Impact of the 21-gene expression assay on treatment decisions and clinical outcomes in breast cancer with one to three positive lymph nodes

BACKGROUND

To assess the practice patterns of the recurrence score (RS) based on the 21-gene expression assay on adjuvant chemotherapy recommendations and survival outcomes in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/HER2- breast cancer (BC) with one to three positive lymph nodes (N1).

METHODS

We included patients with T1-2N1M0 and ER+/HER2- BC diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Oncotype DX Database. Breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed.

RESULTS

We included 35,137 patients in this study. There were 21.2% of patients who had RS testing in 2010, which was significantly increased to 36.8% in 2015 (P < 0.001). Performance of the 21-gene testing was associated with older age, lower tumor grade, T1 stage, lower number of positive lymph nodes, and progesterone receptor-positive disease (all P < 0.05). In those without 21-gene testing, age was the main factor significantly related to the receipt of chemotherapy, whereas RS was the main factor significantly related to chemotherapy receipt in those with 21-gene testing. The probability of chemotherapy receipt in those without 21-gene testing was 64.1% and was decreased to 30.8% in those with 21-gene testing. On multivariate prognostic analysis, the performance of 21-gene testing was associated with better BCSS (P < 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001) compared with those without 21-gene testing. Similar results were found after propensity score matching.

CONCLUSIONS

The 21-gene expression assay is frequently and increasingly used for chemotherapy decision-making in ER+/HER2- BC with N1 disease. Performance of the 21-gene testing is associated with improved survival outcomes. Our study supports the routine use of 21-gene testing in the clinical practice of this population.

Comparison of the Incidence of Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction in Bifurcation Lesions Between Medina (1,1,1) and (0,1,1) in Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is more frequently observed in true bifurcation lesions such as Medina (1,1,1) and (0,1,1). The aim of this study is to compare the incidence of PMI in elective PCI between Medina (1,1,1) and (0,1,1) bifurcation lesions. This was a retrospective, single-center study. We included 162 true bifurcation lesions, which were divided into the (1,1,1) group (n = 85) and the (0,1,1) group (n = 77). We compared the incidence of PMI between the two groups and performed multivariate logistic regression analysis using PMI as a dependent variable. The incidence of PMI was similar in the (1,1,1) group and the (0,1,1) group (12.9% versus 15.6%, P = 0.658). The final TIMI flow grade of the side branches and that of the main branches were also similar in the two groups. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, Medina classification (1,1,1) was not associated with PMI (odds ratio (OR), 0.996; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.379-2.621; P = 0.994), but the angle of the side branch < 45° (OR, 3.569; 95% CI, 1.320-9.654; P = 0.012), lesion length in a main vessel (per 10-mm increase) (OR, 1.508; 95% CI, 1.104-2.060; P = 0.010), and absence of side branch protection (OR, 3.034; 95% CI, 1.095-8.409; P = 0.033) were significantly associated with PMI. In conclusion, the Medina (1,1,1) bifurcation lesions did not increase the incidence of PMI as compared to Medina (0,1,1). However, the narrow side branch angle, diffuse long lesion, and absence of side branch protection were significantly associated with PMI. We should pay attention to these high-risk features in the treatment of true bifurcation lesions.

Utility of Oncotype DX score in clinical management for T1 estrogen receptor positive, HER2 negative, and lymph node negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

The management of estrogen receptor positive (ER+)/HER2- and lymph node (LN) negative breast cancers can be influenced by Oncotype DX recurrence score (RS) in the USA. However, the benefit of RS in T1 tumors (≤ 1 cm) is not clear.

METHODS

We retrieved 199 T1 ER+/HER2-/LN- breast cancer diagnosed between 1993 and 2016 that had undergone RS testing. The median follow-up time was 51 months. We examined the disease-free survival (DFS) and distant metastasis and their association with RS and other clinicopathologic features.

RESULTS

Of the 199 cases, 40 were T1a (≤ 0.5 cm) and 159 were T1b (> 0.5 cm to 1 cm) tumors. In the 40 T1a tumors, 11 would benefit from chemotherapy by the TAILORx study results. Of these T1a tumors, 36 were Nottingham grade 1/2, 3 were grade 3, and 1 was microinvasive carcinoma; 2 (5%) had local recurrence and 1 (2.5%) had distant metastasis to the bone. The only patient with T1a tumor (Nottingham grade 3, RS = 42) and distant metastasis to bone had received adjuvant chemotherapy. In the 159 T1b tumors, 25 would benefit chemotherapy by the TAILORx results. Of the T1b tumors, 149 were Nottingham grade 1/2 and 10 were grade 3. Nine (5.7%) had local recurrence and 2 (1.3%) had distant metastasis to bone and mediastinum, respectively. The two T1b tumors with distant metastasis had a RS 20 and Nottingham grade 2, and RS 27 and Nottingham grade 3, respectively. Both patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. In multivariate analysis of the entire cohort (T1a and T1b tumors), Nottingham tumor grade and receiving chemotherapy were significantly associated with DFS. In univariate analysis of the entire cohort, Nottingham tumor grade, receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, and RS were significantly associated with distant metastasis.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that the metastatic rate of T1a and T1b ER+/HER2-/LN- breast cancer is very low. Patients with low grade (1 or 2), T1a ER+/HER2-/LN- breast cancer may not need RS for treatment decision-making; however, in patients with high-grade T1a or T1b ER+/HER2-/LN- breast cancer, RS analysis should be strongly considered.

