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Shibamoto J, Arita T, Konishi H, Kataoka S, Furuke H, Takaki W, Kiuchi J, Shimizu H, Yamamoto Y, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Kuriu Y, Otsuji E. Roles of miR-4442 in Colorectal Cancer: Predicting Early Recurrence and Regulating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1414. [PMID: 37510319 PMCID: PMC10378884 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Early recurrence in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with a poor prognosis. We aimed to identify circulating microRNAs that are biomarkers of early CRC recurrence and elucidate their functions. We identified miR-4442 as a candidate biomarker by microRNA array analysis comparing preoperative and postoperative plasma levels in patients with CRC, with and without recurrence. The association between preoperative plasma miR-4442 levels, clinicopathological features, and recurrence-free survival was analyzed in 108 patients with CRC after curative surgery. Furthermore, cell-function analyses were performed, and the involvement of miR-4442 in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was examined. Preoperatively plasma miR-4442 levels were associated with CRC recurrence and exhibited an incremental increase with earlier recurrence dates. Moreover, miR-4442 demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity as a potential biomarker for early CRC recurrence. The expression of miR-4442 in cancer tissues of patients with metastatic liver cancer from CRC was higher than in normal liver, CRC, and normal colorectal tissues. The overexpression of miR-4442 promoted the proliferative, migratory, and invasive activities of CRC cells, decreased levels of RBMS1 and E-cadherin, and increased levels of N-cadherin and Snail1. Plasma miR-4442 is a clinically useful biomarker for predicting the early recurrence of CRC. Furthermore, miR-4442 regulates EMT in CRC by directly targeting the messenger RNA of RBMS1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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He S, Li S, Guo J, Zeng X, Liang D, Zhu Y, Li Y, Yang D, Zhao X. CD166-specific CAR-T cells potently target colorectal cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101575. [PMID: 36327697 PMCID: PMC9637812 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is emerging as an effective cancer treatment, such as for hematological malignancies, however its effectiveness as an approach to treat solid tumors, such as in colorectal cancer (CRC), remains to be better developed. One area of intense development has been in the identification and characterization of novel cancer-related ligand receptors for CAR design and evaluation. It is known that the CD6 receptors CD166 and CD318 are highly expressed in CRC, and several CAR-Ts have also been explored in preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of CRC, with promising safety and efficacy findings. Here, we constructed a CAR based on the extracellular domain of CD6 and demonstrate its cytotoxic effect in target positive human CRC cell lines. Unexpectedly, we found that CD6-CAR-T cells targeted CD166 instead of CD318. Furthermore, CD6-CAR-T cells show robust cytotoxicity to CD166-positive cell lines in a dose-dependent manner with cytokine IFN-γ significantly released. Particularly, CD6-CAR-T cells show potent cytotoxicity targeting CRC cancer stem cells (CSCs), highlighting that CD6-CAR-T is a promising approach for the therapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai He
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Shirong Li
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaozhu Zeng
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Dandan Liang
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yongjie Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Core Facilities, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Dong Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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3
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CDCP1: A promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for human cancer. Life Sci 2022; 301:120600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Preclinical Molecular PET-CT Imaging Targeting CDCP1 in Colorectal Cancer. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2021; 2021:3153278. [PMID: 34621145 PMCID: PMC8455202 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3153278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in the world, with 22% of patients presenting with metastatic disease and a further 50% destined to develop metastasis. Molecular imaging uses antigen-specific ligands conjugated to radionuclides to detect and characterise primary cancer and metastases. Expression of the cell surface protein CDCP1 is increased in CRC, and here we sought to assess whether it is a suitable molecular imaging target for the detection of this cancer. CDCP1 expression was assessed in CRC cell lines and a patient-derived xenograft to identify models suitable for evaluation of radio-labelled 10D7, a CDCP1-targeted, high-affinity monoclonal antibody, for preclinical molecular imaging. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography was used to compare zirconium-89 (89Zr)-10D7 avidity to a nonspecific, isotype control 89Zr-labelled IgGκ1 antibody. The specificity of CDCP1-avidity was further confirmed using CDCP1 silencing and blocking models. Our data indicate high avidity and specificity for of 89Zr-10D7 in CDCP1 expressing tumors at. Significantly higher levels than normal organs and blood, with greatest tumor avidity observed at late imaging time points. Furthermore, relatively high avidity is detected in high CDCP1 expressing tumors, with reduced avidity where CDCP1 expression was knocked down or blocked. The study supports CDCP1 as a molecular imaging target for CRC in preclinical PET-CT models using the radioligand 89Zr-10D7.
