Nodal metastasis from locally advanced esophageal cancer: how neoadjuvant therapy modifies their frequency and distribution

Mapping of lymph node metastasis from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after neoadjuvant treatment: a prospective analysis from a high-volume institution in China

The study aimed to describe the prevalence of lymph node metastases per lymph node station for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after neoadjuvant treatment. Clinicopathological variables of ESCC patients were retrieved from the prospective database of the Surgical Esophageal Cancer Patient Registry in West China Hospital, Sichuan University. A two-field lymphadenectomy was routinely performed, and an extensive three-field lymphadenectomy was performed if cervical lymph node metastasis was suspected. According to AJCC/UICC 8, lymph node stations were investigated separately. The number of patients with metastatic lymph nodes divided by those who underwent lymph node dissection at that station was used to define the percentage of patients with lymph node metastases. Data are also separately analyzed according to the pathological response of the primary tumor, neoadjuvant treatment regimens, pretreatment tumor length, and tumor location. Between January 2019 and March 2023, 623 patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy followed by transthoracic esophagectomy were enrolled. Lymph node metastases were found in 212 patients (34.0%) and most frequently seen in lymph nodes along the right recurrent nerve (10.1%, 58/575), paracardial station (11.4%, 67/587), and lymph nodes along the left gastric artery (10.9%, 65/597). For patients with pretreatment tumor length of >4 cm and non-pathological complete response of the primary tumor, the metastatic rate of the right lower cervical paratracheal lymph nodes is 10.9% (10/92) and 10.6% (11/104), respectively. For patients with an upper thoracic tumor, metastatic lymph nodes were most frequently seen along the right recurrent nerve (14.2%, 8/56). For patients with a middle thoracic tumor, metastatic lymph nodes were most commonly seen in the right lower cervical paratracheal lymph nodes (10.3%, 8/78), paracardial lymph nodes (10.2%, 29/285), and lymph nodes along the left gastric artery (10.4%, 30/289). For patients with a lower thoracic tumor, metastatic lymph nodes were most frequently seen in the paracardial station (14.2%, 35/247) and lymph nodes along the left gastric artery (13.1%, 33/252). The study precisely determined the distribution of lymph node metastases in ESCC after neoadjuvant treatment, which may help to optimize the extent of lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of ESCC patients after neoadjuvant therapy.

Frequency and distribution pattern of lymph node metastasis after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Currently, neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NCIT) is widely used in the perioperative treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the patterns of lymph node metastasis following this novel treatment approach remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the distribution and frequency of postoperative lymph node metastasis (LNM) after NCIT.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed cases from March 2020 to March 2023 in our hospital and selected patients who underwent NCIT followed by R0 resection for esophageal cancer. A total of 257 patients with clinical stage T3N0 or T1-3N + thoracic esophageal cancer were included. The distribution and frequency of metastatic lesions in each lymph node station were recorded according to the Japan Esophageal Society (JES) staging system. Additionally, we analyzed the patterns of lymph node metastasis based on the location of the thoracic tumor.

RESULTS

Among the 257 patients, 110 (42.8%) had pathologically positive lymph nodes postoperatively. Common sites of lymph node metastasis included station 107 (12.8%), station 106recR (11.7%), and station 7 (12.5%). The lymph node stations with lower metastasis rates were station 105, station 106tbL, and station 111, each with a metastasis rate of 2.3%. In upper thoracic (Ut) cases, station 106recR (23.7%) was the most common site of lymph node metastasis, while in middle thoracic (Mt) cases, station 107 (16.7%) had the highest metastasis rate, and in lower thoracic (Lt) cases, station 7 (17.6%) had the highest metastasis rate. Lymph node metastasis (LNM) was more likely to occur in station 101R in Ut and Mt cases than in Lt cases (13.2% and 8.6%; p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals the frequency and distribution patterns of lymph node metastasis following NCIT, highlighting the different patterns of lymph node metastasis based on tumor location. These findings can provide guidance for lymph node dissection during surgery.

The number of resected lymph nodes from the upper mediastinal area predicts long-term outcomes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after minimally invasive esophagectomy

BACKGROUND

The total number of resected lymph nodes (LNs) is an important determinant of longer survival after esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the resected LN counts from areas that affect long-term outcomes remain unclear.

METHODS

This study included 406 patients who underwent minimally invasive esophagectomies (MIEs) at Kobe University Hospital. Resected LN counts were evaluated in the following areas: upper mediastinal (UM), middle mediastinal (MM), lower mediastinal (LM), and abdominal (Abd). Cut-off values for LN counts from each area were determined using receiver operating characteristics analysis of the survival status. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors.

RESULTS

The cut-off values for large or small numbers of resected LN counts in the UM, MM, LM, and Abd areas were 4, 8, 5, and 18, respectively, in patients with upper and middle thoracic (Ut/Mt) ESCC and 7, 6, 5, and 24, respectively, in patients with lower thoracic (Lt) ESCC. Multivariate analysis in patients with Ut/Mt ESCC revealed that tumor invasion depth, LN metastasis, and the resected LN count from the UM area were independent risk factors for overall survival [hazard ratio (HR), 7.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.47-11.1; HR, 4.01; 95% CI 1.96-8.21; HR, 2.18; 95% CI 1.24-3.82, respectively]. In patients with Lt ESCC, tumor invasion depth, LN metastasis, and pulmonary complications were independent risk factors for overall survival (HR, 4.23; 95% CI 2.14-8.35; HR, 3.83; 95% CI 1.75-8.38; HR, 2.80; 95% CI 1.38-5.65, respectively). Resected LN counts from no areas were prognostic factors.

CONCLUSION

The number of resected LNs from the UM area influenced the survival outcomes of patients with Ut/Mt ESCC after MIE.

Pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Eastern versus Western countries: meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma can be treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy followed by oesophagectomy. Discrepancies in pathological response rates have been reported between studies from Eastern versus Western countries. The aim of this study was to compare the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in Eastern versus Western countries.

METHODS

Databases were searched until November 2022 for studies reporting pCR rates after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Multi-level meta-analyses were performed to pool pCR rates separately for cohorts from studies performed in centres in the Sinosphere (East) or in Europe and the Anglosphere (West).

RESULTS

For neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, 51 Eastern cohorts (5636 patients) and 20 Western cohorts (3039 patients) were included. Studies from Eastern countries included more men, younger patients, more proximal tumours, and more cT4 and cN+ disease. Patients in the West were more often treated with high-dose radiotherapy, whereas patients in the East were more often treated with a platinum + fluoropyrimidine regimen. The pooled pCR rate after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was 31.7% (95% c.i. 29.5% to 34.1%) in Eastern cohorts versus 40.4% (95% c.i. 35.0% to 45.9%) in Western cohorts (fixed-effect P = 0.003). For cohorts with similar cTNM stages, pooled pCR rates for the East and the West were 32.5% and 41.9% respectively (fixed-effect P = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

The pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is less favourable in patients treated in Eastern countries compared with Western countries. Despite efforts to investigate accounting factors, the discrepancy in pCR rate cannot be entirely explained by differences in patient, tumour, or treatment characteristics.

Increased resected lymph node stations improved survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and surgery have been recommended as the standard treatments for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In addition, nodal metastases decreased in frequency and changed in distribution after neoadjuvant therapy. This study aimed to examine the optimal strategy for lymph node dissection (LND) in patients with ESCC who underwent nCRT.

METHODS

The hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model. To determine the minimal number of LNDs (n-LNS) or least station of LNDs (e-LNS), the Chow test was used.

RESULTS

In total, 333 patients were included. The estimated cut-off values for e-LNS and n-LNS were 9 and 15, respectively. A higher number of e-LNS was significantly associated with improved OS (HR: 0.90; 95% CI 0.84-0.97, P = 0.0075) and DFS (HR: 0.012; 95% CI: 0.84-0.98, P = 0.0074). The e-LNS was a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analyses. The local recurrence rate of 23.1% in high e-LNS is much lower than the results of low e-LNS (13.3%). Comparable morbidity was found in both the e-LNS and n-LND subgroups.

