DT, Huang SJ, Weng HR, Wang G, Li H, Chen YP. Prognostic value of occult lymph node metastases in patients with completely resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22007. [PMID: 33319855 PMCID: PMC7738517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the prognostic value of occult lymph node metastases (OLNMs) in patients with pathologically lymph node negative (pN0) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). OLNMs were detected in 516 pN0 ESCC patients by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between the clinicopathological features and OLNM, and the prognostic value of OLNM was explored. Eighty-eight patients (17.1%) had OLNMs, including 37 patients with isolated tumor cells (ITCs), 49 patients with micrometastases, and 2 patients with macrometastases (> 2 mm). The OLNM-positive group had poorer differentiation and a more advanced pT category. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival for patients with OLNMs were significantly worse than those of IHC-negative patients (P < 0.001), but similar to those of the pN1 patients (P > 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that OLNM was an independent prognostic factor. In subgroup analyses, the IHC-negative patients had significant survival advantages compared with the ITC group and the micrometastasis group, whereas the survival for the ITC group was similar to that of the micrometastasis group. IHC staining in pN0 ESCC patients might help to identify patients at high risk of death after resection, and ITCs in the lymph nodes appear to have a prognostic value equal to that of micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Bin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Di-Tian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Jie Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shantou Hospital Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Rui Weng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Ping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China.
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Chocteau F, Abadie J, Loussouarn D, Nguyen F. Proposal for a Histological Staging System of Mammary Carcinomas in Dogs and Cats. Part 1: Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:388. [PMID: 31788485 PMCID: PMC6854021 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Staging of mammary carcinomas of dogs and cats is not only important for prognostic purposes, but also to guide therapy, in particular regarding adjuvant chemotherapy. The classical staging system relies on T, the clinical tumor size, N, the clinical nodal stage, and M, distant metastasis, evaluated by the clinician. However, a more precise and reliable staging system is applied to human stage I–III breast cancer, i.e., without distant metastasis, in which T is replaced by the pathologic tumor size (pT), and N is replaced by the pathologic nodal stage (pN), both evaluated by the pathologist. This staging system is strongly associated with patient outcomes, and is used to select treatment options. The purpose of this study was to design a histologic staging system for Canine Mammary Carcinomas (CMCs, part 1 of this article), and Feline Mammary Carcinomas (part 2), inspired from human oncology, and to assess its association with patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 433 female dogs with a surgically removed CMC. Patient outcomes were recorded over a 2-years follow up period. CMCs were staged according to pT (greatest diameter in millimeters on histological slides), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and pN (confirmed by cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunohistochemistry). The histological stages were defined as: Stage 0 (CMCs in situ, surrounded by a continuous layer of p63+ myoepithelial cells), Stage I (pT1 ≤ 20 mm, LVI–, pN0–pNX, where pNX refers to the absence of lymph node sample), Stage II (pT2 > 20 mm, LVI–, pN0–pNX), Stage IIIA (pT1, LVI+, and/or pN+), and Stage IIIB (pT2, LVI+, and/or pN+). Results: Disease-free-interval, overall survival and specific survival significantly differed by histological stage. For specific survival, median survival times and hazard ratios (HR) by Cox proportional hazards regression (p < 0.0001) were: Stage 0 (median survival not reached; HR = 1.00; N = 89; 21% of the dogs), Stage I (1,720 days; HR = 3.05; p = 0.0018; N = 81; 19%), Stage II (1,181 days; HR = 4.39; p < 0.0001; N = 79; 18%), Stage IIIA (348 days; HR = 10.59; p < 0.0001; N = 79; 18%), and Stage IIIB (163 days; HR = 16.59; p < 0.0001; N = 105; 24%). Conclusion: The proposed histological staging system (invasiveness, pT, LVI, pN) is a very strong prognostic factor for CMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chocteau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes/Angers, Nantes, France
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Chocteau F, Boulay MM, Besnard F, Valeau G, Loussouarn D, Nguyen F. Proposal for a Histological Staging System of Mammary Carcinomas in Dogs and Cats. Part 2: Feline Mammary Carcinomas. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:387. [PMID: 31788484 PMCID: PMC6856636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) are characterized by a high frequency of metastatic spread. The clinical TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system is used to describe local, regional, and distant tumor extent within the patient, but few publications confirmed its association with survival in cats with FMC. The purpose of this study was to determine if the histological staging system proposed for dogs in part 1 of this article had significant association with prognosis in cats. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 395 female cats with a surgically removed mammary carcinoma, with a 2-year follow-up. Invasiveness (distinction between in situ and invasive FMCs), the pathologic tumor size (pT), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and the pathologic nodal stage (pN) defined a 5-stage system: Stage 0 (FMCs in situ), Stage I (pT1, LVI–, pN0–pNX), Stage II (pT2, LVI–, pN0–pNX), Stage IIIA (pT1, LVI+ and/or pN+), and Stage IIIB (pT2, LVI+ and/or pN+), where pT1 was ≤20 mm, pT2 was >20 mm, and pNX corresponded to unsampled draining lymph node. Results: Higher histological stages were associated with reduced disease-free interval, overall survival, and specific survival. For cancer-specific survival, by univariate analysis (p < 0.0001), median survival times and 1-year specific survival rates (1ySSR) were: stage 0 (1484 days; 1ySSR = 85%; N = 55; 14% of the cats), stage I (808 days; 1ySSR = 76%; N = 103; 26%), stage II (377 days; 1ySSR = 51%; N = 56; 14%), stage IIIA (448 days; 1ySSR = 60%; N = 83; 21%), and stage IIIB (207 days; 1ySSR = 29%; N = 98; 25%). The histological stages were also associated with specific survival by multivariate analysis (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 2.72 for stage IIIB, HR = 1.76 for stage IIIA, HR = 1.50 for stage II compared with stage I), independently of Progesterone Receptor expression (HR = 0.34 for PR+ compared with PR– FMCs) and tumor-associated inflammation (HR = 1.33 when moderate to severe compared with absent to mild). Conclusion: A same histological staging system could be applied in dogs and cats with mammary carcinoma to refine prognosis assessment. In the near future, a preoperative complete tumor clinical staging and treatment based on the published standard of care should be performed in order to better validate the histological staging system here proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chocteau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Mélanie Boulay
