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Sung MK, Chun J, Park Y, Kwak BJ, Lee W, Song KB, Lee JH, Kim SC, Hong SM, Hwang DW. Extranodal extension influences prognosis in pancreatic body/tail cancer: A retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2024. [PMID: 38873728 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Extranodal extension (ENE) is an established prognostic factor in various malignancies, affecting survival in pancreatic head cancer (PHC). However, its significance in pancreatic body/tail cancer (PBTC) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of ENE on PTBC prognosis. METHODS We analyzed data collected from electronic medical records of patients with PBTC who underwent distal pancreatectomy at a single center between January 2011 and December 2015. The patients were categorized based on ENE presence and prognostic implications were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS PBTC cases involving lymph node (LN) metastasis and ENE exhibited significantly lower disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates compared to cases without LN metastasis or ENE (median DFS; N0, 23 months; LN+/ENE-, 10 months; LN+/ENE+, 5 months; p < .001). No statistically significant difference was observed in DFS and OS rates between patients with N1/N2 in the group without ENE and those with ENE+. Multivariate analysis confirmed ENE as a significant adverse prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS ENE significantly predicts poor prognosis in PBTC, particularly in cases with nodal metastasis. The current cancer staging system for PBTC should incorporate ENE status. Moreover, different staging systems should be considered for PHC and PBTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyu Sung
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Chun
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yejong Park
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong Jun Kwak
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woohyung Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Byung Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Wook Hwang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Sung MK, Park H, Park G, Park SY, Lee W, Song KB, Lee JH, Kim SC, Hwang DW, Hong SM. Extranodal extension influences prognosis in pancreatic head cancer: A retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2023; 30:240-251. [PMID: 35687075 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extranodal extension (ENE) is an established prognostic factor in several gastrointestinal cancers. However, the prognostic impact remains unclear. Here, we investigated the prognostic implications of ENE in patients with surgically resected pancreatic cancer. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 476 surgically resected pancreatic head cancer patients who consecutively underwent upfront pancreaticoduodenectomy for pathologically confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma between January 2009 and December 2013. We compared the disease-free survival (DFS) rates of the patients according to ENE status. RESULTS Among the 476 patients, patients with ENE had lower DFS rates than those without ENE (N0, 13 months; LN+/ENE-, 7 months; LN+/ENE+, 6 months; P < .001). In addition, even in the same N stage, patients with ENE had lower DFS rates than those without ENE (N0, 13 months; N1/ENE- 8 months; N1/ENE+, 7 months; N2/ENE-, 7 months; N2/ENE+, 4 months, P < .001). However, there was no significant difference in survival rates between patients in the N1/ENE+ group and those in the N2/ENE- group. Additionally, ENE was an independent prognostic factor for pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS Extranodal extension significantly predicted a poor prognosis among patients with pancreatic head cancer, especially those with nodal metastasis. Therefore, ENE should be considered a prognostic factor in future editions of the staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyu Sung
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hosub Park
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guisuk Park
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woohyung Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Byung Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Wook Hwang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hua J, Xu J, Liang C, Meng Q, Zhang B, Yu X, Wang W, Shi S. Reappraisal of Tumor Deposit as a Prognostic Factor in Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:3038-3044. [PMID: 36692614 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor deposits (TDs) are discrete tumor nodules within the lymphatic drainage area of the primary tumor without histological evidence of lymph node tissue or identifiable vascular or neural structure. This study aims to analyze the prognostic impact of TDs in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and explore their potential role in staging system. METHODS The prospectively maintained database from the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center was queried for patients undergoing resection for PDAC. Patients with TDs were matched by propensity score with those without TDs. The cumulative prevalence of recurrence was estimated using the cumulative incidence function. Overall survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS A total of 123 patients (9.7%) had TDs, of whom 108 were matched at a 1:3 ratio with 324 patients without TDs. The cumulative incidence of recurrence was significantly higher for TD-positive patients than TD-negative patients (P = 0.04). The median overall survival was significantly shorter for patients with TDs than for those without TDs (15.9 versus 21.8 months, P < 0.001). The presence of TDs attenuated the effect of lymph node metastasis on survival, with no significance between node-negative and node-positive subpopulations (P = 0.165). Patients with TDs had comparable survival to N2 patients without TDs (15.9 versus 17.1 months, P = 0.383). CONCLUSIONS TD is an important prognostic factor for recurrence and survival in patients undergoing resection for PDAC. We suggest that patients presenting TDs be classified into the stage III category in the next edition of the staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang Z, Zhou N, Guo X, Li N, Zhu H, Yang Z. Pretherapeutic Assessment of Pancreatic Cancer: Comparison of FDG PET/CT Plus Delayed PET/MR and Contrast-Enhanced CT/MR. Front Oncol 2022; 11:790462. [PMID: 35096590 PMCID: PMC8794800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.790462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to determine the diagnostic performance of whole-body FDG PET/CT plus delayed abdomen PET/MR imaging in the pretherapeutic assessment of pancreatic cancer in comparison with that of contrast-enhanced (CE)-CT/MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty patients with pancreatic cancer underwent nonenhanced whole-body FDG PET/CT, delayed abdomen PET/MR imaging, and CE-CT/MR imaging. Two nuclear medicine physicians independently reviewed these images and discussed to reach a consensus, determining tumor resectability according to a 5-point scale, N stage (N0 or N positive), and M stage (M0 or M1). With use of clinical-surgical-pathologic findings as the reference standard, diagnostic performances of the two imaging sets were compared by using the McNemar test. RESULTS The diagnostic performance of FDG PET/CT plus delayed PET/MR imaging was not significantly different from that of CE-CT/MR imaging in the assessment of