CONCLUSION

This cohort study revealed an association between the extent of LND and overall survival, suggesting the therapeutic value of extended lymphadenectomy during esophagectomy. Therefore, more lymph node stations being sampled leads to higher survival rates among patients who receive nCRT, and standard lymphadenectomy of at least 9 stations is strongly recommended.

Mapping of Lymph Node Metastasis and Efficacy Index in Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Large-Scale Retrospective Analysis

BACKGROUND

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has a high mortality rate in China. The metastatic pattern in the lymph nodes and the value of their dissection on the overall survival of these patients remain controversial. The primary aim of this study was to provide a basis for accurate staging of esophageal cancer and to identify the relationship between esophageal cancer surgery, lymph node dissection, and overall survival rates.

METHODS

We utilized our hospital database to retrospectively review the data of 1727 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent R0 esophagectomy from January 2010 to December 2017. The lymph nodes were defined according to Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer, 11th Edition. The Efficacy Index (EI) was calculated by multiplying the frequency (%) of metastases to a zone and the 5-year survival rate (%) of patients with metastases to that zone, and then dividing by 100.

RESULTS

The EI was high in the supraclavicular and mediastinal zones in patients with upper esophageal tumors, and the EI of 101R was 17.39, which was the highest among the lymph node stations. In patients with middle esophageal tumors, the EI was highest in the mediastinal zone, followed by the celiac and supraclavicular zones. Furthermore, the EI was highest in the celiac zone, followed by the mediastinal zones in patients with lower esophageal tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

The EI of resected lymph nodes was found to vary between stations and was related to the primary location of the tumor.

Patterns and Influence of Lymph Nodal Metastases After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Surgery for Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

PURPOSE

The purpose of this retrospective study was to define the pattern of lymph nodal metastases in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) followed by esophagectomy and to evaluate its influence on prognosis.

METHODS

A total of 398 patients with clinical stage T3N0 or T1-3N+ ESCC who underwent NCT and radical esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy were included. The distribution and frequency of metastases were counted separately for each lymph node station. The ypN stage, number of positive lymph node stations and lymph node stations with a metastasis rate greater than 5% were analyzed by using univariate Cox regression, followed by separate multivariable Cox regression analyses after adjusting for various clinical factors.

RESULTS

Lymph node metastases were most frequently observed in the right upper paratracheal (16.8%) and left gastric artery (13.1%) stations. Multivariable models controlling for clinical factors showed that ypN stage remained a significant independent predictor of survival (N1 vs. N0: hazard ratio [HR], 2.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38-3.83, P < 0.001; N2 vs. N0: HR, 3.76, 95% CI 2.21-6.38, P < 0.001; N3 vs. N0: HR, 7.14, 95% CI 3.78-13.48, P < 0.001). The model from the multivariable analysis with the highest c-index score, indicating superior discriminatory preference, was ypN stage (c-index, 0.72).

CONCLUSIONS

The pattern and influence of lymph node metastases after NCT will provide guidance on the extent of lymphadenectomy. Common positive lymph node stations for thoracic ESCC after NCT include the paratracheal, subcarinal, paraesophageal, paracardial, and left gastric artery stations.

Role of Lower Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Margin Location on Abdominal Lymph Node Metastasis Risk

Background: Different sites of esophageal cancer are accompanied by different regional lymph node metastasis (LNM) risks. We aimed to investigate the impact of a lower tumor margin on abdominal LNM risk. Methods: We enrolled patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) from 2014 to 2017 in West China Hospital. Overall survival (OS) analysis was performed. We measured the distance between the lower tumor margin and esophagogastric junction (LED) with upper gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced X-ray (UGCXR). Multivariate logistic regression analysis and propensity score matching (PSM) were performed to explore the relationship between LED and the risk of abdominal LNM. Abdominal LNM risk in ESCC was stratified based on the location of the lower tumor margin. A model predicting abdominal LNM risk was constructed and presented with a nomogram. Results: The included patients had an abdominal LNM rate of 48.29%. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, LED was identified as a risk factor for abdominal LNM. Subgroup analysis of middle ESCC showed that patients with an LED less than 10 cm had a significantly higher rate of abdominal LNM than those with an LED greater than 10 cm. The abdominal LNM rate in middle ESCC patients with an LED less than 10 cm was 32.2%, while it was 35.1% in lower ESCC patients whose lower tumor margin did not invade the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), which was comparable after PSM. Conclusions: LED could help surgeons evaluate the risk of abdominal LNM preoperatively and better guide dissection of abdominal lymph nodes according to risk level.

Multi-omics analysis uncovers tumor ecosystem dynamics during neoadjuvant toripalimab plus nab-paclitaxel and S-1 for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a single-center, open-label, single-arm phase 2 trial

BACKGROUND

Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy as a neoadjuvant therapy have been applied to the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the optimal regimen needs to be further explored, particularly for older patients, and the mechanisms by which the immune checkpoint inhibitor combined with chemotherapy modulates the evolution of ESCC are unknown.

METHODS

In this single-arm phase 2 trial, patients with resectable (stage II/III/IV without metastasis) ESCC were enrolled and received nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel for two cycles and oral S-1 for 2 weeks, combined with intravenous toripalimab for two cycles before surgery. Combination postoperative adjuvant therapy was administered. The primary outcome was the major pathological response (MPR). Secondary outcomes included pathological complete response (pCR), overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), improvement in Stooler's dysphagia score and degree of daily living ability (dADL). Biopsies and plasma pre- and post-neoadjuvant therapy were performed using whole-exome sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PD-L1, multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) and proximity extension assay technology (PEA) for 92 proteins.

FINDINGS

From November 2019 to July 2021, 60 patients were enrolled. After neoadjuvant therapy, R0 resection was achieved in 55 (98.21%) patients. MPR was identified in 27 patients (49.09%), and 16 patients (29.09%) achieved pCR. Patients with PR, SD and PD were 37 (61.67%), 21 (35.00%) and 2 (3.33%), respectively. The overall staging, Stooler dysphagia scores and dADL were significantly decreased after treatment. 11 patients (18.3%) experienced grade ≥3 AEs. Compared to PD-L1-Low patients, PD-L1-High patients had a significantly higher ratio of PR. During therapy, the tumor mutation burden (TMB) and tumor neoantigen burden (TNB) were significantly decreased in patients with PR. Differential clonal evolution within tumors was demonstrated by analysis of intratumoral heterogeneity. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes at baseline was associated with clinical outcome. During therapy, CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells were increased in all patients; however, exhausted cells, nTregs and iTregs were significantly increased in patients with non-MPR. Protein analyses revealed that the levels of IFN-γ, Gal.1 and LAMP3 can predict the clinical benefit. In addition, the expression of CD83, TNFRSF4, TNFSF14, VEGFR2, ADA, ARG1, and HO-1 was associated with serious AEs. More importantly, the integration of CD4+ T cells with plasma protein of IFN-γ, Gal.1 or LAMP3 could further distinguish responders from non-responders.

INTERPRETATION

In this study, neoadjuvant therapy with toripalimab, nab-paclitaxel and S-1 was less toxic and showed promising antitumor activity in patients with resectable ESCC. Changes in the genome, transcriptome, PD-L1 expression and serum proteins were comprehensively analyzed and correlated with clinical outcomes, which provides insight into the mechanism of action of toripalimab combined with nab-paclitaxel and S-1 in patients with ESCC.

FUNDING

This study was funded by Major projects of the ministry of science and technology of the 13th five-year plan of China [grant number: 2018ZX09201013].

Applying post-neoadjuvant pathologic stage as prognostic tool in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

It is still uncertain whether the newly released eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) post-neoadjuvant pathologic (yp) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage for esophageal carcinoma can perform well regarding patient stratification. The current study aimed to assess the prognostication ability of the eighth AJCC ypTNM staging system and attempted to explore how to facilitate the staging system for more effective evaluation of prognosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 486 patients treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy (nRT/CRT) were enrolled. ypN stage was reclassified by recursive partitioning. Prognostic performance, monotonicity, homogeneity, and discriminatory of yp and modified yp (myp) staging systems were assessed by time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC), linear trend log-rank test, likelihood ratio χ2 test, Harrell's c statistic, and Akaike information criterion (AIC).