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Fanny Besnard
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Germain Valeau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes/Angers, Nantes, France
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Mamtani A, Zabor EC, Stempel M, Morrow M. Lobular Histology Does Not Predict the Need for Axillary Dissection Among ACOSOG Z0011-Eligible Breast Cancers. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:3269-3274. [PMID: 31342363 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 trial demonstrated that axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) may be omitted for women with two or fewer positive sentinel nodes (SLNs) undergoing breast-conservation therapy (BCT). Lobular histology comprises a minority of patients, and applicability to these discohesive cancers has been questioned. METHODS From August 2010 to March 2017, patients undergoing BCT for cT1-2N0 cancer with positive SLNs were prospectively managed with ALND for three or more positive SLNs or gross extracapsular extension (ECE). In this study, clinicopathologic characteristics and nodal burden were compared between pure/mixed invasive lobular cancer (ILC) and invasive ductal cancer (IDC) patients. RESULTS Among 813 consecutive patients, 104 (12.8%) had ILC and 709 (87.2%) had IDC. ILC was more often multifocal and low grade, and less frequently had lymphovascular invasion (all p < 0.001). ILC more often had SLN macrometastases (81.7% ILC vs. 69.4% IDC; p = 0.01) and more than 2 mm of ECE (30.8% ILC vs. 19.5% IDC; p = 0.03), but the proportions of cases with three or more positive SLNs were similar in the two groups (14.4% ILC vs. 9.9% IDC; p = 0.2). The ALND procedure was performed for 20 ILC patients (19.2%) compared with 97 IDC patients (13.7%) (p = 0.2). Additional positive nodes were found in 80% of the ILC patients versus 56.7% of the IDC patients (p = 0.09). The ALND and nodal burden rates were similar in the estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) subset analysis. In the multivariable analysis, lobular histology (p = 0.03) and larger tumors (p = 0.03) were associated with additional positive nodes. During a median follow-up period of 42 months, there were no isolated axillary recurrences. CONCLUSIONS Despite a higher proportion of SLN macrometastases and association with more positive nodes at ALND, lobular histology does not predict the need for ALND. ALND is not indicated on the basis of histology among patients otherwise meeting Z0011 criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mamtani
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Emily C Zabor
- Biostatistics Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Stempel
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Monica Morrow
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Park KU, Caudle A. Management of the Axilla in the Patient with Breast Cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2018; 98:747-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common type of breast cancer, with a unique pathogenesis and distinct clinical biology. ILCs display a characteristic loss of E-cadherin, are largely estrogen receptor positive, HER2 negative, and low to intermediate grade. These features portend a favorable prognosis, but there is a tendency for late recurrences and atypical metastases. ILCs tend to be insidious and infiltrative, which can pose a challenge for diagnosis, and emerging data suggest they may have a propensity for a differing response to standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mamtani
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tari A King
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston MA 02215, USA; Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Zhao S, Ma D, Xiao Y, Jiang YZ, Shao ZM. Clinicopathologic features and prognoses of different histologic types of triple-negative breast cancer: A large population-based analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018; 44:420-428. [PMID: 29429597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes of different histologic types of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS We used the SEER database to identify patients with TNBC diagnosed between 2010 and 2014. Our analysis focused on the seven most prevalent histologic types. Differences were compared between invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) and the other six types. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in age at diagnosis, tumor grade, size, nodal status and treatment. As tumor size increased, the number of positive lymph nodes increased markedly in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and mixed NST and lobular carcinoma (NST-ILC), while in metaplastic carcinoma the number only increased slightly. In multivariate survival analyses, compared with patients with invasive carcinoma NST, breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) were worse for those with NST-ILC (BCSS: hazard ratio [HR] 1.81, P < .001; OS: HR 1.56, P = .005) or metaplastic carcinoma (BCSS: HR 1.95, P < .001; OS: HR 1.73, P < .001). By contrast, patients with medullary (HR 0.40, P = .010) or apocrine carcinoma (HR 0.27, P = .008) showed better BCSS. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses indicated that T category in ILC and N category in metaplastic carcinoma were of less prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS According to the histologic classification of TNBC, this heterogeneous disease can be divided into several entities with different clinicopathologic features and prognoses. In the era of molecular subtyping of breast cancer, the histologic classification of TNBC is still of considerable clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, PR China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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He KW, Sun JJ, Liu ZB, Zhuo PY, Ma QH, Liu ZY, Yu ZY. Prognostic significance of lymphatic vessel invasion diagnosed by D2-40 in Chinese invasive breast cancers. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8490. [PMID: 29095309 PMCID: PMC5682828 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) is promising in determining prognosis and treatment strategies, but the application of LVI as a histopathological criterion in breast cancer patients especially those of different subgroups is controversial. This research aims to evaluate the prognostic value of LVI assessed by D2-40 not only in patients with early invasive breast cancer but also in lymph node-negative, lymph node-positive, luminal A-like, luminal B-like, HER2-enriched, and triple-negative subgroups.The study cohort included 255 patients with a median follow-up of 101 months. Immunohistochemical staining for D2-40 was performed to identify LVI.LVI was present in 64 (25.1%), 15 (12.1%), 49 (37.4%), 19 (20.9%), 23 (27.7%), 13 (31.7%), and 9 (22.5%), respectively, in the whole cohort, lymph node-negative, lymph node-positive, luminal A-like, luminal B-like, HER2-enriched, and triple-negative patients. LVI was associated with large tumor size (P = .04), high histological grade (P = .004), involved lymph node (P < .001), and high expression of Ki-67 (P = .003). No significant difference was found among patients with different subtypes and LVI status. The presence of LVI was significantly associated with adverse disease-free survival in the whole cohort (P < .001), lymph node-negative (P < .001), lymph node-positive (P < .001), luminal A-like (P < .001), and luminal B-like patients (P < .001) in both of the univariate and multivariate survival analysis.This study indicated that the presence of LVI stained by D2-40 provided independent prognostic information not only in the whole cohort but also in the subgroup of patients with lymph node-negative, lymph node-positive, luminal A-like, and luminal B-like diseases, which may make a case for routine clinical assessment of LVI using D2-40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wen He