tumor resectability [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.927 vs. 0.925 (p = 0.975)], N stage (accuracy: 80% (16 of 20 patients) vs. 55% (11 of 20 patients), p = 0.125), and M stage (accuracy: 100% (40 of 40 patients) vs. 93% (37 of 40 patients), p = 0.250). Moreover, 14 of 40 patients had liver metastases. The number of liver metastases detected by CE-CT/MR imaging, PET/CT, and PET/MR imaging were 33, 18, and 61, respectively. Compared with CE-CT/MR imaging, PET/MR imaging resulted in additional findings of more liver metastases in 9/14 patients, of which 3 patients were upstaged. Compared with PET/CT, PET/MR imaging resulted in additional findings of more liver metastases in 12/14 patients, of which 6 patients were upstaged. CONCLUSIONS Although FDG PET/CT plus delayed PET/MR imaging showed a diagnostic performance similar to that of CE-CT/MR imaging in the pretherapeutic assessment of the resectability and staging of pancreatic tumors, it still has potential as the more efficient and reasonable work-up approach for the additional value of metastatic information provided by delayed PET/MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaizhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Nina Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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5
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Hashimoto D, Satoi S, Ishida M, Nakagawa K, Kotsuka M, Takagi T, Ryota H, Terai T, Sakaguchi T, Nagai M, Yamaki S, Akahori T, Yamamoto T, Sekimoto M, Sho M. Does direct invasion of peripancreatic lymph nodes impact survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? A retrospective dual-center study. Pancreatology 2021; 21:884-891. [PMID: 33773918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma can directly invade the peripancreatic lymph nodes; however, the significance of direct lymph node invasion is controversial, and it is currently classified as lymph node metastasis. This study aimed to identify the impact of direct invasion of peripancreatic lymph nodes on survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. METHODS A total of 411 patients with resectable/borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent pancreatic resection at two high-volume centers from 2006 to 2016 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Sixty (14.6%) patients had direct invasion of the peripancreatic lymph nodes without isolated lymph node metastasis (N-direct group), 189 (46.0%) had isolated lymph node metastasis (N-met group), and 162 (39.4%) had neither direct invasion nor isolated metastasis (N0 group). There was no significant difference in median overall survival between the N-direct group (35.0 months) and the N0 group (45.6 month) (p = 0.409), but survival was significantly longer in the N-direct compared with the N-met group (25.0 months) (p = 0.003). Similarly, median disease-free survival was similar in the N-direct (21.0 months) and N0 groups (22.7 months) (p = 0.151), but was significantly longer in the N-direct compared with the N-met group (14.0 months) (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified resectability, adjuvant chemotherapy, and isolated lymph node metastasis as independent predictors of overall survival. However, direct lymph node invasion was not a predictor of survival. CONCLUSION Direct invasion of the peripancreatic lymph nodes had no effect on survival in patients undergoing pancreatic resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and should therefore not be classified as lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hashimoto
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Sohei Satoi
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Mitsuaki Ishida
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Masaya Kotsuka
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tadataka Takagi
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hironori Ryota
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Taichi Terai
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Sakaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Minako Nagai
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - So Yamaki
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akahori
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Sekimoto
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sho
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
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Piredda ML, Ammendola S, Sciammarella C, Turri G, Bagante F, Fassan M, Mafficini A, Mombello A, Cataldi S, Paolino G, Mattiolo P, Florena AM, Genna M, Fior F, Cheng L, Lawlor RT, Scarpa A, Pedrazzani C, Luchini C. Colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability: Right-sided location and signet ring cell histology are associated with nodal metastases, and extranodal extension influences disease-free survival. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 224:153519. [PMID: 34119815 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI) accounts for 15-18 % of all CRCs and represents the category with the best prognosis. This study aimed at determining any possible clinical/pathological features associated with a higher risk of nodal metastasization in MSI-CRC, and at defining any possible prognostic moderators in this setting. All surgically resected CRCs of the last 20 years (mono-institutional series) with a PCR-based diagnosis of MSI, with and without nodal metastasis, have been retrieved for histological review, which was performed following WHO guidelines. Furthermore, the most important prognostic moderators have been investigated with a survival analysis. The study of 33 cases of MSI-CRCs with nodal metastasis highlighted a high fidelity of histology maintenance between primary tumors and matched nodal metastases. At survival analysis, the strongest prognostic variable in MSI-CRCs with nodal metastasis was the extranodal extension (multivariate analysis, HR: 14.4, 95 %CI: 1.46-140.9, p = 0.022). Furthermore, through a comparison between nodal positive (33 cases) and nodal negative (71 cases) MSI-CRCs, right-sided location (p < 0.0001), pT4 stage (p = 0.0004) and signet-ring histology (p = 0.0089) emerged as parameters more commonly associated with nodal metastasization. These findings shed new light on the biology of MSI-CRC and can be of help for the prognostic stratification of MSI-CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Piredda
- ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Turri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Unit of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Bagante
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Unit of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Mombello
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Cataldi
- Department of Sciences for Promotion of Health and Mother and Child Care, Anatomic Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Paolino
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Mattiolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ada M Florena
- Department of Sciences for Promotion of Health and Mother and Child Care, Anatomic Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Genna
- Department of General Surgery, Unit of General and Obesity Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Fior
- Department of General Surgery, Unit of General and Obesity Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Corrado Pedrazzani