RESULTS

The ypT stage, ypN stage, and pathologic response were significant prognostic factors of overall survival. Survival was not discriminated well using the eighth AJCC ypN stage and ypTNM stage. Recursive partitioning reclassified mypN0-N2 as metastasis in 0, 1-2, and ≥3 regional lymph nodes. Applying the ypT stage, mypN stage, and pathologic response to construct the myp staging system, the myp stage performed better in time-dependent ROC, linear trend log-rank test, likelihood ratio χ2 test, Harrell's c statistic, and AIC.

CONCLUSIONS

The eighth AJCC ypTNM staging system performed well in differentiating prognosis to some extent. By reclassifying the ypN stage and enrolling pathologic response as a staging element, the myp staging system holds significant potential for prognostic discrimination.

Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis

Objective

The progress of neoadjuvant therapy for resectable locally advanced esophageal cancer has been stagnant. There has been much progress in immunotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer, but the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable locally advanced esophageal cancer have not yet been definitively demonstrated.

Methods

Original articles describing the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in resectable locally advanced esophagus published until July 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to conduct heterogeneity and subgroup analysis.

Results

In total, 759 patients from 21 studies were enrolled. The effectiveness of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy was evaluated using the major pathologic response (MPR) and pathologic complete response (PCR). In the enrolled patients, 677 were treated surgically and 664 achieved R0 resection. Major pathological remission was achieved in 52.0% (95% CI: 0.44–0.57) of patients on neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy and complete pathological remission in 29.5% (95% CI: 0.25–0.32) of patients. The safety was primarily assessed by the incidence of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) and surgical resection rates. The incidence of TRAEs and the surgical resection rate combined ORs were 0.15 (95% CI: 0.09–0.22) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83–0.89), respectively.

Conclusion

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer is effective and safe.

Mapping of Lymph Node Metastasis From Thoracic Esophageal Cancer: A Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVES

This retrospective study was designed to investigate the optimal extent of dissection for thoracic esophageal cancer (EC) based on the incidence of lymph node metastasis (LNM).

METHODS

We retrospectively identified 1014 patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who underwent esophagectomy at our institution between May 2018 and November 2020. Also, the location and rate of LNM in relation to the postoperative pathological results were retrieved. We separately counted the metastasis rates of routinely excised lymph node stations according to the Japan Esophageal Society (JES) staging system.

RESULTS

A total of 1666 consecutive patients were screened, and 1014 were enrolled. Generally, the rates of LNM in thoracic EC may be arranged in the descending order of station 7 > station 106recR > station 2 > station 106recL. Esophageal cancer in the middle and lower thoracic segment also had a high rate of LNM along bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve. Stations 106tbL and 111 were the lowest frequent sites of metastasis with rate less than 5%; only the patients with clinically positive LNs need to dissect. The cT3-4, cN+, or G3 were independent risk factors for LNM and neoadjuvant therapy did not change the distribution of LNM for thoracic EC cases.

CONCLUSIONS

This study accurately identified the distribution of LNM for thoracic EC patients. Neoadjuvant therapy could not change the overall distribution of LNM in thoracic EC patients. However, whether LNs dissection at stations 106tbL and 111 is related to the survival of thoracic EC or not, needs a long follow-up time to verify.

Neoadjuvant Sintilimab Plus Chemotherapy in Resectable Locally Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) and chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) are the standard treatments in patients with resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Adding PD-1 inhibitor to the chemotherapy has shown significant clinical benefits in first-line treatment of advanced ESCC. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant sintilimab plus chemotherapy in patients with resectable locally advanced ESCC.

Methods

The clinical data of 96 patients with resectable locally advanced ESCC, treated with sintilimab plus chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy, were reviewed. The pathologic complete response (pCR) rate, major pathological response (MPR) rate, R0 resection rate, tumor downstaging, survival, and safety were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Patients were between the ages of 43 and 78 years (interquartile range [IQR], 60-69 years). Forty (41.7%) were diagnosed with stage II ESCC, 52 (54.2%) with stage III, and 4 (4.2%) with stage IVA. Sixty-seven (69.8%) were male, and 84 (87.5%) patients had an ECOG PS of ≤1. Forty-eight (50.0%) patients received 3-4 cycles of the neoadjuvant treatment. Twenty-nine (30.2%) patients obtained pCR, and MPR was achieved in 60 (62.5%) patients. The R0 resection rate was 99%. Eighty (83.3%) patients achieved clinical downstaging, and 71 (74.0%) achieved pathological downstaging. The median follow-up was 8.9 months, and 1-year DFS rate was 95.2% (95% CI, 88.8%-100%). Grade 3-4 TRAEs occurred in 12 (12.5%) patients, and the incidence of grade 3-4 surgical complications was 2.1%. No deaths were reported.

Conclusion

These real-world data revealed that neoadjuvant sintilimab plus chemotherapy could provide encouraging pCR with good tolerability for resectable locally advanced ESCC, and this regimen warrants further exploration in prospective clinical studies.

Impact of Examined Lymph Node Count on Precise Staging and Long-term Survival After Neoadjuvant Therapy for Carcinoma of the Esophagus: A SEER Database Analysis

Purpose

To identify the optimal number of lymph nodes dissected during esophagectomy following neoadjuvant therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Registry (SEER) database.

Patients and Methods

Patients who underwent neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) plus esophagectomy with EC from 2001–2016 were analyzed retrospectively in the SEER database. We analyzed the correlation between the lymphadenectomy count and nodal stage migration and overall survival (OS) by using a binary logistic regression model and Cox proportional hazards regression. The curves of the odds ratios (ORs) of nodal stage migration and hazard ratios (HRs) of OS were smoothed using the LOWESS technique, and the cutoff points were determined by the Chow test. The OS curves were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Among the 4,710 patients analyzed in the SEER database, a median of 12 lymph nodes (IQR, 7–19) were harvested. There was a significantly proportional increase in nodal stage migration (OR, 1.017; 95% CI, 1.011 to 1.023; P < 0.001) and serial improvements in OS among node-negative patients (HR, 0.983; 95% CI, 0.977 to 0.988; P < 0.001) with an increased ELN count after adjusting for the T stage. The corresponding cutoff point of the 16 ELNs was calculated for the OR of stage migration by the Chow test. For those with node-negative and node-positive diseases, no significant trend of survival benefit that favored a more extensive lymphadenectomy was demonstrated (HR, 1.001; 95% CI, 0.989 to 1.012; P = 0.906; and HR, 0.996; 95% CI, 0.985 to 1.006; P = 0.405, respectively).

Conclusion

On the basis of these results, we recommend that at least 16 ELNs be removed for accurate nodal staging as well as for obtaining a therapeutic benefit after nCRT for EC. Furthermore, once precise nodal staging has been achieved, patient survival does not improve with additional ELN dissection after nCRT, regardless of pathological nodal staging (negative or positive).

Transhiatal esophagectomy as a treatment for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction: postoperative and oncologic results of a single-center cohort THE for locally advanced GEJC

Background and purpose

To report the postoperative and oncological outcomes of transhiatal esophagectomy for locally advanced cancer of the gastroesophageal junction.

Methods

Medical records of 120 consecutive patients who underwent transhiatal esophagectomy for locally advanced cancer of the gastroesophageal junction with curative intent after neoadjuvant treatment between February 2006 and December 2018 at our center were reviewed.

Results

All patients received either chemotherapy (46.7%) or chemoradiation (53.3%). The 90-day mortality and overall morbidity rates were 0.8% and 56.7%, respectively. Respiratory complications were the most common (30.8%). Anastomotic leakage occurred in 19 patients (15.8%), who were treated by local wound care (n = 13) or surgical drainage (n = 6). Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 12 patients (9.9%). The median length of hospital stay was 15.5 days. The rate of R0 resection was 95.8%, and the median number of nodes removed was 17.5. Over a median follow-up of 77 months, the rate of recurrence was 40.8%, and the overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 91%, 75%, and 65%, respectively. The median survival time was not reached. In multivariate analysis, disease stage was the only independent significant prognostic factor.

Conclusions

Transhiatal esophagectomy is a safe and effective procedure with good long-term oncological outcomes for locally advanced tumors after neo-adjuvant treatment. It can be recommended for all patients with cancer of the gastroesophageal junction, regardless of the Siewert classification, tumor stage, and comorbidities.