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan
| | - Ju-Jie Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan
| | - Zai-Bo Liu
- Department of Surgery, Haiyang People's Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Pei-Ying Zhuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan
| | - Qing-Hua Ma
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan
| | - Zhao-Yun Liu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan
| | - Zhi-Yong Yu
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan
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Di Filippo F, Di Filippo S, Ferrari AM, Antonetti R, Battaglia A, Becherini F, Bernet L, Boldorini R, Bouteille C, Buglioni S, Burelli P, Cano R, Canzonieri V, Chiodera P, Cirilli A, Coppola L, Drago S, Di Tommaso L, Fenaroli P, Franchini R, Gianatti A, Giannarelli D, Giardina C, Godey F, Grassi MM, Grassi GB, Laws S, Massarut S, Naccarato G, Natalicchio MI, Orefice S, Palmieri F, Perin T, Roncella M, Roncalli MG, Rulli A, Sidoni A, Tinterri C, Truglia MC, Sperduti I. Elaboration of a nomogram to predict nonsentinel node status in breast cancer patients with positive sentinel node, intraoperatively assessed with one step nucleic amplification: Retrospective and validation phase. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:193. [PMID: 27931238 PMCID: PMC5146809 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy results in a risk of non sentinel node metastases in micro- and macro-metastases ranging from 20 to 50%, respectively. Therefore, most patients underwent unnecessary axillary lymph node dissections. We have previously developed a mathematical model for predicting patient-specific risk of non sentinel node (NSN) metastases based on 2460 patients. The study reports the results of the validation phase where a total of 1945 patients were enrolled, aimed at identifying a tool that gives the possibility to the surgeon to choose intraoperatively whether to perform or not axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). METHODS The following parameters were recorded: Clinical: hospital, age, medical record number; Bio pathological: Tumor (T) size stratified in quartiles, grading (G), histologic type, lymphatic/vascular invasion (LVI), ER-PR status, Ki 67, molecular classification (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER-2 Like, Triple negative); Sentinel and non-sentinel node related: Number of NSNs removed, number of positive NSNs, cytokeratin 19 (CK19) mRNA copy number of positive sentinel nodes stratified in quartiles. A total of 1945 patients were included in the database. All patient data were provided by the authors of this paper. RESULTS The discrimination of the model quantified with the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC), was 0.65 and 0.71 in the validation and retrospective phase, respectively. The calibration determines the distance between predicted outcome and actual outcome. The mean difference between predicted/observed was 2.3 and 6.3% in the retrospective and in the validation phase, respectively. The two values are quite similar and as a result we can conclude that the nomogram effectiveness was validated. Moreover, the ROC curve identified in the risk category of 31% of positive NSNs, the best compromise between false negative and positive rates i.e. when ALND is unnecessary (<31%) or recommended (>31%). CONCLUSIONS The results of the study confirm that OSNA nomogram may help surgeons make an intraoperative decision on whether to perform ALND or not in case of positive sentinel nodes, and the patient to accept this decision based on a reliable estimation on the true percentage of NSN involvement. The use of this nomogram achieves two main gools: 1) the choice of the right treatment during the operation, 2) to avoid for the patient a second surgery procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Di Filippo
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simonetta Buglioni
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rafael Cano
- Hospital Universitario de La Ribera, Alzira, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Franchini
- Azienda Ospedaliera “Maggiore della Carità” di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Diana Giannarelli
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Siobhan Laws
- Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, England, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Isabella Sperduti
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Mastrangelo S, McMasters K, Ajkay N. Article Commentary: Surgical Management of the Axilla in Breast Cancer. Am Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481608200606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This article offers a review of the literature on current surgical management of the axilla in breast cancer. This includes the decision-making process involved in clinically node-negative patients versus clinically node-positive patients, with discussion of the indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary dissection. It also examines the surgical axillary management of patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This article will help update practicing surgeons on the evolving research and guidelines for the management of breast cancer axillary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mastrangelo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, the Hiram C. Polk, Jr., M.D. Department of Surgery and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kelly McMasters
- Division of Surgical Oncology, the Hiram C. Polk, Jr., M.D. Department of Surgery and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nicolas Ajkay