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Gilyazova IR, Beeraka NM, Klimentova EA, Bulygin KV, Nikolenko VN, Izmailov AA, Gilyazova GR, Pavlov VN, Khusnutdinova EK, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. Novel MicroRNA Binding Site SNPs and the Risk of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC): A Case-Control Study. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 21:CCDT-EPUB-111697. [PMID: 33222672 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201120151226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cell carcinoma represents 3% of all adult malignancies. MicroRNAs exhibit specific functions in various biological processes through their interaction with cellular mRNA involved in apoptosis and cell cycle control. Recent studies have reported the potential association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA-binding sites of VHL-HIF1α pathway genes with renal cancer development and progression. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate SNPs invoking an alteration in the nature of interaction with miRNA binding sites of VHL-HIF1α pathway genes. PATIENTS & METHODS Total 450 cases of histologically and clinically verified ccRCC and 490 controls were included in our study. Genotyping was performed using a TaqMan PCR allelic discrimination method. Kaplan-Meier method of statistical analysis was implemented to analyze the overall patient survival rate. RESULTS Polymorphism rs10491534 in TSC1 gene was significantly associated with risk of developing advanced ccRCC. Allele G of rs1642742 in VHL gene was significantly prevalent in ccRCC compared with control group aged 55 and older (OR = 1.5566; CI [1.1532-2.1019]). Results from the dominant model combining individuals with AG or AA genotype showed that the A allele bearers of CDCP1 rs6773576 exhibited higher risk of death compared to GG carriers (HR 3.93, 95% CI 1.76-17.21, log-rank P = 0.0033). CONCLUSION The present study delineated the association of miRNA binding site variants in VHL-HIF1α pathway genes with the ccRCC risk, which may affect clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina R Gilyazova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa. Russian Federation
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka. India
| | - Elizaveta A Klimentova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa. Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V Bulygin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir N Nikolenko
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Elsa K Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa. Russian Federation
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | | | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426, USA
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny pr. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
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Moroz A, Wang YH, Sharib JM, Wei J, Zhao N, Huang Y, Chen Z, Martinko AJ, Zhuo J, Lim SA, Zhang LH, Seo Y, Carlin S, Leung KK, Collisson EA, Kirkwood KS, Wells JA, Evans MJ. Theranostic Targeting of CUB Domain Containing Protein 1 (CDCP1) in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3608-3615. [PMID: 32341034 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The recent emergence of radioligand therapies for cancer treatment has increased enthusiasm for developing new theranostic strategies coupling both imaging and cytotoxicity in the same entity. In this study, we evaluated whether CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1), a single-pass transmembrane protein highly overexpressed in diverse human cancers, might be a target for cancer theranostics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The ectodomain of CDCP1 was targeted using radiolabeled forms of 4A06, a potent and specific recombinant human antibody that we developed. Imaging and antitumor assessment studies were performed in animal models of pancreatic cancer, including two patient-derived xenograft models we developed for this study. For antitumor assessment studies, the endpoints were death due to tumor volume >3,000 mm3 or ≥20% loss in body weight. Specific tracer binding or antitumor effects were assessed with an unpaired, two-tailed Student t test and survival advantages were assessed with a log rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Differences at the 95% confidence level were interpreted to be significant. RESULTS 89Zr-4A06 detected a broad dynamic range of full length or cleaved CDCP1 expression on seven human pancreatic cancer tumors (n = 4/tumor). Treating mice with single or fractionated doses of 177Lu-4A06 significantly reduced pancreatic cancer tumor volume compared with mice receiving vehicle or unlabeled 4A06 (n = 8; P < 0.01). A single dose of 225Ac-4A06 also inhibited tumor growth, although the effect was less profound compared with 177Lu-4A06 (n = 8; P < 0.01). A significant survival advantage was imparted by 225Ac-4A06 (HR = 2.56; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data establish that CDCP1 can be exploited for theranostics, a finding with widespread implications given its breadth of overexpression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moroz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yung-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeremy M Sharib
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Junnian Wei