Patterns and Impact of Nodal Metastases After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation and R0 Resection in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Little is known about the pattern of nodal metastases in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma who have received neoadjuvant chemoradiation and undergone surgery. We sought to assess this pattern and evaluate its association with prognosis.

METHODS

All patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation and R0 esophagectomy between 2010 and 2018 at our institution were included (n = 537). The primary objective was to evaluate the association of sites of lymph node metastases with disease-free survival. The number of nodal stations and individual sites of nodal metastases were evaluated first in univariable then in separate multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for clinical factors.

RESULTS

Of 537 patients, 193 (36%) had pathologic nodal metastases at the time of surgery; 153 (28%) had single-station disease, 32 (6.0%) had 2-station disease, and 8 (1.5%) had 3-station disease. The majority of patients with multiple positive nodal stations had positive nodes in the paraesophageal (93%) and/or left gastric stations (60%). Multivariable models controlling for clinical factors showed that an increasing number of positive nodal stations (hazard ratio, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.35-1.84; P < .01)-in particular, the subcarinal (hazard ratio, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.54-5.03; P < .01) and paraesophageal stations (hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.58-2.54; P < .01)-was associated with increased risk of recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

One-third of patients who have undergone R0 resection for esophageal adenocarcinoma following induction chemoradiation therapy have metastatic lymph nodes. An increasing number of nodal stations, particularly paraesophageal and subcarinal metastases, were associated with increased risk of recurrence.

Neoadjuvant programmed cell death 1 blockade combined with chemotherapy for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade induces tumor regression in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, little is known about the efficacy of PD-1 blockade as neoadjuvant therapy in resectable ESCC. We aim to assess the safety and feasibility of using the combination of neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade with chemotherapy in patients with ESCC.

METHODS

Patients with previously untreated, resectable (stage II or III) ESCC were enrolled. Each patient received two 21-day cycles of neoadjuvant treatment with camrelizumab, nab-paclitaxel, and carboplatin before undergoing surgical resection approximately 6-9 weeks after the first cycle.

RESULTS

Between January 2020 and September 2020, 37 patients were screened, of whom 23 were enrolled. The neoadjuvant therapeutic regimen had an acceptable side effect profile, and no delays in surgery were observed. Severe (grade 3-4) treatment-related adverse events included neutropenia (9 of 23, 39.1%) and leukopenia (2 of 23, 8.7%). The objective response and disease control rates were 90.5% and 100%, respectively. Twenty patients received surgery, and R0 resection was achieved in all cases. Five (25%) patients had a pathological complete response (PCR) and 10 (50%) patients had a major pathological response. The proportion of patients with a high tumor mutation burden and a high expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in primary tumor was significantly higher in the PCR group than in the non-PCR group (p=0.044). The number of infiltrating PD-L1+ CD163+ cells was significantly lower in the PCR group than in the non-PCR group after treatment (p=0.017).

CONCLUSIONS

Neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus carboplatin and nab-paclitaxel had manageable treatment-related adverse effects and induced an objective response in 90.5% of patients, demonstrating its antitumor efficacy in resectable ESCC.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ChiCTR2000028900.

Practical approach to linear EUS examination of the mediastinum

EUS has become a substantial diagnostic and therapeutic modality for many anatomical regions. The extent of endosonographic assessment is wide, and among others, allows for the evaluation of the mediastinal anatomy and related pathologies such as mediastinal lymphadenopathy and staging of central malignant lung lesions. Moreover, EUS assessment has proved more accurate in detecting small lesions missed by standard imaging examinations such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance. Endosonographically, various mediastinal anatomical landmarks and stations can be visualized by transesophageal scanning, thus providing arranged systematic examination of the mediastinum. In addition, the correct position during the examination is crucial for EUS-guided procedures such as tissue sampling and drainage of mediastinal abscesses. The evolution of EUS-guided diagnostic and interventional procedures has contributed to the increasing importance of understanding the mediastinal anatomy during the EUS examination.

ECM Remodeling in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Aerodigestive Tract: Pathways for Cancer Dissemination and Emerging Biomarkers

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) include a number of different types of tumors developing in the skin, in hollow organs, as well as the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) including the head and neck region and the esophagus which will be dealt with in this review. These tumors are often refractory to current therapeutic approaches with poor patient outcome. The most important prognostic determinant of SCC tumors is the presence of distant metastasis, significantly correlating with low patient survival rates. Rapidly emerging evidence indicate that the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and remodeling profoundly affect SSC metastatic dissemination. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of ECM and its remodeling enzymes in affecting the growth and dissemination of UADT SCC. Taken together, these published evidence suggest that a thorough analysis of the ECM composition in the UADT SCC microenvironment may help disclosing the mechanism of resistance to the treatments and help defining possible targets for clinical intervention.

ECM Remodeling in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Aerodigestive Tract: Pathways for Cancer Dissemination and Emerging Biomarkers

Simple Summary

Local and distant metastasis of patients affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract predicts poor prognosis. In the latest years, the introduction of new therapeutic approaches, including targeted and immune therapies, has improved the overall survival. However, a large number of these patients do not benefit from these treatments. Thus, the identification of suitable prognostic and predictive biomarkers, as well as the discovery of new therapeutic targets have emerged as a crucial clinical need. In this context, the extracellular matrix represents a suitable target for the development of such therapeutic tools. In fact, the extracellular matrix is composed by complex molecules able to interact with a plethora of receptors and growth factors, thus modulating the dynamic crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of the extracellular matrix in affecting squamous cell carcinoma growth and dissemination. Despite extracellular matrix is known to affect the development of many cancer types, only a restricted number of these molecules have been recognized to impact on squamous cell carcinoma progression. Thus, we consider that a thorough analysis of these molecules may be key to develop new potential therapeutic targets/biomarkers.

Abstract

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) include a number of different types of tumors developing in the skin, in hollow organs, as well as the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) including the head and neck region and the esophagus which will be dealt with in this review. These tumors are often refractory to current therapeutic approaches with poor patient outcome. The most important prognostic determinant of SCC tumors is the presence of distant metastasis, significantly correlating with low patient survival rates. Rapidly emerging evidence indicate that the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and remodeling profoundly affect SSC metastatic dissemination. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of ECM and its remodeling enzymes in affecting the growth and dissemination of UADT SCC. Taken together, these published evidence suggest that a thorough analysis of the ECM composition in the UADT SCC microenvironment may help disclosing the mechanism of resistance to the treatments and help defining possible targets for clinical intervention.

Prognostic impact of sterilized lymph nodes in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

BACKGROUND

The prognostic importance of sterilized lymph nodes (SLN) remains unclear in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). This study aimed to determine whether SLN predicted disease-free survival (DFS) in ESCC.

METHODS

We enrolled 246 eligible patients who were divided into SLN (+) and SLN (-) group according to the presence or absence of fibrosis, necrosis, calcifications and/or foreign body giant cell reactions in the negative lymph nodes specimens. The prognostic value of SLN was determined using univariate and multivariate analyses. The prognostic strength of counting SLN as positive lymph nodes was evaluated using the difference of Akaike information criterion (ΔAIC).

RESULTS

A total of 61 SLN were identified in 38 (15.4%) patients. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between SLN (+) and SLN (-) group. The most frequently detected SLN in the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity were those along bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (21/38,55.3%) and left gastric artery (13/24,60.9%), respectively. The univariate and multivariate analyses showed SLN was an independent prognostic factor for worse DFS in the whole cohort (HR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.08-3.90, P = 0.029). The SLN (+) group additionally correlated with worse 5-year DFS than SLN (-) group in the ypT0, ypN0 and pCR subgroups. Counting SLN as positive lymph nodes showed better prognostic strength than ignoring them.

CONCLUSION

SLN was of prognostic significance for worse DFS in patients with ESCC, particularly in patients with good response to nCRT.

Prognostic Role of Nodal Skip Metastasis in Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Large-Scale Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND

Nodal-skip metastasis (NSM) is found in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but its prognostic role is controversial. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of NSM for thoracic ESCC patients.

METHODS

Categorization of NSM was according to the N groupings of Japan Esophagus Society (JES) staging system, which is dependent on tumor location. Using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox-regression analysis, this study retrospectively analyzed the overall survival (OS) for 2325 ESCC patients after radical esophagectomy at three high-volume esophageal cancer centers. Predictive models also were constructed.