- Division of Surgical Oncology, the Hiram C. Polk, Jr., M.D. Department of Surgery and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Karahallı Ö, Acar T, Atahan MK, Acar N, Hacıyanlı M, Kamer KE. Clinical and Pathological Factors Affecting the Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Breast Cancer. Indian J Surg 2016; 79:418-422. [PMID: 29089701 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-016-1500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become the routine procedure in axilla-negative breast cancer patients at most medical centers for axillary staging and local control in the recent years. Sentinel lymph node is the only focus in axillary lymph metastasis in a large portion of patients. In our trial, we investigated the clinical and pathological factors that affect the positive status of sentinel lymph node. We included 89 patients, who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with methylene blue and/or technetium-99 m Sulphur Colloid due to early-stage breast cancer. Five patients, in whom SLN was not detected and who underwent axillary dissection, were excluded from the trial. The patient age, location of the tumor, the type of the tumor, the T stage by the TNM staging system, the histological grade and type of the tumor, the status of multifocality, the lymphovascular invasion status of the tumor, and the ER, PR, and HER-neu2 status were recorded. The median age of the 89 patients was 52, 9 (±10) years. Fifty-seven (64 %) and 32 (36 %) of the 89 patients were detected to have positive and negative SLN, respectively. Assessing the SLNB positivity and the patient age, tumor size, tumor grade, multifocality, tumor localization, the T stage by the TNM staging, the ER/PR positivity/negativity, and the HER/neu2 and p53 status, the data revealed no statistically significant results with respect to SLN metastasis. The lymphovascular invasion status (LVI) was observed to statistically affect the SLN positivity (p < 0.016). We showed that LVI could be an important marker in predicting the SLN positivity in patients with axilla-negative early-stage breast cancer. In the future, upon introduction of new biomarkers and with relevant studies, it may be possible to predict the SLNB status of patients at an adequately high accuracy and a low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Karahallı
- General Surgery Clinic, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 172. Sokak no: 3 Daire: 3 Basın Sitesi, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Turan Acar
- General Surgery Clinic, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 172. Sokak no: 3 Daire: 3 Basın Sitesi, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Kemal Atahan
- General Surgery Clinic, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 172. Sokak no: 3 Daire: 3 Basın Sitesi, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nihan Acar
- General Surgery Clinic, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 172. Sokak no: 3 Daire: 3 Basın Sitesi, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hacıyanlı
- General Surgery Clinic, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 172. Sokak no: 3 Daire: 3 Basın Sitesi, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Erdinç Kamer
- General Surgery Clinic, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 172. Sokak no: 3 Daire: 3 Basın Sitesi, İzmir, Turkey
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Liikanen J, Leidenius M, Joensuu H, Vironen J, Heikkilä P, Meretoja T. Breast cancer prognosis and isolated tumor cell findings in axillary lymph nodes after core needle biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology: Biopsy method and breast cancer outcome. Eur J Surg Oncol 2015; 42:64-70. [PMID: 26427542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2015.08.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether performing a core needle biopsy (CNB) to diagnose breast cancer increases the incidence of isolated tumor cells (ITC) in the axillary sentinel lymph nodes. METHODS Patients diagnosed with unilateral invasive pT1 breast cancer (≤2 cm in diameter, n = 1525) at a single center between February 2001 and August 2005 were included in this prospective observational cohort study. The patients were categorized into two groups according to the type of the preoperative breast needle biopsy performed, the CNB and the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) groups, and followed up for a median of 9.5 years after breast surgery. RESULTS 868 (56.9%) patients had FNAC and 657 (43.2%) CNB. In the subset of patients with no axillary metastases (pN0, n = 1005) 70 patients had ITC, 37 (4.3%) out of the 546 patients in FNAC group and 33 (5.0%) out of the 459 patients in the CNB group (p = 0.798). The type of tumor biopsy did not influence breast cancer-specific survival (p = 0.461) or local recurrence-free survival (p = 0.814) in univariable survival analyses. Overall, survival favored the CNB group in a univariable analysis, but no difference in survival emerged in a multivariable analysis (p = 0.718). CONCLUSIONS CNB was not associated with a greater incidence of ITC in axillary lymph nodes as compared with FNAC, and did not have an adverse effect on survival outcomes in a patient population treated with modern adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liikanen
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, P.O. Box 263, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland.
| | - M Leidenius
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, P.O. Box 263, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland.
| | - H Joensuu
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, P.O. Box 180, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - J Vironen
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Jorvi Hospital, Breast Surgery Unit, P.O. Box 800, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland.
| | - P Heikkilä
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Pathology, P.O. Box 400, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland.
| | - T Meretoja
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, P.O. Box 263, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland.
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Tissue invasion and metastasis: Molecular, biological and clinical perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S244-S275. [PMID: 25865774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a key health issue across the world, causing substantial patient morbidity and mortality. Patient prognosis is tightly linked with metastatic dissemination of the disease to distant sites, with metastatic diseases accounting for a vast percentage of cancer patient mortality. While advances in this area have been made, the process of cancer metastasis and the factors governing cancer spread and establishment at secondary locations is still poorly understood. The current article summarizes recent progress in this area of research, both in the understanding of the underlying biological processes and in the therapeutic strategies for the management of metastasis. This review lists the disruption of E-cadherin and tight junctions, key signaling pathways, including urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (PI3K/AKT), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), β-catenin/zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), together with inactivation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity as key targets and the use of phytochemicals, or natural products, such as those from Agaricus blazei, Albatrellus confluens, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos and Silybum marianum, together with diet derived fatty acids gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and inhibitory compounds as useful approaches to target tissue invasion and metastasis as well as other hallmark areas of cancer. Together, these strategies could represent new, inexpensive, low toxicity strategies to aid in the management of cancer metastasis as well as having holistic effects against other cancer hallmarks.
