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Yang L, Zhou Y, Jiang M, Wen W, Guo Y, Pakhale S, Wen SW. Why Female Smokers Have Poorer Long-Term Health Outcomes than Male Smokers: The Role of Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy. Public Health Rev 2024; 45:1605579. [PMID: 38487619 PMCID: PMC10938403 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2024.1605579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Women's health status is better than men but the opposite is true for female smokers who usually have poorer long-health outcomes than male smokers. The objectives of this study were to thoroughly reviewed and analyzed relevant literature and to propose a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon. Methods: We conducted a search of literature from three English databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar) from inception to 13 November 2023. A combination of key words and/or subject headings in English was applied, including relevant terms for cigarette smoking, sex/gender, pregnancy, and health indicators. We then performed analysis of the searched literature. Results: Based on this review/analysis of literature, we proposed a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon: female smokers have worse long-term health outcomes than male smokers because some of them smoke during pregnancy, and the adverse effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is much stronger than cigarette smoking during non-pregnancy periods. Conclusion: Approval of our pregnancy-amplification theory could provide additional evidence on the adverse effect on women's long-term health outcomes for cigarette smoking during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Respiratory Medicine Department of Xiangtan Central Hospital of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yunchun Zhou
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Yuxi People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- Respiratory Medicine Department of Xiangtan Central Hospital of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Wendy Wen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yanfang Guo
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- BORN (Better Outcome Registry Network) Ontario, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Respiratory, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Wong ML, McMurry TL, Schumacher JR, Hu CY, Stukenborg GJ, Francescatti AB, Greenberg CC, Chang GJ, McKellar DP, Walter LC, Kozower BD. Comorbidity Assessment in the National Cancer Database for Patients With Surgically Resected Breast, Colorectal, or Lung Cancer (AFT-01, -02, -03). J Oncol Pract 2018; 14:e631-e643. [PMID: 30207852 DOI: 10.1200/jop.18.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate comorbidity measurement is critical for cancer research. We evaluated comorbidity assessment in the National Cancer Database (NCDB), which uses a code-based Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index (CCI), and compared its prognostic performance with a chart-based CCI and individual comorbidities in a national sample of patients with breast, colorectal, or lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Through an NCDB Special Study, cancer registrars re-abstracted perioperative comorbidities for 11,243 patients with stage II to III breast cancer, 10,880 with stage I to III colorectal cancer, and 9,640 with stage I to III lung cancer treated with definitive surgical resection in 2006-2007. For each cancer type, we compared the prognostic performance of the NCDB code-based CCI (categorical: 0 or missing data, 1, 2+), Special Study chart-based CCI (continuous), and 18 individual comorbidities in three separate Cox proportional hazards models for postoperative 5-year overall survival. RESULTS Comorbidity was highest among patients with lung cancer (13.2% NCDB CCI 2+) and lowest among patients with breast cancer (2.8% NCDB CCI 2+). Agreement between the NCDB and Special Study CCI was highest for breast cancer (rank correlation, 0.50) and lowest for lung cancer (rank correlation, 0.40). The NCDB CCI underestimated comorbidity for 19.1%, 29.3%, and 36.2% of patients with breast, colorectal, and lung cancer, respectively. Within each cancer type, the prognostic performance of the NCDB CCI, Special Study CCI, and individual comorbidities to predict postoperative 5-year overall survival was similar. CONCLUSION The NCDB underestimated comorbidity in patients with surgically resected breast, colorectal, or lung cancer, partly because the NCDB codes missing data as CCI 0. However, despite underestimation of comorbidity, the NCDB CCI was similar to the more complete measures of comorbidity in the Special Study in predicting overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa L Wong
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Timothy L McMurry
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jessica R Schumacher
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chung-Yuan Hu
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - George J Stukenborg
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Amanda B Francescatti
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Caprice C Greenberg
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - George J Chang
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel P McKellar
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Louise C Walter
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Benjamin D Kozower
- University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; and Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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Moumtzi D, Lampaki S, Zarogoulidis P, Porpodis K, Lagoudi K, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Pataka A, Tsiouda T, Zissimopoulos A, Lazaridis G, Karavasilis V, Timotheadou H, Barbetakis N, Pavlidis P, Kontakiotis T, Zarogoulidis K. Prognostic factors for long term survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:161. [PMID: 27275474 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.05.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 85% of all lung cancers. It is estimated that 60% of patients with NSCLC at time of diagnosis have advanced disease. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical and demographic prognostic factors of long term survival in patients with unresectable NSCLC. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed data of 1,156 patients with NSCLC stage IIIB or IV who survived more than 60 days from the time of diagnosis and treated from August 1987 until March 2013 in the Oncology Department of Pulmonary Clinic of the General Hospital Papanikolaou. Initially univariate analysis using the log-rank test was conducted and then multivariate analysis using the proportional hazards model of Cox. Also Kaplan Meier curves were used to describe the distribution of survival times of patients. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS The mean age at diagnosis was 62 years. About 11.9% of patients were women and 88.1% were male. The majority of cases were adenocarcinomas (42.2%), followed squamous (33%) and finally the large cell (6%). Unlike men, most common histological type among women was adenocarcinoma rather than squamous (63% vs. 10.9%). In univariate analysis statistically significant factors in the progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were: weight loss ≥5%, histological type, line 1 drugs, line 1 combination, line 1 cycles and radio lung. Specifically radio lung gives clear survival benefit in the PFS and OS in stage IIIB (P=0.002) and IV (P<0.001). On the other hand, the number of distant metastases in stage IV patients did not affect OS, neither PFS. In addition patients who received platinum and taxane had better PFS (P=0.001) and OS (P<0.001) than those who received platinum without taxane. Also the third drug administration proved futile, since survival (682.06±34.9) (P=0.023) and PFS (434.93±26.93) (P=0.012) of patients who received less than three drugs was significantly larger. Finally, large cell carcinoma recorded the shortest OS and PFS compared with adenocarcinoma (P=0.043 and P=0.016 respectively) and squamous cell carcinoma (P=0.021 and P=0.004 respectively). In multivariate analysis the same predictors were statistically significant except for line 1 drugs. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the increased incidence of adenocarcinoma in women than in men and the aggressiveness of large cell carcinoma. It also underlines the vitality of factors such as weight loss, radio lung and doublet platinum-based. On the other hand, it excludes significant factors such as gender, age and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Moumtzi
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Sofia Lampaki
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Porpodis
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Lagoudi
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Wolfgang Hohenforst-Schmidt
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pataka
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodora Tsiouda
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zissimopoulos
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Lazaridis
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vasilis Karavasilis
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Helen Timotheadou
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Barbetakis
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Pavlos Pavlidis
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodoros Kontakiotis
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- 1 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 2 Medical Clinic I, "Fuerth'' Hospital, University of Erlangen, Fuerth, Germany ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece ; 4 Oncology Department, "G. Papageorgiou" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 Thoracic Surgery Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 6 Forensic Medicine Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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