RESULTS

The overall NSM rate was 20% (229/1141): 37.4% in the in upper, 12.9% in the middle, and 22.2% in the lower thoracic ESCC. The patients with NSM always had a better prognosis than those without NSM. Furthermore, NSM was an independent prognostic factor for thoracic ESCC patients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.633; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.499-0.803; P < 0.001). By integrating the prognostic values of NSM and N stage, the authors proposed the new N staging system. The categories defined by the new N staging system were more homogeneous in terms of OS than those defined by the current N system. Moreover, the new N system was shown to be an independent prognostic factor also for thoracic ESCC patients (HR, 1.607; 95% CI, 1.520-1.700; P < 0.001). Overall, the new N system had slightly better homogeneity, discriminatory ability, and monotonicity of gradient than the current N system.

CONCLUSIONS

This study emphasized the prognostic power of NSM and developed a modified node-staging system to improve the efficiency of the current International Union for Cancer Control (UICC)/American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) N staging system.

Lymphadenectomy and Survival After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Is More Better?

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of number of lymph nodes examined on survival in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation.

METHODS

The National Cancer Database was queried for patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Propensity scores were created predicting the odds of undergoing resection of ≥ 25 nodes. Patients were matched on propensity score. Overall survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Sensitivity analyses were performed using various nodal cutoffs.

RESULTS

In total, 3953 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation were identified. The median number of resected nodes was 14 nodes (IQR, 8-20 nodes). Resection of ≥ 15 (vs. < 15 nodes: 32 vs. 26 months; p < 0.001), ≥ 20 (vs. < 20 nodes: 36 vs. 28 months; p = 0.001), and ≥ 25 (vs. < 25 nodes: 37 vs. 29 months; p = 0.015) nodes was associated with higher median survival, but resection of ≥ 30 nodes was not (vs. < 30 nodes: 41 vs. 33 months; p = 0.367). Resection of ≥ 25 lymph nodes remained predictive for improved survival on subset analysis in patients with negative nodes and who underwent treatment at high-volume centers.

CONCLUSIONS

After neoadjuvant chemoradiation, resection of 25 or more lymph nodes was associated with longer median survival. Prospective trials are warranted to determine the optimal nodal yield after neoadjuvant chemoradiation.

The Value of Lymphadenectomy Post-Neoadjuvant Therapy in Carcinoma Esophagus: a Review

Lymph nodal metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors determining survival in patients with carcinoma esophagus. Radical esophagectomy, with the resection of surrounding lymph nodes, is considered the prime treatment of carcinoma esophagus. An extensive lymphadenectomy improves the accuracy of staging and betters locoregional control, but its effect on survival is still not apparent and carries the disadvantage of increased morbidity. The extent of lymphadenectomy during esophagectomy also remains debatable, with many studies revealing contradictory results, especially in the era of neoadjuvant therapy. The pattern of distribution and the number of nodal metastasis are modified by neoadjuvant therapy. The paper reviews the existing evidence to determine whether increased lymph node yield improves oncological outcomes in patients undergoing esophagectomy with particular attention to those patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy.

Distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy: a prospective study

BACKGROUND

The distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal adenocarcinoma following neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRTx) is unclear, but may have consequences for radiotherapy and surgery. The aim of this study was to define the distribution of lymph node metastases and relation to the radiation field in patients following nCRTx and esophagectomy.

METHODS

Between April 2014 and August 2015 esophageal adenocarcinoma patients undergoing transthoracic esophagectomy with 2-field lymphadenectomy following nCRTx were included in this prospective observational study. Lymph node stations according to AJCC 7 were separately investigated. The location of lymph node metastases in relation to the radiation field was determined. The primary endpoint was the distribution of lymph node metastases and relation to the radiation field, the secondary endpoints were high-risk stations and risk factors for lymph node metastases and relation to survival.

RESULTS

Fifty consecutive patients were included. Lymph node metastases were found in 60% of patients and most frequently observed in paraesophageal (28%), left gastric artery (24%), and celiac trunk (18%) stations. Fifty-two percent had lymph node metastases within the radiation field. The incidence of lymph node metastases correlated significantly with ypT-stage (p = 0.002), cT-stage (p = 0.005), lymph angioinvasion (p = 0.004), and Mandard (p = 0.002). The number of lymph node metastases was associated with survival in univariable analysis (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.068-1.173, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Esophageal adenocarcinoma frequently metastasizes to both the mediastinal and abdominal lymph node stations. In this study, more than half of the patients had lymph node metastases within the radiation field. nCRTx is therefore not a reason to minimize lymphadenectomy in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Updates in staging and pathologic evaluation of esophageal carcinoma following neoadjuvant therapy

Esophageal carcinoma comprises two major subtypes-squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the incidences of which vary widely across the world and also depend on the location within the esophagus. The staging of esophageal cancer (EC) also remains unique among various gastrointestinal carcinomas, as it takes into account the location, histologic type, and grade. Its management has been evolving over the years and the recent American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system has been updated to reflect the changing practice and new data. It is clear that preoperative neoadjuvant therapy is increasingly being used for the treatment of locally advanced esophageal carcinomas, followed by surgical resection that improves survival. A variety of histologic changes can be seen after neoadjuvant therapy, which can be challenging for the pathologists. The presence of residual tumor in the surgically resected specimen and lymph node following neoadjuvant therapy is associated with poor prognosis. Hence, a thorough pathologic assessment of tumor regression grade and accurate tumor staging is required by pathologists to provide valuable prognostic information to guide further management. Tumor regression grading in ECs needs to be improved and standardized.

Distribution of Lymph Node Metastasis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Trimodal Therapy

BACKGROUND

Although metastatic tumors in lymph nodes (LN) are potentially affected by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT), the distribution of LN metastases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after trimodal therapy has never been sufficiently estimated.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We evaluated the distribution of LN metastases, relationships between LN metastases and radiation fields, risk factors for LN metastasis, and the influence of LN metastasis on the survival of 184 patients with ESCC who underwent NCRT followed by esophagectomy.

RESULTS

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy resulted in down-staged LN status in 74 (49.3%) patients. Pathological LN metastases were extensive in 177 LN stations in the cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal fields, and 162 (91.5%) metastases were located inside the radiation fields. Multivariate analysis showed that clinical N stage [N0 vs. 1/2/3: hazard ratio (HR), 2.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22-5.92; p = 0.01] and clinical response of primary tumor (complete vs. noncomplete: HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.50-5.69; p = 0.002) were statistically significant for pathological LN metastasis. Recurrence-free and overall survivals were significantly stratified according to the number of pathological LN metastases, associations between clinical and pathological LN metastases, and presence or absence of pathological LN metastases outside radiation field.

CONCLUSIONS

About 50% of patients who were clinically diagnosed with LN metastasis before treatment were downstaged by NCRT, and their prognoses were relatively good. However, LN metastases were extensive at the cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal areas, even within the radiation field. Thus, systematic and adequate lymphadenectomy is required for ESCC treated by NCRT.

Modified En Bloc Esophagectomy Compared With Standard Resection After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation

BACKGROUND

Surgeons have shifted away from the practice of en bloc esophagectomy, particularly in the era of neoadjuvant therapies. Although some still advocate for this radical approach, contemporary data establishing its superiority are sparse. We hypothesized that a more complete, radical resection could be completed in the setting of chemoradiation without adding morbidity.

METHODS

Patients undergoing esophagectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for esophageal adenocarcinoma from 2006-2018 were evaluated. Outcomes after right transthoracic en bloc esophagectomy were compared with standard esophagectomy to determine the impact on outcomes. A Cox proportional hazard model was evaluated, and logistic regression was performed to determine the impact of en bloc resection on postoperative morbidity.

RESULTS

A total of 604 patients were identified, including 133 (22%) who underwent modified en bloc esophagectomy. Positive margins were most likely to occur in standard esophagectomy (35 of 471, 7%) vs en bloc (3 of 133, 2%) (P = .026). En bloc resection yielded a greater lymph node harvest (27; interquartile range, 22-36), as compared to standard esophagectomy (22; interquartile range, 17-28), P < .001. Multivariable analysis demonstrated prolonged progression-free survival with en bloc resection (hazard ratio, 0.74; P = .041), with 3-year freedom from locoregional recurrences of 78% and 90% for standard and en bloc approaches (P = .044). There were no differences in cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, or wound complications, as well as leak or chylothorax.