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Mittendorf EA, Ballman KV, McCall LM, Yi M, Sahin AA, Bedrosian I, Hansen N, Gabram S, Hurd T, Giuliano AE, Hunt KK. Evaluation of the stage IB designation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014; 33:1119-27. [PMID: 25488970 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for breast cancer differentiates patients with T1 tumors and lymph node micrometastases (stage IB) from patients with T1 tumors and negative nodes (stage IA). This study was undertaken to determine the utility of the stage IB designation. PATIENTS AND METHODS The following two cohorts of patients with breast cancer were identified: 3,474 patients treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1993 to 2007 and 4,590 patients from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0010 trial. Clinicopathologic and outcomes data were recorded, and disease was staged according to the seventh edition AJCC staging system. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS Median follow-up times were 6.1 years and 9.0 years for the MD Anderson Cancer Center and ACOSOG cohorts, respectively. In both cohorts, there were no significant differences between patients with stage IA and stage IB disease in 5- or 10-year RFS, DSS, or OS. Estrogen receptor (ER) status and grade significantly stratified patients with stage I disease with respect to RFS, DSS, and OS. CONCLUSION Among patients with T1 breast cancer, individuals with micrometastases and those with negative nodes have similar survival outcomes. ER status and grade are better discriminants of survival than the presence of small-volume nodal metastases. In preparing the next edition of the AJCC staging system, consideration should be given to eliminating the stage IB designation and incorporating biologic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Karla V Ballman
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Linda M McCall
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Min Yi
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Isabelle Bedrosian
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nora Hansen
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sheryl Gabram
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thelma Hurd
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Min Yi, Aysegul A. Sahin, Isabelle Bedrosian, and Kelly K. Hunt, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Thelma Hurd, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Karla V. Ballman, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Linda M. McCall, Duke University, Durham, NC; Nora Hansen, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Sheryl Gabram, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Armando E. Giuliano, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Mohammed RAA, Menon S, Martin SG, Green AR, Paish EC, Ellis IO. Prognostic significance of lymphatic invasion in lymph node-positive breast carcinoma: findings from a large case series with long-term follow-up using immunohistochemical endothelial marker. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1568-77. [PMID: 24762542 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The poor prognostic significance of lymphatic invasion (LI) in breast carcinoma (BC) as a whole and in lymph node (LN)-negative patients in particular has been recognized in several studies; however, its prognostic role in LN-positive patients is still questionable. Aim of the current study was to assess prognostic role of LI in LN-positive BC specimens. Sections from non-selected 557 LN-positive BC specimens were stained with antibody to podoplanin/D2-40. LI was identified and correlated with clinicopathological features and patients' outcome. Twenty-year overall survival (OS), disease-free interval (DFI), and development of distant metastasis (DM) or recurrence were known for all patients. LI was detected in 262/557 (47%) of specimens ranging from 1 to 350 lesion per tumor section. Its presence was associated with higher grade tumors (P<0.0001), negative hormonal receptors (P<0.0001), high HER-2 expression (P=0.006), and with increased number of positive LNs (P=0.019). In the whole LN-positive BC, presence of LI was a poor prognostic factor for OS, DFI, and development of DM both in univariate and in multivariate analysis. In further stratification of patients, LI was associated with poorer prognosis in patients with single positive LN and not in patients with >1 positive LN. In T1N1 stage, LI was highly associated with poor OS (P=0.002), DFI (P<0.0001), and DM (P<0.0001). In T2N1 patients, LI was associated only with poorer DFI (P=0.037) but not with death or DM. In the two former patient groups, LI lost significance in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, LI is a poor prognostic factor in LN-positive BC particularly for patients having single positive LN. LI therefore would add further prognostic significance when considered in treatment in those patients. We recommend incorporation of LI in breast carcinoma staging and in prognostic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab A A Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sindhu Menon
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Department of Histopathology, University of Nottingham, University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emma C Paish
- Department of Histopathology, University of Nottingham, University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Histopathology, University of Nottingham, University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
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Caudle AS, Kuerer HM, Le-Petross HT, Yang W, Yi M, Bedrosian I, Krishnamurthy S, Fornage BD, Hunt KK, Mittendorf EA. Predicting the extent of nodal disease in early-stage breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3440-7. [PMID: 24859939 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of regional nodal ultrasound (US) has been questioned since publication of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 data. The goal of this study was to determine if imaging and clinicopathologic features could predict the extent of axillary nodal involvement in breast cancer. STUDY DESIGN Patients with T1-T2 tumors who underwent regional nodal US and axillary lymph node dissection from 2002 to 2012 were identified from a prospective database excluding those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients whose metastases were identified by US confirmed by needle biopsy were compared with those identified by sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) after a negative US. RESULTS Metastases were identified by US in 190 patients, and by SLND in 518 patients. SLND patients had fewer positive nodes (2.2 vs. 4.1; p < 0.0001), smaller metastases (5.3 vs. 13.8 mm; p < 0.0001), and a lower incidence of extranodal extension (24 vs. 53 %; p < 0.0001) than the US group. Even when US identified ≤2 abnormal nodes, patients were still more likely to have ≥3 positive nodes (45 %) than SLND patients (19 %; p < 0.001). After adjusting for tumor size, receptor status, and histology, multivariate analysis revealed that metastases identified by US [odds ratio (OR) 4.01; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.75-5.84] and lobular histology (OR 1.77; 95 % CI 1.06-2.95) predicted having ≥3 positive nodes. CONCLUSIONS Imaging and clinicopathologic features can be used to predict the extent of nodal involvement. Patients with US-detected metastases, even if small volume, have a higher burden of nodal involvement than patients with SLND-detected metastases and may not be comparable with patients in the ACOSOG Z0011 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Caudle
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,
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Tseng HS, Chen LS, Kuo SJ, Chen ST, Wang YF, Chen DR. Tumor characteristics of breast cancer in predicting axillary lymph node metastasis. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1155-61. [PMID: 24998473 PMCID: PMC4099209 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor characteristics was sought to be related to axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM), the paramount prognostic factor in patients with invasive breast cancer. This study was aimed to identify the ALNM-associated tumor characteristics and to determine the predictive clinical pathway. Material/Methods Data from 1325 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between January 2004 and January 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The structure equation model (SEM) was used to build the predictive clinical pathway. Results Among the factors found in the final model, the status of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 is the primary influence on ALNM through histology grade (β=0.18), followed by tumor size (β=0.16). Tumor size was highly relevant to lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and influenced ALNM through LVI (β=0.26), the strongest predictor of ALNM in the final model (β=0.46) and the highest risk of ALNM (odds ratio=9.282; 95% confidence interval: 7.218–11.936). Conclusions The structure equation model presented the relation of these important predictors, and might help physicians to assess axillary nodal condition and appropriate surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Shun Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sheng Chen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Jen Kuo
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Tung Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Ren Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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Tille JC, Loubeyre P, Bodmer A, Jannot Berthier AS, Rozenholc A, Tabouret-Viaud C, Monnier S, Castiglione M. Isolated tumor cells in sentinel lymph nodes of invasive breast cancer: cell displacement or metastasis? Breast J 2014; 20:502-7. [PMID: 24979547 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether the presence of isolated tumoral cells (ITCs) in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) after core needle biopsy (CNB) is related to the time interval between CNB and surgery and to histopathologic features of invasive breast cancer. Data from 633 consecutive patients with no micrometastasis or metastasis on both frozen sections and definitive pathologic examination of SLNs were retrieved from a prospective data base. No association was found between ITCs and the time interval between CNB and SLNB. The association was significant with tumor size, the tumor lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and the histologic type of the tumor. This study adds supplementary data to the association between tumoral LVI and ITCs in SLNs, The time interval between CNB procedure and SLNB was not related to affect presence of ITCs, which might not suggest the iatrogenic origin of these cells.
