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Zhuang C, Li X, Yang L, Ma X, Shen Y, Huang C, Pan T, Cui J, Ni B, Wang M. Overexpressed transferrin receptor implied poor prognosis and relapse in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151687. [PMID: 37675227 PMCID: PMC10477977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, as a novel-induced programmed cell death, plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of cancers. However, the promising biomarkers of ferroptosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) remain to be elucidated. Herein, the expression of ferroptosis-related genes was analyzed in GIST. Among the 64 ferroptosis-related genes, transferrin receptor (TFRC) expression presented a remarkable upregulation in high-risk patients through Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset analysis, as well as its significant change after imatinib was treated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of TFRC-relevant genes revealed that TFRC expression was closely associated with cell growth pathways and metabolism-related pathways. Furthermore, patients at high risk of recurrence were more likely to exhibit high TFRC expression by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, high TFRC expression indicated an undesirable state of patient relapse, which could serve as a powerful significant independent predictor of recurrence-free survival (RFS). In summary, we systematically summarize the expression characteristics and clinical relevance of TFRC and show that TFRC can be used as a prognostic factor, which can be considered a potential therapeutic target in GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Ni
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Resistance to Molecularly Targeted Therapies in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051115. [PMID: 33807778 PMCID: PMC7961479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with invasive growth patterns. In 2021, 106,110 patients are projected to be diagnosed with melanoma, out of which 7180 are expected to die. Traditional methods like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are not effective in the treatment of metastatic and advanced melanoma. Recent approaches to treat melanoma have focused on biomarkers that play significant roles in cell growth, proliferation, migration, and survival. Several FDA-approved molecular targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed against genetic biomarkers whose overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis. The use of targeted therapies as an alternative or supplement to immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma. Although this treatment strategy is more efficacious and less toxic in comparison to traditional therapies, targeted therapies are less effective after prolonged treatment due to acquired resistance caused by mutations and activation of alternative mechanisms in melanoma tumors. Recent studies focus on understanding the mechanisms of acquired resistance to these current therapies. Further research is needed for the development of better approaches to improve prognosis in melanoma patients. In this article, various melanoma biomarkers including BRAF, MEK, RAS, c-KIT, VEGFR, c-MET and PI3K are described, and their potential mechanisms for drug resistance are discussed.
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Decoding the Genomic Report for Radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 214:949-961. [PMID: 32182095 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.19.21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this review is to provide a guide for radiologists that explains the language and format of modern genomic reports and summarizes the relevance of this information for modern oncologic imaging. CONCLUSION. Genomic testing plays a critical role in guiding oncologic therapies in the age of targeted treatments. Understanding and interpreting genomic reports is a valuable skill for radiologists involved with oncologic imaging interpretation.
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Yan J, Chen D, Chen X, Sun X, Dong Q, Hu C, Zhou F, Chen W. Downregulation of lncRNA CCDC26 contributes to imatinib resistance in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors through IGF-1R upregulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8399. [PMID: 31166382 PMCID: PMC6556970 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib is the first line of therapy for patients with metastatic or gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). However, drug resistance limits the long-term effect of imatinib. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in regulating drug resistance in cancer. In this study, we investigated the association between lncRNA CCDC26 and IGF-1R in GIST and their involvement in drug resistance. Considering the key role of lncRNAs in drug resistance in cancer, we hypothesized that IGF-1R is regulated by lncRNAs. The expression of a series of reported drug resistance-related lncRNAs, including CCDC26, ARF, H19, NBR2, NEAT1, and HOTAIR, in GIST cells treated with imatinib H19 was examined at various time-points by qRT-PCR. Based on our results and published literature, CCDC26, a strongly down-regulated lncRNA following imatinib treatment, was chosen as our research target. GIST cells with high expression of CCDC26 were sensitive to imatinib treatment while knockdown of CCDC26 significantly increased the resistance to imatinib. Furthermore, we found that CCDC26 interacted with c-KIT by RNA pull down, and that CCDC26 knockdown up-regulated the expression of IGF-1R. Moreover, IGF-1R inhibition reversed CCDC26 knockdown-mediated imatinib resistance in GIST. These results indicated that treatments targeting CCDC26-IGF-1R axis would be useful in increasing sensitivity to imatinib in GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Didi Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiantong Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Changyuan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Whole-exome sequencing identifies recurrent SF3B1 R625 mutation and comutation of NF1 and KIT in mucosal melanoma. Melanoma Res 2018; 27:189-199. [PMID: 28296713 PMCID: PMC5470740 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal melanomas are a rare subtype of melanoma, arising in mucosal tissues, which have a very poor prognosis due to the lack of effective targeted therapies. This study aimed to better understand the molecular landscape of these cancers and find potential new therapeutic targets. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on mucosal melanomas from 19 patients and 135 sun-exposed cutaneous melanomas, with matched peripheral blood samples when available. Mutational profiles were compared between mucosal subgroups and sun-exposed cutaneous melanomas. Comparisons of molecular profiles identified 161 genes enriched in mucosal melanoma (P<0.05). KIT and NF1 were frequently comutated (32%) in the mucosal subgroup, with a significantly higher incidence than that in cutaneous melanoma (4%). Recurrent SF3B1 R625H/S/C mutations were identified and validated in 7 of 19 (37%) mucosal melanoma patients. Mutations in the spliceosome pathway were found to be enriched in mucosal melanomas when compared with cutaneous melanomas. Alternative splicing in four genes were observed in SF3B1-mutant samples compared with the wild-type samples. This study identified potential new therapeutic targets for mucosal melanoma, including comutation of NF1 and KIT, and recurrent R625 mutations in SF3B1. This is the first report of SF3B1 R625 mutations in vulvovaginal mucosal melanoma, with the largest whole-exome sequencing project of mucosal melanomas to date. The results here also indicated that the mutations in SF3B1 lead to alternative splicing in multiple genes. These findings expand our knowledge of this rare disease.
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Yang HM, Hsiao SJ, Schaeffer DF, Lai C, Remotti HE, Horst D, Mansukhani MM, Horst BA. Identification of recurrent mutational events in anorectal melanoma. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:286-296. [PMID: 27739435 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anorectal melanoma is a rare disease that carries a poor prognosis. To date, limited genetic analyses confirmed KIT mutations as a recurrent genetic event similar to other mucosal melanomas, occurring in up to 30% of anorectal melanomas. Importantly, a subset of tumors harboring activating KIT mutations have been found to respond to c-Kit inhibitor-based therapy, with improved patient survival at advanced tumor stages. We performed comprehensive targeted exon sequencing analysis of 467 cancer-related genes in a larger series of 15 anorectal melanomas, focusing on potentially actionable variants based on gain- and loss-of-function mutations. We report the identification of oncogenic driver events in the majority (93%) of anorectal melanomas. These included variants in canonical MAPK pathway effectors rarely observed in cutaneous melanomas (including an HRAS mutation, as well as a BRAF mutation resulting in duplication of threonine 599), and recurrent mutations in the tumor suppressor NF1 in 20% of cases, which represented the second-most frequently mutated gene after KIT in our series. Furthermore, we identify SF3B1 mutations as a recurrent genetic event in mucosal melanomas. Our findings provide an insight into the genetic diversity of anorectal melanomas, and suggest significant potential for alternative targeted therapeutics in addition to c-Kit inhibitors for this melanoma subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Yang
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susan J Hsiao
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chi Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Helen E Remotti
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Horst
- Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Mahesh M Mansukhani
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Basil A Horst
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Cree IA, Charlton P. Molecular chess? Hallmarks of anti-cancer drug resistance. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:10. [PMID: 28056859 PMCID: PMC5214767 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of resistance is a problem shared by both classical chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Patients may respond well at first, but relapse is inevitable for many cancer patients, despite many improvements in drugs and their use over the last 40 years. Review Resistance to anti-cancer drugs can be acquired by several mechanisms within neoplastic cells, defined as (1) alteration of drug targets, (2) expression of drug pumps, (3) expression of detoxification mechanisms, (4) reduced susceptibility to apoptosis, (5) increased ability to repair DNA damage, and (6) altered proliferation. It is clear, however, that changes in stroma and tumour microenvironment, and local immunity can also contribute to the development of resistance. Cancer cells can and do use several of these mechanisms at one time, and there is considerable heterogeneity between tumours, necessitating an individualised approach to cancer treatment. As tumours are heterogeneous, positive selection of a drug-resistant population could help drive resistance, although acquired resistance cannot simply be viewed as overgrowth of a resistant cancer cell population. The development of such resistance mechanisms can be predicted from pre-existing genomic and proteomic profiles, and there are increasingly sophisticated methods to measure and then tackle these mechanisms in patients. Conclusion The oncologist is now required to be at least one step ahead of the cancer, a process that can be likened to ‘molecular chess’. Thus, as well as an increasing role for predictive biomarkers to clinically stratify patients, it is becoming clear that personalised strategies are required to obtain best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Cree