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Unit of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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R0 Versus R1 Resection Matters after Pancreaticoduodenectomy, and Less after Distal or Total Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg 2019; 268:1058-1068. [PMID: 28692477 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to decipher the true importance of R0 versus R1 resection for survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA PDAC is characterized by poor survival, even after curative resection. In many studies, R0 versus R1 does not result in different prognosis and does not affect the postoperative management. METHODS Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were screened for prognostic studies on the association between resection status and survival. Hazard ratios (HRs) were pooled in a meta-analysis. Furthermore, our prospective database was retrospectively screened for curative PDAC resections according to inclusion criteria (n = 254 patients) between July 2007 and October 2014. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, R1 was associated with a decreased overall survival [HR 1.45 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 1.37-1.52)] and disease-free survival [HR 1.44 (1.30-1.59)] in PDAC when compared with R0. Importantly, this effect held true only for pancreatic head resection both in the meta-analysis [R0 ≥0 mm: HR 1.21 (1.05-1.39) vs R0 ≥1 mm: HR 1.66 (1.46-1.89)] and in our cohort (R0 ≥0 mm: 31.8 vs 14.5 months, P < 0.001; R0 ≥1 mm, 41.2 vs 16.8 months; P < 0.001). Moreover, R1 resections were associated with advanced tumor disease, that is, larger tumor size, lymph node metastases, and extended resections. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model suggested G3, pN1, tumor size, and R1 (0 mm/1 mm) as independent predictors of overall survival. CONCLUSION Resection margin is not a valid prognostic marker in publications before 2010 due to heterogeneity of cohorts and lack of standardized histopathological examination. Within standardized pathology protocols, R-status' prognostic validity may be primarily confined to pancreatic head cancers.
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Kim HI, Hyeon J, Park SY, Ahn HS, Kim K, Han JM, Bae JC, Shin JH, Kim JS, Kim SW, Chung JH, Kim TH, Oh YL. Impact of Extranodal Extension on Risk Stratification in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2019; 29:963-970. [PMID: 31025609 PMCID: PMC6648218 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: The current American Thyroid Association risk-stratification system for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) incorporates the number and size of positive lymph nodes (LNs) but places less weight on extranodal extension (ENE). This study investigated how to incorporate ENE into the current system to predict recurrence better in PTC N1 patients. Methods: A total of 369 N1 PTC patients without distant metastasis were enrolled. The combination of number of positive LNs and LNs with ENE that had the highest C-index were identified with multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. ENE number was incorporated into the current system considering the recurrence rate and unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of the subgroups. Kaplan-Meier curves for recurrence based on current and alternative systems were compared by log-rank test. Results: The recurrence rate for the subgroup with five or fewer positive LNs and one to three ENEs (7/61; 11.5%) was higher than that of the subgroup with five or fewer positive LNs without ENE (5/129; 3.9%; adjusted HR = 3.42 [confidence interval (CI) 0.99-11.75]; p = 0.050). In contrast, adjusted HRs of the subgroup with more than five positive LNs and one to three ENEs (2.33 [CI 0.52-10.35]) or with four or more ENEs (3.86 [CI 1.05-14.17]) were not higher than those of the subgroup with more than five LNs without ENE (4.47 [1.16-17.19]). Incorporating ENE into the current system as an intermediate-risk group yielded a lower log-rank p-value (0.05 vs. 0.01) than the current system. Conclusions: The presence of ENE in low volume LN metastasis confers an intermediate risk of recurrence. Incorporating ENE into the current system allows more accurate decisions regarding further management of PTC N1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Hyeon
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seon Ahn
- Statistics and Data Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Statistics and Data Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Han
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Cheol Bae
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Shin
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Soo Kim
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Wook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyuk Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Address correspondence to: Tae Hyuk Kim, MD, PhD, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lyun Oh
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Young Lyun Oh, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
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9
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Luchini C, Veronese N, Nottegar A, Cheng M, Kaneko T, Pilati C, Tabbò F, Stubbs B, Pea A, Bagante F, Demurtas J, Fassan M, Infante M, Cheng L, Scarpa A. Extranodal extension of nodal metastases is a poor prognostic moderator in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Virchows Arch 2018; 472:939-947. [PMID: 29392400 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Extranodal extension (ENE) of nodal metastasis is defined as the extension of metastatic cells through the nodal capsule into the perinodal tissue. This morphological parameter, recently proposed as an important prognostic factor in different types of malignancy, has not been included in the TNM staging system for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this systematic review with meta-analysis, we weighted the prognostic role of ENE in patients with lymph node-positive NSCLC. Two independent authors searched SCOPUS and PubMed through 28 February 2017. Prospective and retrospective studies on NSCLC, comparing patients with presence of ENE (ENE+) ENE+) vs. only intranodal extension (ENE-) and including data regarding prognosis, were considered as eligible. Data were summarized using risk ratios (RR) for the number of deaths/recurrences, and hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for time-dependent risk related to ENE+, adjusted for potential confounders. We identified 13 studies, including 1709 patients (573 ENE+ and 1136 ENE-) with a median follow-up of 60 months. ENE was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality of all causes (RR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.18-1.65, P < 0.0001, I2 = 70%; HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.01-1.67, P = 0.04, I2 = 0%) and of disease recurrence (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04-1.68, P = 0.02, I2 = 42%; HR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.53-2.44, P < 0.0001, I2 = 0%). We conclude that in NSCLC, requirements for assessment of ENE should be included in gross sampling and ENE status should be included in the pathology report. Inclusion of ENE status in oncology staging systems will allow further assessment of its role as prognostic parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
- ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padua, Italy
- Institute for Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padua, Italy