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Wu JL, Tseng HS, Yang LH, Wu HK, Kuo SJ, Chen ST, Chen DR. Prediction of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients based on pathologic information of the primary tumor. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:577-81. [PMID: 24714517 PMCID: PMC3989944 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axillary lymph nodes (ALN) are the most commonly involved site of disease in breast cancer that has spread outside the primary lesion. Although sentinel node biopsy is a reliable way to manage ALN, there are still no good methods of predicting ALN status before surgery. Since morbidity in breast cancer surgery is predominantly related to ALN dissection, predictive models for lymph node involvement may provide a way to alert the surgeon in subgroups of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 1325 invasive breast cancer patients were analyzed using tumor biological parameters that included age, tumor size, grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, lymphovascular invasion, and HER2, to test their ability to predict ALN involvement. A support vector machine (SVM) was used as a classification model. The SVM is a machine-learning system developed using statistical learning theories to classify data points into 2 classes. Notably, SVM models have been applied in bioinformatics. RESULTS The SVM model correctly predicted ALN metastases in 74.7% of patients using tumor biological parameters. The predictive ability of luminal A, luminal B, triple negative, and HER2 subtypes using subgroup analysis showed no difference, and this predictive performance was inferior, with only 60% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS With an SVM model based on clinical pathologic parameters obtained in the primary tumor, it is possible to predict ALN status in order to alert the surgeon about breast cancer counseling and in decision-making for ALN management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Wu
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Shun Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Yang
- Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hwa-Koon Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Jen Kuo
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Tung Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Ren Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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Mittendorf EA, King TA. Incorporating the Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 Trial into Clinical Practice. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-013-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shah-Khan M, Boughey JC. Evolution of axillary nodal staging in breast cancer: clinical implications of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial. Cancer Control 2013; 19:267-76. [PMID: 23037494 DOI: 10.1177/107327481201900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of the axilla in breast cancer patients has evolved from routine axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for all patients to a highly selective approach based on the assessment of the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) as well as tumor and patient characteristics. Although ALND continues to have an important role in staging and regional control for many breast cancer patients, recent trial results question the need for routine ALND in patients who have positive SLNs. METHODS Not all axillary disease becomes clinically detectable or relevant with respect to recurrence and survival. Therefore, recent trends indicate that many surgeons have omitted ALND in subgroups of patients, particularly those with clinically node-negative, SLN-positive, early-stage breast cancer undergoing breast-conserving therapy with postoperative irradiation. This review explores trends in axillary management, focusing primarily on the clinical implications of the results from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 randomized controlled trial. RESULTS According to the results of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial, the use of SLN dissection alone did not result in inferior survival compared with ALND in patients with limited SLN disease treated with breast-conserving therapy. This subgroup of women was spared the morbidity associated with ALND. However, several points of debate, including the smaller than anticipated sample size, the older study population, and the length of follow-up, suggest caution when applying these findings to all women with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Although the findings of ACOSOG Z0011 are impressive, in clinical practice they are applicable to a limited number of women with breast cancer: those with T1-2 primary tumors with clinically negative axilla and 1 to 2 positive SLNs undergoing breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant whole-breast irradiation. The next generation of clinical trials may answer some of the remaining questions regarding how best to manage the axilla in additional subsets of patients undergoing treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miraj Shah-Khan
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Bayo E, Herruzo I, Arenas M, Algara M. Consensus on the regional lymph nodes irradiation in breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 15:766-73. [PMID: 23519538 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Standard locoregional treatment of early-stage breast cancer currently consists of the conservative surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy. In the event of positive sentinel node biopsy, an axillary level I-II lymphadenectomy should be carried out. However, recent publications have increasingly supported a tendency not to apply the surgical lymphadenectomy, but simultaneously, it has been developed a new role of regional radiotherapy, even if there is only 1-3 axillary lymph nodes involved. Given these new trends, radiation oncologists are facing the dilemma with regard to deciding about regional irradiation of breast cancer. For such purpose, The Spanish Group of Breast Cancer Radiation Oncology (GEORM as per its Spanish acronym) decided to reach a consensus to issue the respective guidelines for such types of cases. GEORM Managing Commission, gathering 13 members of different Spanish regional communities, issued a questionnaire including different clinical situations. These questions were set as key questions seeking responses, which were answered by 66 % out of the 75 members of the group. Following the response, the guidelines were drafted based on the replies to the mentioned questionnaire. All the respective issues were discussed by means of a virtual platform. In this article, we show the levels of consensus for different clinical situations, depending on the number of nodes involved and the type of surgical procedure performed on the axillary lymph nodes. The ongoing evolution of the oncological treatments obliges the radiation oncologists to take decisions without any existing clarifying evidence, and therefore, the consensus is necessary, which can assist in the decision-making process by the practitioners in such kinds of clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bayo