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yangjie Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alexander J Martinko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jie Zhuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shion A Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lydia H Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sean Carlin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin K Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric A Collisson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kimberly S Kirkwood
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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7
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CDCP1 enhances Wnt signaling in colorectal cancer promoting nuclear localization of β-catenin and E-cadherin. Oncogene 2019; 39:219-233. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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FBXL14 abolishes breast cancer progression by targeting CDCP1 for proteasomal degradation. Oncogene 2018; 37:5794-5809. [PMID: 29973690 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the aggressive behavior and relapse of breast cancer may help in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1), a transmembrane adaptor protein, is highly maintained and required in the context of cellular metastatic potential in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). For this reason, gene expression levels of CDCP1 have been considered as a prognostic marker in TNBC. However, not rarely, transcript levels of genes do not reflect always the levels of proteins, due to the post-transcriptional regulation. Here we show that miR-17/20a control the FBXL14 E3 ligase, establishing FBXL14 as an upstream regulator of the CDCP1 pathway. FBXL14 acts as an novel interaction partner of CDCP1, and facilitates its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation with an enhanced capacity to suppress CDCP1 protein stability that eventually prevents CDCP1 target genes involved in breast cancer metastasis. Our findings first time uncovers the regulatory mechanism of CDCP-1 protein stabilization, more predictable criteria than gene expression levels for prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Perego M, Maurer M, Wang JX, Shaffer S, Müller AC, Parapatics K, Li L, Hristova D, Shin S, Keeney F, Liu S, Xu X, Raj A, Jensen JK, Bennett KL, Wagner SN, Somasundaram R, Herlyn M. A slow-cycling subpopulation of melanoma cells with highly invasive properties. Oncogene 2018; 37:302-312. [PMID: 28925403 PMCID: PMC5799768 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumor with different subpopulations showing different proliferation rates. Slow-cycling cells were previously identified in melanoma, but not fully biologically characterized. Using the label-retention method, we identified a subpopulation of slow-cycling cells, defined as label-retaining cells (LRC), with strong invasive properties. We demonstrate through live imaging that LRC are leaving the primary tumor mass at a very early stage and disseminate to peripheral organs. Through global proteome analyses, we identified the secreted protein SerpinE2/protease nexin-1 as causative for the highly invasive potential of LRC in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perego
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Maurer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J X Wang
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Shaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Parapatics
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Li
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Hristova
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Shin
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F Keeney
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - X Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - S N Wagner
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Somasundaram
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Herlyn
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Dysregulated expression of cell surface glycoprotein CDCP1 in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43743-58. [PMID: 26497208 PMCID: PMC4791263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a trans-membrane protein regulator of cell adhesion with a potent pro-migratory function in tumors. Given that proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain correlates with outside-in oncogenic signaling, we characterized glycosylation in the context of cellular processing and expression of CDCP1 in prostate cancer. We detected 135 kDa full-length and proteolytic processed 70 kDa species in a panel of PCa cell models. The relative expression of full-length CDCP1 correlated with the metastatic potential of syngeneic cell models and an increase in surface membrane expression of CDCP1 was observed in tumor compared to adjacent normal prostate tissues. We demonstrated that glycosylation of CDCP1 is a prerequisite for protein stability and plasma membrane localization, and that the expression level and extent of N-glycosylation of CDCP1 correlated with metastatic status. Interestingly, complex N-linked glycans with sialic acid chains were restricted to the N-terminal half of the ectodomain and absent in the truncated species. Characterization of the extracellular expression of CDCP1 identified novel circulating forms and revealed that extracellular vesicles provide additional processing pathways. Employing immunoaffinity mass spectrometry, we detected elevated levels of circulating CDCP1 in patient urine with high-risk disease. Our results establish that differential glycosylation, cell surface presentation and extracellular expression of CDCP1 are hallmarks of PCa progression.
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