| | | | - Monica Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Camilla Pilati
- Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Therapeutic Optimization, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio Tabbò
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Antonio Pea
- Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Bagante
- Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jacopo Demurtas
- Primary Care Department, LHT South-East Tuscany, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
- ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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10
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Luchini C, Veronese N. Extranodal extension of nodal metastasis is the main prognostic moderator in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:3609-3612. [PMID: 29268354 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.09.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy
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11
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Luchini C, Fleischmann A, Boormans JL, Fassan M, Nottegar A, Lucato P, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Porcaro A, Veronese N, Brunelli M, Scarpa A, Cheng L. Extranodal extension of lymph node metastasis influences recurrence in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2374. [PMID: 28539662 PMCID: PMC5443831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extranodal extension (ENE) of nodal metastasis involves the extension of neoplastic cells through the lymph node capsule into the perinodal adipose tissue. This morphological feature has recently been indicated as an important prognostic factor in various cancer types, but its role in prostate cancer is still unclear. We aimed to clarify it, performing the first meta-analysis on this issue, comparing prognostic parameters in surgically treated, node-positive prostate cancer patients with (ENE+) vs. without (ENE-) ENE. Data were summarized using risk ratios (RRs) for number of deaths/recurrences and hazard ratios (HRs), with 95% confidence intervals (CI), for the time-dependent risk related to ENE positivity. Six studies followed-up 1,113 patients with N1 prostate cancer (658 ENE+ vs. 455 ENE-) for a median of 83 months. The presence of ENE was associated with a significantly higher risk of biochemical recurrence (RR = 1.15; 95%CI: 1.03-1.28; I2 = 0%; HR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.12-1.74; I2 = 0%) and "global" (biochemical recurrence and distant metastasis) recurrence (RR = 1.15; 95%CI: 1.04-1.28; I2 = 0%; HR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.14-1.74; I2 = 0%). ENE emerged as a potential prognostic moderator, earmarking a subgroup of patients at higher risk of recurrence. It may be considered for the prognostic stratification of metastatic patients. New possible therapeutic approaches may explore more in depth this prognostic parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- ARC-NET Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- Department of Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy.
| | - Achim Fleischmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joost L Boormans
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Lucato
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Porcaro
- Urologic Clinic, University and Hospital trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy
- Institute for clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
- ARC-NET Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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12
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Schorn S, Demir IE, Haller B, Scheufele F, Reyes CM, Tieftrunk E, Sargut M, Goess R, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. The influence of neural invasion on survival and tumor recurrence in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Oncol 2017; 26:105-115. [PMID: 28317579 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of neural invasion/NI on overall survival/OS and tumor recurrence in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma/PDAC. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA NI is a histopathological hallmark of PDAC. Although some studies suggested an important role for NI on OS, disease-free/DFS and progression-free survival/PFS in PDAC, there is still no consensus on the actual role of NI on survival and local recurrence in PDAC. METHODS Pubmed, Cochrane library, Ovid and Google Scholar were screened for the terms "pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma", "pancreatic cancer", "survival", "tumor recurrence" and "perineural invasion". The Preferred-Reporting-Items-for-Systematic-review-and-Meta-Analysis/PRISMA-guidelines were used for systematic review and meta-analysis. Articles meeting predefined criteria were critically analysed on relevance, and meta-analyses were performed by pooling univariate and multivariate hazard ratios/HR. RESULTS A total number of 25 studies on the influence of NI on tumor recurrence, and 121 studies analysing the influence of NI on survival were identified by systematic review. The HR of the univariate (HR 1.88; 95%-CI 1.71-2.07; p < 0.00001) and multivariate meta-analysis (HR 1.68; 95%-CI 1.47-1.92; p < 0.00001) showed a major impact of NI on OS. Likewise, NI was associated with decreased DFS (HR 2.53; 95%-CI: 1.67-3.83; p = 0.0001) and PFS (HR 2.41; 95%-CI: 1.73-3.37: p < 0.00001) multivariate meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Although the power of this study is limited by missing pathological procedures to assess the true incidence of NI, NI appears to be an independent prognostic factor for OS, DFS and PFS in PDAC. Therefore, NI should be increasingly considered in patient stratification and in the development of novel therapeutic algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schorn
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Scheufele
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Carmen Mota Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Tieftrunk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Mine Sargut
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Ruediger Goess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp Onur Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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Luchini C, Veronese N. The importance of extranodal extension in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, in the light of the new AJCC cancer staging system. Oral Oncol 2017; 66:e1-e2. [PMID: 28082058 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy; ARC-NET Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy; Institute of Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padua, Italy
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14