- Hospital Juan Ramón Jiménez, Huelva, Spain,
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Strien L, Leidenius M, Heikkilä P. False-positive and false-negative sentinel node findings in 473 breast cancers. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1940-7. [PMID: 22575258 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed lymph node samples from 473 consecutive breast cancer cases with either negative sentinel nodes or isolated tumor cells to evaluate the rate of false-positive sentinel node findings. Nuclear morphometry was applied to compare nuclear atypia between the primary tumor and metastases classified as isolated tumor cells by size. In addition, the role of the diagnostic preoperative biopsy method, either core needle biopsy or fine needle aspiration cytology, on the prevalence of isolated tumor cells was investigated. In addition, we studied the expression of metastasis-associated protein 1 in the primary tumor and corresponding metastases in 95 cases, including 52 isolated tumor cell cases, to distinguish a true metastasis from a benign epithelial displacement. Our review revealed 4 false positives and 7 false negatives from 473 sentinel node cases. In addition, 5 true-positive cases were upstaged from isolated tumor cells to micrometastases. No association was found between the preoperative biopsy method and the sentinel node status (P=.859). There was no difference in nuclear atypia, when the cells in isolated tumor cells and primary tumor were compared. Therefore, small metastases do not represent benign epithelial displacement. Isolated tumor cell findings did not correlate with preoperative biopsy methods. The metastasis-associated protein 1 staining score sum was lower in the metastases than in the primary tumor in 72% of cases, including all sizes of metastases. These data suggest that metastasis-associated protein 1 staining is not ideal for investigating the possible malignant nature of smaller metastases because of the relatively low concordance between the primary tumor and metastases, even macrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Strien
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Caudle AS, Hunt KK, Tucker SL, Hoffman K, Gainer SM, Lucci A, Kuerer HM, Meric-Bernstam F, Shah R, Babiera GV, Sahin AA, Mittendorf EA. American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011: impact on surgeon practice patterns. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:3144-51. [PMID: 22847123 PMCID: PMC4403637 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ACOSOG Z0011 trial has been described as practice-changing. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of the trial on surgeon practice patterns at our institution. METHODS This is a review of practice patterns comparing the year before release of Z0011 to the year after an institutional multidisciplinary meeting discussing the results. Patients meeting Z0011 inclusion criteria were identified. Clinicopathologic data were compared between the cohorts. RESULTS There were 658 patients with clinical T1-2 tumors planned for breast conservation: 335 in the pre-Z0011 cohort and 323 post-Z0011. Sixty-two (19 %) patients were sentinel lymph node (SLN) positive in the pre-Z0011 group versus 42 (13 %) post-Z0011 (p = 0.06). Before Z0011, 85 % (53/62) of SLN-positive patients underwent axillary node dissection (ALND) versus 24 % (10/42) after Z0011 (p < 0.001). After Z0011, surgeons were more likely to perform ALND on patients with larger tumors (2.2 vs. 1.5 cm, p = 0.09), lobular histology (p = 0.01), fewer SLNs (1 vs. 3, p = 0.09), larger SLN metastasis size (4 vs. 2.5 mm, p = 0.19), extranodal extension present (20 vs. 6 %, p = 0.16), or a higher probability of positive non-SLNs (p = 0.03). Surgeons were less likely to perform intraoperative nodal assessment post-Z0011 (26 vs. 69 %, p < 0.001) resulting in decreased median operative times for SLN-negative patients (79 vs. 92 min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Surgeons at our institution have implemented Z0011 results for the majority of patients; however, clinicopathologic factors still impact the decision to perform ALND. Z0011 results have significantly impacted practice by decreasing rates of ALND, use of intraoperative nodal evaluation, and operative times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S. Caudle
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kelly K. Hunt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Susan L. Tucker
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Karen Hoffman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sarah M. Gainer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Henry M. Kuerer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ruchita Shah
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gildy V. Babiera
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Aysegul A. Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Incorporation of sentinel lymph node metastasis size into a nomogram predicting nonsentinel lymph node involvement in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel lymph node. Ann Surg 2012; 255:109-15. [PMID: 22167004 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318238f461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis size is an important predictor of non-SLN involvement. The goal of this study was to construct a nomogram incorporating SLN metastasis size to accurately predict non-SLN involvement in patients with SLN-positive disease. METHODS We identified 509 patients with invasive breast cancer with a positive SLN who underwent completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Clinicopathologic data including age, tumor size, histology, grade, presence of multifocal disease, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, HER2/neu status, presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI), number of SLN(s) identified, number of positive SLN(s), maximum SLN metastasis size and the presence of extranodal extension were recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors predictive of positive non-SLNs. Using these variables, a nomogram was constructed and subsequently validated using an external cohort of 464 patients. RESULTS On univariate analysis, the following factors were predictive of positive non-SLNs: number of SLN identified (P < 0.001), number of positive SLN (P < 0.001), SLN metastasis size (P < 0.001), extranodal extension (P < 0.001), tumor size (P = 0.001), LVI (P = 0.019), and histology (P = 0.034). On multivariate analysis, all factors remained significant except LVI. A nomogram was created using these variables (AUC = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75-0.84). When applied to an external cohort, the nomogram was accurate and discriminating with an AUC = 0.74 (95% CI, 0.68-0.77). CONCLUSION SLN metastasis size is an important predictor for identifying non-SLN disease. In this study, we incorporated SLN metastasis size into a nomogram that accurately predicts the likelihood of having additional axillary metastasis and can assist in personalizing surgical management of breast cancer.