CONCLUSIONS

Our experience demonstrates improved locoregional disease control with en bloc esophagectomy, with equivalent morbidity. Although these results may be multifactorial, including adequate clearance of both primary tumor and nodal micrometastases, this approach is safe and feasible.

Distribution of Lymph Node Metastases in Esophageal Carcinoma Patients Undergoing Upfront Surgery: A Systematic Review

Metastatic lymphatic mapping in esophageal cancer is important to determine the optimal extent of the radiation field in case of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and lymphadenectomy when esophagectomy is indicated. The objective of this review is to identify the distribution pattern of metastatic lymphatic spread in relation to histology, tumor location, and T-stage in patients with esophageal cancer. Embase and Medline databases were searched by two independent researchers. Studies were included if published before July 2019 and if a transthoracic esophagectomy with a complete 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy was performed without neoadjuvant therapy. The prevalence of lymph node metastases was described per histologic subtype and primary tumor location. Fourteen studies were included in this review with a total of 8952 patients. We found that both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma metastasize to cervical, thoracic, and abdominal lymph node stations, regardless of the primary tumor location. In patients with an upper, middle, and lower thoracic squamous cell carcinoma, the lymph nodes along the right recurrent nerve are often affected (34%, 24% and 10%, respectively). Few studies describe the metastatic pattern of adenocarcinoma. The current literature is heterogeneous in the classification and reporting of lymph node metastases. This complicates evidence-based strategies in neoadjuvant and surgical treatment.

Evaluating the eighth edition TNM staging system for esophageal cancer among patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy: A SEER study

BACKGROUND

The evaluation of the eighth edition of ypTNM staging system for patients with esophageal cancer was limited in the setting of neoadjuvant therapy.

METHODS

A total of 2324 patients with esophageal cancer receiving radio(chemo)therapy prior to surgery from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2004 and 2013 were eligible for the analysis. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate overall survivals.

RESULTS

Among patients with preoperative therapy, both the seventh edition TNM grouping and the eighth edition ypTNM grouping could significantly stratify the overall survival (both log-rank P < .001). There was not significant difference in the C-index of the seventh edition TNM grouping (0.575; 95%CI, 0.558-0.593) and the eighth edition ypTNM grouping (0.569; 95%CI, 0.551-0.587) (P = .098). In multivariable Cox analysis, ypN category was the strongest predictor of overall survival (P < .001), followed by tumor grade (HR, 1.33; 95%CI, 1.12-1.56; P = .001). The combination of ypT, ypN, and ypG categories yielded significantly higher C-index (0.591; 95%CI, 0.573-0.609) than that of the seventh edition TNM staging (P = .024).

CONCLUSION

Tumor grade remained an independent predictor of overall survival in the setting of neoadjuvant therapy, and could improve the performance of ypTNM staging system.

Extent and consequences of lymphadenectomy in oesophageal cancer surgery: case vignette survey

Objectives

Lymph node dissection (LND) is part of the standard operating procedure in patients with resectable oesophageal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regardless of lymph node (LN) status. The aims of this case vignette survey were to acquire expert opinions on the current practice of LND and to determine potential consequences of non-invasive LN staging on the extent of LND and postoperative morbidity.

Design

An online survey including five short clinical cases (case vignettes) was sent to 272 oesophageal surgeons worldwide.

Participants

86 oesophageal surgeons (median experience in oesophageal surgery of 15 years) participated in the survey (response rate 32%).

Main outcome measures

Extent of standard LND, potential changes in LND based on accurate LN staging and consequences for postoperative morbidity were evaluated.

Results

Standard LND varied considerably between experts; for example, pulmonary ligament, splenic artery, aortopulmonary window and paratracheal LNs are routinely dissected in less than 60%. The omission of (parts of) LND is expected to decrease the number of chyle leakages, pneumonias, and laryngeal nerve pareses and to reduce operating time. In order to guide surgical treatment decisions, a diagnostic test for LN staging after neoadjuvant therapy requires a minimum sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 90%.

Conclusions

This expert case vignette survey study shows that there is no consensus on the extent of standard LND. Oesophageal surgeons seem more willing to extend LND rather than omit LND, based on accurate LN staging. The majority of surgeons expect that less extensive LND can reduce postoperative morbidity.

Relevant issues in tumor regression grading of histopathological response to neoadjuvant treatment in adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction

Multimodality treatment combining surgery and oncologic treatment has become widely applied in curative treatment of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. There is a need for a standardized tumor regression grade scoring system for clinically relevant effects of neoadjuvant treatment effects. There are numerous tumor regression grading systems in use and there is no international standardization. This review has found nine different international systems currently in use. These systems all differ in detail, which inhibits valid comparisons of results between studies. Tumor regression grading in esophageal and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma needs to be improved and standardized. To achieve this goal, we have invited a significant group of international esophageal and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma pathology experts to perform a structured review in the form of a Delphi process. The aims of the Delphi include specifying the details for the disposal of the surgical specimen and defining the details of, and the reporting from, the agreed histological tumor regression grade system including resected lymph nodes. The second step will be to perform a validation study of the agreed tumor regression grading system to ensure a scientifically robust inter- and intra-observer variability and to incorporate the consented tumor regression grading system in clinical studies to assess its predictive and prognostic role in treatment of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas. The ultimate aim of the project is to improve survival in esophageal and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma by increasing the quality of tumor regression grading, which is a key component in treatment evaluation and future studies of individualized treatment of esophageal cancer.

Clinical-morphological profiles of esophageal carcinoma's main types

Aim: The purpose of the study was to define and then to compare particularly the morphological profiles of the main morphological types of esophageal carcinoma (EC). Patients, Materials and Methods: The studied group included 46 operated EC patients. Few parameters were clinical (gender and age). The rest of them described both gross and histological features of the entire group and of the two main histological types of carcinoma (lesion’ site, lateral extension, lesion dimensions, gross aspect, and histological type, and tumor grade, and stage). Stratification scales of cases were defined according to each parameter in order to compare the data and a statistical apparatus [Student’s t-test and χ² (chi-squared) test] was used. Results: The studied tumors were encountered mostly in mature adult and elderly men, usually in the lower segments of the esophagus. Many of them had between five and ten cm in the long diameter and produced stenosis. Most of them had infiltrating appearance combined often with protruding or/and ulcerated aspects. Usually, the tumors were poorly differentiated and in stage III. The two main histological types of EC showed different morphological profiles. Data from the literature revealed sometimes wide ranges of variation for the studied morphological parameters. Our results were within these ranges of variation. Conclusions: ECs proved to be aggressive and late diagnosed tumors in general, with distinct morphological and behavioral profiles for the two main histological types. Comparisons with literature data confirmed many of our observations regarding the clinical and morphological aspects of both ECs as a whole and its histological types.

Distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal carcinoma [TIGER study]: study protocol of a multinational observational study

BACKGROUND

An important parameter for survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma is lymph node status. The distribution of lymph node metastases depends on tumor characteristics such as tumor location, histology, invasion depth, and on neoadjuvant treatment. The exact distribution is unknown. Neoadjuvant treatment and surgical strategy depends on the distribution pattern of nodal metastases but consensus on the extent of lymphadenectomy has not been reached. The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of lymph node metastases in patients with resectable esophageal or gastro-esophageal junction carcinoma in whom a transthoracic esophagectomy with a 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy is performed. This can be the foundation for a uniform worldwide staging system and establishment of the optimal surgical strategy for esophageal cancer patients.

METHODS

The TIGER study is an international observational cohort study with 50 participating centers. Patients with a resectable esophageal or gastro-esophageal junction carcinoma in whom a transthoracic esophagectomy with a 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy is performed in participating centers will be included. All lymph node stations will be excised and separately individually analyzed by pathological examination. The aim is to include 5000 patients. The primary endpoint is the distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal and esophago-gastric junction carcinoma specimens following transthoracic esophagectomy with at least 2-field lymphadenectomy in relation to tumor histology, tumor location, invasion depth, number of lymph nodes and lymph node metastases, pre-operative diagnostics, neo-adjuvant therapy and (disease free) survival.