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Joo I, Lee JM, Lee DH, Lee ES, Paeng JC, Lee SJ, Jang JY, Kim SW, Ryu JK, Lee KB. Preoperative Assessment of Pancreatic Cancer with FDG PET/MR Imaging versus FDG PET/CT Plus Contrast-enhanced Multidetector CT: A Prospective Preliminary Study. Radiology 2017; 282:149-159. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Veronese N, Fassan M, Wood LD, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Capelli P, Pea A, Nottegar A, Sergi G, Manzato E, Carraro S, Maruzzo M, Cataldo I, Bagante F, Barbareschi M, Cheng L, Bencivenga M, de Manzoni G, Luchini C. Extranodal Extension of Nodal Metastases Is a Poor Prognostic Indicator in Gastric Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20:1692-8. [PMID: 27412320 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-016-3199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extranodal extension (ENE) of nodal metastases (the extension of neoplastic cells through the nodal capsule into the perinodal soft tissue) is a histological feature that has been considered a prognostic factor in several cancers, but the role in gastric cancer was not yet investigated. We aimed to investigate the prognostic role of ENE in patients affected by gastric cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two independent authors searched major databases until 09/30/2015 to identify studies providing data on gastric cancer patients' prognostic parameters and comparing patients with ENE (ENE+) vs intra-nodal extension (ENE-). The data were summarized using risk ratios (RRs) for the number of deaths/recurrences and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Nine studies followed up 3250 patients with gastric cancer (1064 ENE+ and 2186 ENE-). ENE+ was associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (RR = 1.70; 95 % CI: 1.43-2.03, I (2) = 66 %; HR = 2.14; 95 % CI: 1.66-2.75, I (2) = 0 %), cancer-specific mortality (RR = 1.59; 95 % CI: 1.42-1.79; HR = 1.52; 95 % CI: 1.19-1.96), and disease recurrence (RR = 3.43, 95 % CI: 1.80-6.54, I (2) = 0 %). DISCUSSION Judging from our results, ENE in gastric cancer patients should be considered for prognostic purposes from the gross sample to the pathology report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Veronese
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Capelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Pea
- Department of Surgery, University and Hospital trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Manzato
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Carraro
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Maruzzo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Ivana Cataldo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Bagante
- Department of Surgery, University and Hospital trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maria Bencivenga
- Division of General and Upper GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, University and Hospital trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni de Manzoni
- Division of General and Upper GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, University and Hospital trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
- Department of Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy.
- ARC-NET Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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16
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Luchini C, Wood LD, Cheng L, Nottegar A, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Capelli P, Pea A, Sergi G, Manzato E, Fassan M, Bagante F, Bollschweiler E, Giacopuzzi S, Kaneko T, de Manzoni G, Barbareschi M, Scarpa A, Veronese N. Extranodal extension of lymph node metastasis is a marker of poor prognosis in oesophageal cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69:956-961. [PMID: 27387986 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The extranodal extension (ENE) of nodal metastasis is the extension of neoplastic cells through the nodal capsule into the perinodal adipose tissue. This histological feature has recently been indicated as an important prognostic factor in different types of malignancies; in this manuscript, we aim at defining its role in the prognosis of oesophageal cancer with the tool of meta-analysis. Two independent authors searched SCOPUS and PubMed until 31 August 2015 without language restrictions. The studies with available data about prognostic parameters in subjects with oesophageal cancer, comparing patients with the presence of ENE (ENE+) versus only intranodal extension (ENE-), were considered as eligible. Data were summarised using risk ratios (RRs) for number of deaths/recurrences and HRs together with 95% CIs for time-dependent risk related to ENE+, adjusted for potential confounders. Fourteen studies were selected; they followed-up 1437 patients with oesophageal cancer for a median follow-up of 39.4 months. The presence of ENE was associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR=1.33; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.50, p<0.0001, I2=49%; HR=2.72, 95% CI 2.03 to 3.64, p<0.0001, I2=0%), cancer-specific mortality (RR=1.35; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.59, p=0.001, I2=57%; HR=1.97, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.75, p<0.0001, I2=41%) and of risk of recurrence (RR=1.50, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.88, p<0.0001, I2=9%; HR=2.27, 95% CI 1.72 to 2.90, p<0.0001, I2=0%). On the basis of these results, in oesophageal cancer, ENE should be considered from the gross sampling to the pathology report, and in future oncological staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,ARC-NET Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Capelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Pea
- Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Manzato
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Bagante
- Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elfriede Bollschweiler
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simone Giacopuzzi
- Upper G.I. Surgery Division, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Giovanni de Manzoni
- Upper G.I. Surgery Division, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,ARC-NET Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Extra-nodal extension of sentinel lymph node metastasis is a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients: A systematic review and an exploratory meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016; 42:919-25. [PMID: 27005805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.02.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Its most common site of metastasis is represented by the lymph nodes of axilla, and the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first station of nodal metastasis. Axillary SLN biopsy accurately predicts axillary lymph node status and has been accepted as standard of care for nodal staging in breast cancer. To date, the morphologic aspects of SLN metastasis have not been considered by the oncologic staging system. Extranodal extension (ENE) of nodal metastasis, defined as extension of neoplastic cells through the nodal capsule into the peri-nodal adipose tissue, has recently emerged as an important prognostic factor in several types of malignancies. It has also been considered as a possible predictor of non-sentinel node tumor burden in SLN-positive breast cancer patients. We sought out to clarify the prognostic role of ENE in SLN-positive breast cancer patients in terms of overall and disease-free survival by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Among 172 screened articles, 5 were eligible for the meta-analysis; they globally include 624 patients (163 ENE+ and 461 ENE-) with a median follow-up of 58 months. ENE was associated with a higher risk of both mortality (RR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.66-3.79, p < 0.0001, I(2) = 0%) and recurrence of disease (RR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.38-3.10, p < 0.0001, I(2) = 0%). These findings recommend the consideration of ENE from the gross sampling to the histopathological evaluation, in perspectives to be validated and included in the oncologic staging.