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Caudle AS, Hunt KK, Kuerer HM, Meric-Bernstam F, Lucci A, Bedrosian I, Babiera GV, Hwang RF, Ross MI, Feig BW, Hoffman K, Litton JK, Sahin AA, Yang W, Hortobagyi GN, Buchholz TA, Mittendorf EA. Multidisciplinary considerations in the implementation of the findings from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 study: a practice-changing trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:2407-12. [PMID: 21327455 PMCID: PMC4332388 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S. Caudle
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kelly K. Hunt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Henry M. Kuerer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Isabelle Bedrosian
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gildy V. Babiera
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Rosa F. Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Merrick I. Ross
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Barry W. Feig
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Karen Hoffman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas
MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer K. Litton
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Aysegul A. Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gabriel N. Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Thomas A. Buchholz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas
MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Pazaiti A, Fentiman IS. Which patients need an axillary clearance after sentinel node biopsy? Int J Breast Cancer 2011; 2011:195892. [PMID: 22295211 PMCID: PMC3262558 DOI: 10.4061/2011/195892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a safe and accurate minimally invasive method for detecting axillary lymph node (ALN) involvement in the clinically negative axilla thereby reducing morbidity in patients who avoid unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Although current guidelines recommend completion ALND when macro- and micrometastatic diseases are identified by SLNB, the benefit of this surgical intervention is under debate. Additionally, the management of the axilla in the presence of isolated tumour cells (ITCs) in SLNB is questioned. Particularly controversial is the prognostic significance of minimal SLNB metastasis in relation to local recurrence and overall survival. Preliminary results of the recently published Z0011 trial suggest similar outcomes after SNB or ALND when the SN is positive, but this finding has to be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Pazaiti
- Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Tvedskov TF, Jensen MB, Kroman N, Balslev E. Iatrogenic displacement of tumor cells to the sentinel node after surgical excision in primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 131:223-9. [PMID: 21850395 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Isolated tumor cells (ITC) are more common in the sentinel node (SN) after needle biopsy of a breast cancer, indicating iatrogenic displacement of tumor cells. We here investigate whether similar iatrogenic displacement occurs after surgical excision of a breast tumor. We compared the incidence of ITC in the SN of 414 breast cancer patients with recent surgical excision to a group of 16,960 patients without recent surgical procedure in a multivariate analysis by linking data from the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group database and the Danish National Health Register. Moreover, the incidence of spread to non-SNs in patients with ITC in the SN after recent surgical excision was analyzed. We found an adjusted odds ratio on 3.73 (95% CI 2.57-5.43; P < 0.0001) for having ITC in the SN after surgical excision. The increase in ITC after surgical excision was especially seen in patients with ductal carcinomas (OR 4.66; 95% CI 3.03-7.19). None of the patients with ITC in SN after surgical excision had further spread to non-SNs compared to 12% in the group without recent surgical excision (P = 0.09). The nearly fourfold increase in ITC in the SN after surgical excision indicates that this procedure induces iatrogenic displacement of tumor cells. This displacement was more common in ductal carcinomas. We found no further dissemination to non-SNs in patients with ITC in the SN after recent surgical excision, and it is questioned whether these patients benefit from an axillary lymph node dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove F Tvedskov
- Department of Breast Surgery, 3104 Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Han JS, Molberg KH, Sarode V. Predictors of Invasion and Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with a Core Biopsy Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: An Analysis of 255 Cases. Breast J 2011; 17:223-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2011.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jamal MH, Rayment JH, Meguerditchian A, Doi SAR, Meterissian S. Impact of the sentinel node frozen section result on the probability of additional nodal metastases as predicted by the MSKCC nomogram in breast cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 41:314-9. [PMID: 21149238 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sentinel lymph node frozen section is used to obviate the need for a second operation in breast cancer patients with involved nodes. However, the overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of sentinel lymph node frozen section are debated, and the impact of sentinel lymph node frozen section positivity on the risk of additional nodal metastases is not known and was the focus of this investigation. METHODS We used our hospital record system to identify 176 sentinel lymph node biopsies done out of 354 cases of Stage T1-3N0 breast cancers managed from 2005 to 2007 and evaluated the sentinel lymph node frozen section results against the predictions of additional nodal metastases based on the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Breast Cancer Nomogram which is a validated tool for this purpose. RESULTS Sentinel lymph node metastases size was an independent predictor of sentinel lymph node frozen section sensitivity and those with macrometastases had 15 times the odds (odds ratio, 15.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-69.1) of having a true-positive frozen section when compared with those with micrometastases. The breast cancer nomogram predicted that the latter patients have a very low probability of additional nodal metastases with a median probability at 10% (inter-quartile range, 7-14%). CONCLUSIONS A negative sentinel lymph node frozen section is also associated with a low probability of additional nodal metastases. Additional prognostic factors in the breast cancer nomogram are of little clinical impact because the most predictive factor in the nomogram is the method of detection.
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Pugliese M, Stempel M, Patil S, Hsu M, Ho A, Traina T, Morrow M, Cody H, Gemignani ML. The clinical impact and outcomes of immunohistochemistry-only metastasis in breast cancer. Am J Surg 2010; 200:368-73. [PMID: 20800716 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern surgical and pathological techniques can detect small-volume axillary metastases in breast cancer with unknown clinical significance. METHODS A retrospective database review from 1996 through 2004 identified all patients with immunohistochemical (IHC)-only sentinel node (IHC-SN) metastases and compared them with negative controls (Neg-SN). RESULTS When comparing the 232 IHC-SN patients with the 252 Neg-SN controls, the IHC-SN patients had larger tumors, more lobular histology, a higher grade, and more HER2/neu positivity. They also received more systemic therapy. With a median follow-up of 5 years, there were no differences in recurrence-free survival or overall survival. In 123 IHC-SN patients treated with axillary dissection (axillary lymph node dissection), 16% had positive non-SLNs. Patients with positive non-SLNs tended to have worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS IHC-only sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases were associated with worse prognostic features and higher rates of systemic therapy. However, no outcomes differences were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pugliese
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Mittendorf EA, Hunt KK. Response to Letter to the Editor: Isolated Tumor Cells in Sentinel Lymph Nodes and Clinical Implications for Early Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ziogas D, Lykoudis EG, Zografos GC. Isolated tumor cells in sentinel lymph node and clinical implications for early breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:2659-60; author reply 2661. [PMID: 19543773 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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