DISCUSSION

The TIGER study will provide a roadmap of the location of lymph node metastases in relation to tumor histology, tumor location, invasion depth, number of lymph nodes and lymph node metastases, pre-operative diagnostics, neo-adjuvant therapy and survival. Patient-tailored treatment can be developed based on these results, such as the optimal radiation field and extent of lymphadenectomy based on the primary tumor characteristics.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT03222895 , date of registration: July 19th, 2017.

Differences in Esophageal Cancer Surgery in Terms of Surgical Approach and Extent of Lymphadenectomy: Findings of an International Survey

INTRODUCTION

Esophagectomy and lymphadenectomy are essential parts of the multimodal treatment of esophageal carcinoma with curative intent. Treatment regimens vary globally and are subject to debate. A global survey was designed to gain insight into current practice.

METHODS

Fifty-seven international expert upper gastrointestinal surgeons received a personal invitation to participate in the survey, which focused on demographics and experience; extent of lymphadenectomy in adeno and squamous cell carcinoma; use of classification systems; neoadjuvant therapy; surgical approach; and specimen handling.

RESULTS

The response rate was 88% (50/57 surgeons), with a mean age of 51.6 years and a median number of 15 years of experience in esophageal surgery. The variety in the extent of lymphadenectomy in proximal, middle and distal squamous cell carcinoma, and Siewert I, II and III adenocarcinoma, was considerable. The number of different combinations of lymph node (LN) stations that were resected in the same tumor was high, while the number of surgeons who removed the exact same combination of LN stations was low. Illustrative is Siewert I adenocarcinoma, in which 27 unique combinations of LN stations were resected, with a maximum of two surgeons performing the exact same dissection. Use of neoadjuvant therapy, surgical approach, and specimen handling also show great variety among participants.

CONCLUSION

There is no uniform, worldwide strategy for surgical treatment of esophageal cancer. The extent of lymphadenectomy shows great variation for both histologic types. An international observational study is needed to provide evidence on the distribution pattern of lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer and the necessary extent of lymphadenectomy.

Lymph node regression and survival following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in oesophageal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

The aim was to define the pathological response in lymph nodes following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and to quantify any associated survival benefit.

METHODS

Lymph nodes retrieved at oesophagectomy were examined retrospectively by two pathologists for evidence of a response to chemotherapy. Patients were classified as lymph node-negative (either negative nodes with no evidence of previous tumour involvement or negative with evidence of complete regression) or positive (allocated a lymph node regression score based on the proportion of fibrosis to residual tumour). Lymph node responders (score 1, complete response; 2, less than 10 per cent remaining tumour; 3, 10-50 per cent remaining tumour) and non-responders (score 4, more than 50 per cent viable tumour; 5, no response) were compared in survival analyses using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

Among 377 patients, 256 had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Overall, 68 of 256 patients (26·6 per cent) had a lymph node response and 115 (44·9 per cent) did not. The remaining 73 patients (28·5 per cent) had negative lymph nodes with no evidence of regression. Some patients had a lymph node response in the absence of a response in the primary tumour (27 of 99, 27 per cent). Lymph node responders had a significant survival benefit (P < 0·001), even when stratified by patients with or without a response in the primary tumour. On multivariable analysis, lymph node responders had decreased overall (hazard ratio 0·53, 95 per cent c.i. 0·36 to 0·78) and disease-specific (HR 0·42, 0·27 to 0·66) mortality, and experienced reduced local and systemic recurrence.

CONCLUSION

Lymph node regression is a strong prognostic factor and may be more important than response in the primary tumour.

Lymph node metastases near the celiac trunk should be considered separately from other nodal metastases in patients with cancer of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction after neoadjuvant treatment and surgery

Background

The aim of the present study is to identify the incidence and prognostic significance of lymph node metastases near the celiac trunk in patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy followed by esophagectomy.

Methods

Between March 1994 and September 2013 a total of 462 consecutive patients with cancer of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) who underwent potentially curative esophageal resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (N=88; 19.0%) or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (N=374; 81.0%) were included.

Results

Seventy one (15.4%) patients had truncal node metastases in the resection specimen. Metastases to these nodes occurred more frequently in male patients with adenocarcinoma and in tumors at the gastro-esophageal junction. A lower response to neoadjuvant treatment, higher ypT and ypN stages and a poorer grade of differentiation were significantly related with truncal node metastases. Patients with tumor positive truncal nodes had a worse median overall survival (17 vs. 55 months). In multivariate analysis, truncal node metastases were independently associated with a worse survival. Only 22 (31.0%) of the 71 patients with tumor positive truncal nodes were identified preoperatively with EUS or CT. In contrast, 37 patients had suspicious truncal nodes on EUS or CT, but metastases in the pathology specimen were absent.

Conclusions

In the present study, it is demonstrated that positive truncal nodes in the resection specimen after neoadjuvant therapy, are associated with advanced tumor stages and are an independent factor for inferior survival.

Pathologic assessment of gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic carcinoma after neoadjuvant therapy

Neoadjuvant therapy is increasingly used to treat patients with a wide variety of malignancies. Histologic evaluation of treated specimens provides important prognostic information and may guide subsequent chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant therapy is commonly employed in the treatment of locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma, hepatic colorectal metastases, esophageal/esophagogastric junction carcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Numerous tumor regression schemes have been used in these tumors and standardized approaches to evaluate these specimens are needed. In this review, the various tumor regression scoring systems that have been used in these organs are described and their associations with clinical outcomes are discussed. Recommendations regarding how to handle and report the histologic findings in these resections specimens are provided.

Clinical outcomes and benefits for staging of surgical lymph node mapping after esophagectomy

Dissection of lymph nodes (LN) immediately after esophagectomy is utilized by some surgeons to aid determination of LN stations involved in esophageal cancer. Some suggest that this increases LN yield and gives information regarding the pattern of lymphatic spread, others feel that this may compromise a circumferential resection margin (CRM) assessment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of ex vivo dissection on the assessment of the CRM and the pattern of lymph node dissemination in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) undergoing radical surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and their prognostic impact. Data from consecutive patients with potentially curable adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and GEJ who received neoadjuvant treatment followed by surgery were analyzed. Clinical and pathological findings were reviewed and LN burden and location correlated with clinical outcome. Pathology specimens were dissected into individual LN groups 'ex-vivo' by the surgeon. A total of 301 patients were included: 295 had a radical proximal and distal resection margin however in 62(20.6%) CRM could not be assessed. A median of 33(10-77) nodes were recovered. A 117(38.9%) patients were ypN0 while 184(61.1%) were LN positive (ypN1-N3). LN stations close to the tumor were most frequently involved. Twenty-seven (14.7%) patients had only thoracic stations involved, 48(26.1%) only abdominal stations and 109 (59.2%) had both. Median survival for yN0 patients was 171 months compared to 24 months for those LN positive (P< 0.001). Multivariate analyses identified ypT-category, ypN-category, male gender, and nonradical resection (proximal or distal) margin as significant prognostic factors. Surgical dissection of nodes after esophagectomy enables accurate LN assessment, but may compromise CRM assessment in up to 20% of cases. It also provides valuable information regarding the pattern of nodal spread.

Survival Benefit of Neoadjuvant Treatment in Clinical T3N0M0 Esophageal Cancer: Results From a Retrospective Multicenter European Study

BACKGROUND

Based on current guidelines, clinical T3N0M0 esophageal tumors may or may not receive neoadjuvant treatment, according to their perception as locally advanced (cT3) or early-stage tumors (stage II). The study aim was to assess the impact of neoadjuvant treatment upon survival for cT3N0M0 esophageal cancer patients, with subgroup analyses by histological type (squamous cell carcinoma vs adenocarcinoma) and type of neoadjuvant treatment (chemotherapy vs radiochemotherapy).

METHODS

Data from patients operated on for esophageal cancer in 30 European centers were collected. Among the 382 of 2944 patients with clinical T3N0M0 stage at initial diagnosis (13.0%), we compared those treated with primary surgery (S, n = 193) versus with neoadjuvant treatment plus surgery (NS, n = 189).