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Extranodal extension in N1-adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and papilla of Vater: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its prognostic significance. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28:205-9. [PMID: 26566063 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic role of extranodal extension (ENE) of lymph node metastasis in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (PDAC) and papilla [cancer of the papilla of Vater (CPV)]. A PubMed and SCOPUS search from database inception until 5 January 2015 without language restrictions was conducted. Eligible were prospective studies reporting data on prognostic parameters in individuals with PDAC and/or CPV, comparing participants with the presence of ENE (ENE+) with those with intranodal extension (ENE-). Data were summarized using risk ratios for number of deaths/recurrences and hazard ratios for time-dependent risk related to ENE+, adjusted for potential confounders. ENE was found to be very common in these tumors (up to about 60% in both N1-PDAC and CPV), leading to a significant increased risk for all-cause mortality [risk ratio=1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.35, P=0.003, I(2)=44%; hazard ratio=1.415, 95% CI: 1.215-1.650, P<0.0001, I(2)=0%] and recurrence of disease (risk ratio=1.20, 95% CI: 1.03-1.40, P=0.02, I(2)=0%). On the basis of our results, in PDAC and CPV, ENE should be considered mandatorily from the gross sampling and pathology report to the oncologic staging and therapeutic approach.
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Fink DM, Steele MM, Hollingsworth MA. The lymphatic system and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:217-36. [PMID: 26742462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge of the biology, pathology and clinical understanding of lymphatic invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. We discuss the clinical and biological consequences of lymphatic invasion and metastasis, including paraneoplastic effects on immune responses and consider the possible benefit of therapies to treat tumors that are localized to lymphatics. A review of current techniques and methods to study interactions between tumors and lymphatics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci M Fink
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Maria M Steele
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
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Veronese N, Luchini C, Nottegar A, Kaneko T, Sergi G, Manzato E, Solmi M, Scarpa A. Prognostic impact of extra-nodal extension in thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol 2015; 112:828-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Veronese
- Geriatrics Division; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics; University and Hospital Trust of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics; University and Hospital Trust of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Geriatrics Division; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Enzo Manzato
- Geriatrics Division; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neurosciences; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics; University and Hospital Trust of Verona; Verona Italy
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Luchini C, Nottegar A, Solmi M, Sergi G, Manzato E, Capelli P, Scarpa A, Veronese N. Prognostic implications of extranodal extension in node-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Oncol 2015; 25:60-5. [PMID: 26394825 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vulva is the fourth most common gynecological cancer, usually staged with the TNM or FIGO systems. Since 2009, FIGO staging has taken the extranodal extension (ENE) of lymph node metastases into account. ENE is defined as the spread of a lymph node metastasis into surrounding soft tissue. Although the TNM and FIGO systems acknowledge the importance of ENE in SCC, no comprehensive studies have analyzed the prognostic impact of this parameter. We therefore queried the PubMed and SCOPUS databases from their inception up until 04/01/2015, adopting no language restrictions: all prospective studies reporting on prognostic parameters in patients with vulvar SCC, and comparing participants with and without ENE were eligible for our analysis. Data were summarized using risk ratios (RR) for the number of deaths/recurrences and hazard ratios (HR) for the time-dependent risk related to ENE positivity, adjusting for potential confounders. Among 859 hits, 13 studies were found eligible and were included in our meta-analysis. Compared with ENE-negative (ENE-) cases, the ENE-positive (ENE+) patients had significantly higher rates of all-cause mortality (6 studies: RR = 3.18; 95%CI: 2.02-5.00, p < 0.0001, I(2) = 56%), cancer-specific mortality (3 studies: RR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.12-3.69, p = 0.02, I(2) = 80%), and recurrence (4 studies: RR = 2.69, 95%CI: 1.61-3.76, p < 0.0001, I(2) = 57%). Using HRs after adjusting for potential confounders, ENE + carried a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (6 studies: HR = 3.08, 95%CI: 1.73-5.48, p < 0.0001, I(2) = 66%), and recurrence (5 studies: HR = 3.93, 95%CI: 2.33-6.62, p < 0.0001, I(2) = 28%). Our meta-analysis clarifies the prognostic significance of ENE in vulvar SCC, also pointing to its implications for gross sampling, histology and oncological staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Verona University and Hospital Trust, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Verona University and Hospital Trust, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 5, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Manzato
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Capelli
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Verona University and Hospital Trust, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Verona University and Hospital Trust, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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22