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Peter Charlton
- Imperial Innovations, 52 Princes Gate, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2PG, UK
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Vazquez VDL, Vicente AL, Carloni A, Berardinelli G, Soares P, Scapulatempo C, Martinho O, Reis RM. Molecular profiling, including TERT promoter mutations, of acral lentiginous melanomas. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:93-9. [PMID: 26709572 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is the less common subtype with singular characterization. TERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) promoter mutations have being described as recurrent in melanomas and infrequent in ALM, but their real incidence and clinical relevance is unclear. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of TERT promoter mutations in ALM, and correlate with the molecular profile of other drive genes and clinical features. Sixty-one samples from 48 patients with ALM were analyzed. After DNA isolation, the mutation profiles of the hotspot region of BRAF, NRAS, KIT, PDGFRA, and TERT genes were determined by PCR amplification followed by direct Sanger sequencing. KIT, PDGFRA, and VEGFR2 gene amplification was performed by quantitative PCR. Clinical information such as survival, clinical stage, and Breslow tumor classification were obtained from medical records. TERT promoter mutations were found in 9.3% of the cases, BRAF in 10.3%, NRAS in 7.5%, KIT in 20.7%, and PDGFRA in 14.8% of ALM. None of the cases showed KIT, PDGFRA, or VEGFR2 gene amplification. We found an association between KIT mutations and advanced Clark level (IV and V, P=0.043) and TERT promoter mutations with low mitotic index. No other significant associations were observed between mutation profile and patients' clinical features nor survival rates. Oncogenic TERT promoter mutations are present in a fraction of ALMs. No relevant associations were found between TERT mutation status and clinical/molecular features nor survival. Mutations of KIT and PDGFRA are the most common genetic alterations, and they can be therapeutic targets for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius de Lima Vazquez
- aMolecular Oncology Research Center bDepartment of Surgery, Melanoma and Sarcoma Unity cDepartment of Pathology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil dInstitute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of University of Porto, (IPATIMUP), Porto eLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Health Sciences School, University of Minho fICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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Gao NA, Guo NJ, Yu WZ, Wang XX, Sun JR, Yu N, Liu RT, Liu XD, Liu ZY, Feng R. Synchronous occurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and acute myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2977-2980. [PMID: 27123049 PMCID: PMC4840780 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originate from the mesenchymal tissue of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of GIST is associated with the mutational activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase cluster of differentiation (CD)117 or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α. Overall, ~60% of GISTs occur in the stomach. Clinically, GISTs may coexist with various types of cancer, including liver cancer, pancreatic tumors and lymphoma, either synchronously or metachronously. The present study reports the case of a patient with the synchronous occurrence of a CD117-positive GIST and acute myeloid leukemia. A 69-year-old man was hospitalized for heart palpitations and dizziness, and was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by bone marrow aspiration and flow cytometry analysis. An abdominal computed tomograpy and gastroscopy revealed the presence of GIST. The patient received chemotherapy in combination with imatinib (400 mg/day), and the mass was removed 2 months later. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first reported case of the synchronous development of a CD117-positive GIST and AML. Additional studies are required in order to understand the association between GIST and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Gao
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Jinan, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China; Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Nong-Jian Guo
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Jinan, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Zheng Yu
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Xia Wang
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Sun
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Tong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-Yan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
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Clinical characteristics associated with BRAF, NRAS and KIT mutations in Japanese melanoma patients. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 80:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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