RESULTS

The S and NS groups were similar regarding their demographic and surgical characteristics. In-hospital postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were comparable between groups. Patients were found to be pN+ in 64.2% versus 42.9% in the S and NS groups respectively (P < 0.001), pN2/N3 in 35.2% versus 21.2% (P < 0.001), stage 0 in 0% versus 16.4% (P < 0.001), and R0 in 81.3% versus 89.4% of cases (P = 0.026). Median overall and disease-free survivals were significantly better in the NS group, 38.4 versus 27.9 months (P = 0.007) and 31.6 versus 27.5 months (P = 0.040), respectively, and this difference remained for both histological types. Radiotherapy did not offer a benefit compared with chemotherapy alone (P = 0.687). In multivariable analysis, neoadjuvant treatment was an independent favorable prognostic factor (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58-0.99, P = 0.044).

CONCLUSION

Neoadjuvant treatment offers a significant survival benefit for clinical T3N0M0 esophageal cancer.

Changes in treatment and outcome of oesophageal cancer in Denmark between 2004 and 2013

Background

Since 2003, care for patients with oesophageal cancer has been centralized in a few dedicated centres in Denmark. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the treatment and outcome of patients registered in a nationwide database.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with oesophageal cancer or cancer of the gastro-oesophageal junction who underwent oesophagectomy in Denmark between 2004 and 2013, and who were registered in the Danish clinical database of carcinomas in the oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction and stomach (DECV database) were included. Quality-of-care indicators, including number of lymph nodes removed, anastomotic leak rate, 30- and 90-day mortality, and 2- and 5-year overall survival, were assessed. To compare quality-of-care indicators over time, the relative risk (RR) was calculated using a multivariable log binomial regression model.

Results

Some 6178 patients were included, of whom 1728 underwent oesophagectomy. The overall number of patients with 15 or more lymph nodes in the resection specimen increased from 38·1 per cent in 2004 to 88·7 per cent in 2013. The anastomotic leak rate decreased from 14·8 to 7·6 per cent (RR 0·66, 95 per cent c.i. 0·43 to 1·01). The 30-day mortality rate decreased from 4·5 to 1·7 per cent (RR 0·51, 0·22 to 1·15) and the 90-day mortality rate from 11·0 to 2·9 per cent (RR 0·46, 0·26 to 0·82). There were no statistically significant changes in 2- or 5-year survival rates over time.

Conclusion

Indicators of quality of care have improved since the centralization of oesophageal cancer treatment in Denmark.

The extent of lymphadenectomy in esophageal resection for cancer should be standardized

The incidence of esophageal cancer increases, with approximately 482,000 patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer each year. Despite the growing incidence of esophageal carcinoma, the extent of the lymphadenectomy is still under discussion. Lymph node status is an important prognostic parameter in esophageal cancer and an independent predictor of survival. Surgical strategy depends on the distribution pattern of nodal metastases but consensus on the extent of lymphadenectomy differs worldwide. For squamous cell cancer, Japanese surgeons have standardized the 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy according to the location of the tumor. For adenocarcinoma, in the Western World accounting for 85% of all esophageal cancers, the type of lymphadenectomy to perform is not clear. Moreover, the use of neoadjuvant therapy may influence the mediastinal lymph nodes and the significance of the lymphadenectomy for survival. These aspects have challenged the traditional policy concerning lymphadenectomy, at least in the Western World. Furthermore, an extensive lymphadenectomy may improve survival but, on the other hand, may cause significant more morbidity. An overview of the literature on the extent of lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer with respect to the supposed lymph node distribution patterns for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the different lymph node classification systems, the commonly used surgical techniques and outcomes, and the proposal of observational cohort study to standardize the type of lymphadenectomy according to the type of tumor, location and use of neoadjuvant therapy will be provided.

Prognostic Significance of the Location of Lymph Node Metastases in Patients With Adenocarcinoma of the Distal Esophagus or Gastroesophageal Junction

OBJECTIVE

To identify the prognostic significance of the location of lymph node metastases in patients with esophageal or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND

Detection of lymph node metastases in the upper mediastinum and around the celiac trunk after neoadjuvant therapy and resection does not alter the TNM classification of esophageal carcinoma. The impact of these distant lymph node metastases on survival remains unclear.

METHODS

Between March 2003 and September 2013, 479 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus or GEJ who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy with en bloc 2-field lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant therapy were included, and survival was analyzed according to the location of positive lymph nodes in the resection specimen.

RESULTS

Two hundred fifty-three patients had nodal metastases in the resection specimen. Of these patients, 92 patients had metastases in locoregional nodes, 114 patients in truncal nodes, 21 patients in the proximal field of the chest, and 26 patients had both positive truncal and proximal field nodes. Median disease-free survival was 170 months in the absence of nodal metastases, 35 months for metastases limited to locoregional nodes, 16 months for positive truncal nodes, 15 months for positive nodes in the proximal field, and 8 months for nodal metastases in both truncal and the proximal field. On multivariate analysis, location of lymph node metastases was independently associated with survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Location of lymph node metastases is an independent predictor for survival. Relatively distant lymph node metastases along the celiac axis and/or the proximal field have a negative impact on survival. Location of lymph node metastases should therefore be considered in future staging systems of esophageal and GEJ adenocarcinoma.

Predictors of overall and recurrence-free survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: Pooled analysis of individual patient data (IPD) from randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

BACKGROUND

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves prognosis of patients with locally advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to identify predictors for postoperative survival following neoadjuvant therapy. These could be useful in deciding about postoperative continuation of chemotherapy.

METHODS

This meta-analysis used IPD from RCTs comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with surgery alone for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Trials providing IPD on age, sex, performance status, pT/N stage, resection status, overall and recurrence-free survival were included. Survival was calculated in the entire study population and subgroups stratified by supposed predictors and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox models were used to identify independent survival predictors.

RESULTS

Four RCTs providing IPD from 553 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. (y)pT and (y)pN stage and resection status strongly predicted postoperative survival both after neoadjuvant therapy and surgery alone. Patients with R1 resection after neoadjuvant therapy survived longer than those with R1 resection after surgery alone. Patients with stage pN0 after surgery alone had better prognosis than those with ypN0 after neoadjuvant therapy. Patients with stage ypT3/4 after neoadjuvant therapy survived longer than those with stage pT3/4 after surgery alone. Multivariable regression identified resection status and (y)pN stage as predictors of survival in both groups. (y)pT stage predicted survival only after surgery alone.

CONCLUSION

After neoadjuvant therapy for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, survival is determined by the same factors as after surgery alone. However, ypT stage is not an independent predictor. These results can facilitate the decision about postoperative continuation of chemotherapy in pretreated patients.

Nodal skip metastasis in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort study

Background

Nodal skip metastasis is a prognostic factor in some sites of malignancies, but its role in esophageal cancer is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate occurrence and effect of nodal skip metastases in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

All 578 patients undergoing esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma at the Center for Esophageal Diseases located in Padova between January 1992 and December 2010 were retrospectively evaluated. Selection criteria were R0 resection, pathological M0 stage and pathological lymph node involvement. Patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy were excluded.

Results

The selection identified 88 patients with lymph node involvement confirmed by pathological evaluation. Sixteen patients (18.2%) had nodal skip metastasis. Adjusting for the number of lymph node metastases, patient with nodal skip metastasis had similar 5-year overall survival (14% vs. 13%, p = 0.93) and 5-year disease free survival (14% vs. 9%, p = 0.48) compared to patients with both peritumoral and distant lymph node metastases. The risk difference of nodal skip metastasis was: −24.1% (95% C.I. -43.1% to −5.2%) in patients with more than one lymph node metastasis compared to those with one lymph node metastasis; −2.3% (95% C.I. -29.8% to 25.2%) in middle thoracic esophagus and −23.0% (95% C.I. -47.8% to 1.8%) in lower thoracic esophagus compared to upper thoracic esophagus; 18.1% (95% C.I. 3.2% to 33.0%) in clinical N0 stage vs. clinical N+ stage.

Conclusions

Nodal skip metastasis is a common pattern of metastatic lymph involvement in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, neither overall survival nor disease free survival are associated with nodal skip metastasis occurrence.