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Basturk O, Saka B, Balci S, Postlewait LM, Knight J, Goodman M, Kooby D, Sarmiento JM, El-Rayes B, Choi H, Bagci P, Krasinskas A, Quigley B, Reid MD, Akkas G, Maithel SK, Adsay V. Substaging of Lymph Node Status in Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Has Strong Prognostic Correlations: Proposal for a Revised N Classification for TNM Staging. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S1187-95. [PMID: 26362048 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current tumor-node-metastasis staging system for the pancreas does not incorporate the number of lymph nodes (LNs) with metastasis. METHODS Among 1649 pancreaticoduodenectomies, 227 stringently defined pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) that had undergone a specific approach of LN harvesting were analyzed for the prognostic value of LN substaging protocols used for other gastrointestinal (GI) organs. RESULTS The median number of LNs harvested was 18, and the median number of LNs with metastasis was 3. Lymph node metastasis was detected in 175 cases (77 %). The number of LNs involved correlated significantly with clinical outcome. When cases were substaged with the protocol already in use for the upper GI organs (N0: no metastasis, N1: metastasis to 1-2 LNs; N2: metastasis to ≥3 LNs), the median overall survival times were 35, 21, and 18 months, and the respective 3-year survival rates were 46, 34, and 20 % (p = 0.004). Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database also confirmed the survival differences between these substages (median overall survival times of 23, 15, and 14 months and respective 3-year survival rates of 37, 22, and 18 %; p < 0.0001). The substaging protocol for the lower GI organs (N0: no metastasis; N1: metastasis to 1-3 LNs; N2: metastasis to ≥4 LNs) also was significant, with median overall survival times of 35, 21, 18 months and respective 3-year survival rates of 46, 26, and 23 %; p = 0.009). The association between higher N stage and shorter survival persisted with multivariate modeling for both protocols, although the prognostic value of the upper GI protocol appeared to be slightly stronger according to the Akaike Information Criterion method. CONCLUSION In conclusion, with proper LN harvesting, the LN metastasis rate in PDACs is very high (77 %). Substaging of LN metastasis has significant prognostic value and needs to be considered in the N staging of PDACs. The protocol already in use for other upper GI tract organs, which currently also is proven significant for ampulla, would be preferable, although the lower GI tract protocol also is applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Burcu Saka
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Balci
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren M Postlewait
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Knight
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Kooby
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan M Sarmiento
- Department of General Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyejeong Choi
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pelin Bagci
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alyssa Krasinskas
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian Quigley
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michelle D Reid
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gizem Akkas
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shishir K Maithel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Zhang JF, Hua R, Sun YW, Liu W, Huo YM, Liu DJ, Li J. Influence of perineural invasion on survival and recurrence in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:5133-9. [PMID: 24175789 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perineural invasion (PNI) has been reported as one of the sources of locoregional recurrence in resected pancreatic cancer (PC). However the impact of PNI in resected pancreatic cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between PNI status and clinical outcomes. METHODS Publications were identified which assessed prognostic significance of PNI status in resected pancreatic cancer up to February 2013. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between PNI status and clinical outcomes. RESULTS A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria, covering 4,459 cases. Analysis of these data showed that intrapancreatic PNI was correlated with reduced overall survival only in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients (HR=1.982, 95%CI: 1.526-2.574, p=0.000). Extrapancreatic PNI was correlated with reduced overall survival in all resected pancreatic cancer patients (HR=1.748, 95%CI: 1.372- 2.228, p=0.000). Moreover, intrapancreatic PNI status may be associated with tumor recurrence in all resected pancreatic cancer patients (HR=2.714, 95%CI: 1.885-3.906, p=0.000). CONCLUSION PNI was an independent and poor prognostic factor in resected PDAC patients. Moreover, intrapancreatic PNI status may be associated with tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China E-mail :
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Abstract
Lymph node staging is one of the most important factors in determining the prognosis after resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Despite ongoing efforts to further refine lymph node staging, the debate on the extent of lymphadenectomy during pancreaticoduodenectomy is still open. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence about performing standard lymphadenectomy during curative resection of pancreatic cancer. All four prospective randomized controlled trials published concluded that extended lymphadenectomy does not contribute to better oncologic outcome for patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. Indeed, one major drawback of extended lymphadenectomy is the higher risk of persistent postoperative diarrhea. No prospective randomized studies could be found on the role of extended lymphadenectomy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the corpus and tail. Based on current evidence there is no indication that extended lymphadenectomy should be performed routinely during resection of pancreatic cancer.
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Extracapsular lymph node spread as a negative prognostic factor of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and cancer of the papilla of vater. Pancreas 2014; 43:64-8. [PMID: 24212239 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182a44a91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and impact of extracapsular lymph node spread (ELNS) in pancreatic cancer (PC) and cancer of the papilla of Vater (CPV). METHODS Between 2004 and 2009, 148 patients underwent surgical therapy for PC (n = 112) and CPV (n = 36). The resected lymph nodes (LNs) were further analyzed for ELNS. RESULTS In 95 (64.2%) patients, LN metastasis was present. In 45 (47.3%) of these patients, an ELNS was present on histopathology. The patients' survival was negatively affected by ELNS. For PC, the 5-year survival rate was 37% for patients with no LN metastasis compared with 4% and 0% for patients with LN metastasis (pN1) but without extracapsular LN involvement and patients with pN1 disease with extracapsular LN involvement of at least 1 LN, respectively (P < 0.001). In patients with CPV, the 5-year survival rate was 56% for patients with no LN metastasis and 44% and 0% for patients with pN1 disease but without extracapsular LN involvement and patients with pN1 disease with extracapsular LN involvement of at least 1 LN, respectively (P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis revealed ELNS as an independent prognostic factor of survival for both tumor types. CONCLUSIONS Extracapsular LN spread is an independent negative prognostic factor in PC and CPV. In future staging systems, ELNS should be included.
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Su HT, Weng CC, Hsiao PJ, Chen LH, Kuo TL, Chen YW, Kuo KK, Cheng KH. Stem cell marker nestin is critical for TGF-β1-mediated tumor progression in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:768-79. [PMID: 23552743 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell marker nestin is an intermediate filament protein that plays an important role in cell integrity, migration, and differentiation. Nestin expression occurs in approximately one third of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and its expression strongly correlates with tumor staging and metastasis. Little is known about the mechanisms by which nestin influences PDAC progression. Here, nestin overexpression in PDAC cells increased cell motility and drove phenotypic changes associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro; conversely, knockdown of endogenous nestin expression reduced the migration rate and reverted cells to a more epithelial phenotype. Mouse xenograft studies showed that knockdown of nestin significantly reduced tumor incidence and volume. Nestin protein expression was associated with Smad4 status in PDAC cells; hence, nestin expression might be regulated by the TGF-β1/Smad4 pathway in PDAC. We examined nestin expression after TGF-β1 treatment in human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 and PANC-1 shSmad4 cells. The TGF-β1/Smad4 pathway induced nestin protein expression in PDAC cells in a Smad4-dependent manner. Moreover, increased nestin expression caused a positive feedback regulator of the TGF-β1 signaling system. In addition, hypoxia was shown to induce nestin expression in PDAC cells, and the hypoxia-induced expression of nestin is mediated by the TGF-β1/Smad4 pathway. Finally, the antimicrotubule inhibitors, cytochalasin D and withaferin A, exhibited anti-nestin activity; these inhibitors might be potential antimetastatic drugs. Our findings uncovered a novel role of nestin in regulating TGF-β1-induced EMT. Anti-nestin therapeutics may serve as a potential treatment for PDAC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ting Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 80424
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Noji T, Miyamoto M, Kubota KC, Shinohara T, Ambo Y, Matsuno Y, Kashimura N, Hirano S. Evaluation of extra capsular lymph node involvement in patients with extra-hepatic bile duct cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:106. [PMID: 22681770 PMCID: PMC3502251 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors for extra-hepatic bile duct carcinoma (ExHBDC). Extra capsular lymph node involvement (ExCLNI) is the extension of cancer cells through the nodal capsule into the perinodal fatty tissue. The prognostic impact of ExCLNI has been shown to be significant mainly in head and neck malignancies. Recently, the prognostic impacts of ExCLNI have evaluated in gastrointestinal malignancies. However no data is available regarding the incidence and prognostic significance of extra-capsular lymph node involvement (ExCLNI) in resectable ExHBDCs. The aim of the present study is first to evaluate the incidence of ExCLNI in surgically-treated ExHBDCs and second, to determine the prognostic impact of ExCLNI in patients with surgically-treated ExHBDCs. Methods A total of 228 patients (110 cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and 118 cases of distal cholangiocarcinoma) with surgically-treated ExHBDCs were included in this retrospective study. ExCLNI was defined as the extension of cancer cells through the nodal capsule into the perinodal fatty tissue. The existence of ExCLNI and its prognostic value were analyzed as a subgroup of lymph node metastasis. Results ExCLNI was detected in only 22% of patients with lymph node metastasis of surgically-treated ExHBDC. The presence of ExCLNI correlated with distal cholangiocarcinoma (p = 0.002). On univariate analysis for survival, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis were statistically significant factors. On multivariate analysis, only lymph node metastasis was identified as a significant independent prognostic factor in patients with resectable ExHBDC. Subgroups of lymph node metastasis including the presence of ExCLNI, location of lymph node metastasis, and the number of lymph node metastasis had no statistically significant impact on survival. Conclusion ExCLNI was present in only 22% of the LNM (7% of overall patients) in patients with surgical treated ExHBDCs. And ExCLNI would have no impact on the survival of patients with surgically-treated ExHBDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Noji
- Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Department of Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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Petrelli F, Borgonovo K, Barni S. The emerging issue of ratio of metastatic to resected lymph nodes in gastrointestinal cancers: An overview of literature. Eur J Surg Oncol 2011; 37:836-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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