Practice-Changing Use of the 21-Gene Test for the Management of Patients With Early-Stage Breast Cancer in Latin America

PURPOSE

We present a physician survey of the impact of 21-gene Breast Recurrence Score test results on treatment decisions in clinical practice in Latin America.

METHODS

This prospective survey enrolled consecutive patients at 14 sites in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru who had routine 21-gene testing. Physician surveys captured patient and tumor characteristics and treatment decisions before and after 21-gene test results. The survey spanned the period before and after Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx) results reported (June 2018). Overall net percent change in adjuvant chemotherapy recommendations was estimated, and asymptotic 95% CIs with continuity correction were calculated. The proportion with a change between pretest treatment recommendation and actual treatment received was calculated overall and by Recurrence Score groups per TAILORx.

RESULTS

Between March 2015 and December 2019, the survey was completed for 647 patients; 20% were node-positive. The mean patient age was 54 years (24-85 years); 55% were postmenopausal; 17%, 63%, and 20% had grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors, respectively; and 30% had tumors > 2 cm. Recurrence Score (RS) results were as follows: 20% RS 0-10, 56% RS 11-25, and 24% RS 26-100. Overall, chemotherapy recommendations fell by a relative proportion of 39% (95% CI, 33.4 to 44.3) after 21-gene testing (33% decrease in node-negative and 55% decrease in node-positive). Among node-negative patients, the relative decrease in chemotherapy recommendations was 28% (95% CI, 18.9 to 39.5) before TAILORx and 36% (95% CI, 28.4 to 43.7) after.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, this large survey of 21-gene test practice patterns was the first conducted in Latin America and showed the relevance of 21-gene testing in low- and medium-resource countries to minimize chemotherapy overuse and underuse in breast cancer. The results showed substantial reductions in chemotherapy use overall—especially after TAILORx reported—indicating the practice-changing potential of that study.

Substantial Reduction in Adjuvant Chemotherapy With the Use of the 21-Gene Test to Manage Early Breast Cancer in a Public Hospital in Brazil

We evaluated the impact of 21-gene test results on treatment decisions for patients with early-stage breast cancer treated under the public health care system in Brazil, Sistema Único de Saúde.

Comparison of the incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction between percutaneous coronary intervention with versus without rotational atherectomy using propensity score-matching

Complications such as slow flow are frequently observed in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with rotational atherectomy (RA). However, it remains unclear whether the high incidence of slow flow results in the high incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI), reflecting real myocardial damage. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of PMI between PCI with versus without RA using propensity score-matching. We included 1350 elective PCI cases, which were divided into the RA group (n = 203) and the non-RA group (n = 1147). After propensity score matching, the matched RA group (n = 190) and the matched non-RA group (n = 190) were generated. The primary interest was to compare the incidence of PMI between the matched RA and non-RA groups. Before propensity score matching, the incidence of slow flow and PMI was greater in the RA group than in the non-RA group. After matching, the incidence of slow flow was still greater in the matched RA group than in the matched non-RA group (16.8% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.048). However, the incidence of PMI was similar between the matched RA and matched non-RA group (7.4% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.528, standardized difference: 0.086). In conclusion, although use of RA was associated with greater risk of slow flow, use of RA was not associated with PMI after a propensity score-matched analysis. The fact that RA did not increase the risk of myocardial damage in complex lesions would have an impact on revascularization strategy for severely calcified coronary lesions.

Personalised medicine and the decision to withhold chemotherapy in early breast cancer with intermediate risk of recurrence - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose

To assess the evidence for decision making, at the health care and the patient levels, regarding the use of gene expression assays to inform chemotherapy decisions in breast cancer patients with intermediate clinical risk of recurrence.

Methods

Systematic literature searches were performed (January 2002–April 2020) in Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and HTA databases. Inclusion criteria: patients (P) were individuals with post-surgical breast cancer at intermediate clinical risk of recurrence; intervention (I)/comparison (C) was (i) use of, versus no use of, a gene expression assay and (ii) withholding versus providing chemotherapy; outcomes (O) were overall survival (OS), health-related quality of life (HRQL), and recurrence. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed where possible.

Results

Three inconclusive non-RCTs, respectively, compared OS and recurrence with and without a gene expression assay. No studies investigated HRQL. Regarding the comparison withholding versus providing chemotherapy based on a gene expression assay, one RCT and four non-RCTs evaluated OS. In the RCT, 93.9% (I) versus 93.8% (C) were alive at 9 years. Three RCTs and seven non-RCTs evaluated recurrence. Three RCTs could be pooled regarding distant recurrence; 4.29% versus 3.88% had such an event (risk ratio: 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.90 to 1.39).

Conclusion

Regarding the use of gene expression assays in breast cancer, evidence on patient effects, informing patient-level chemotherapy decision making, is available. However, evidence for prioritisation at the overall health care level, i.e. use of, versus no use of, such assays, is largely lacking.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s00228-020-02914-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Do 21-Gene Recurrence Score Influence Chemotherapy Decisions in T1bN0 Breast Cancer Patients?

Purpose: Hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer patients with tumor size ≤1.0 cm and negative node have favorable outcomes. The 21-gene Recurrence Score (RS) could predict response to chemotherapy for HR+ breast cancer, but its role in T1bN0 disease is challenging.

Methods: T1bN0 breast cancer patients diagnosed between January 2014 and June 2019 with RS results were included and categorized as Low- (RS < 18), Intermediate- (RS 18–30), or High-risk (RS > 30) groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to assess factors associated with RS distribution and chemotherapy recommendation. Chemotherapy decisions change and patient adherence after 21-gene RS testing were also evaluated.

Results: Among 237 patients with T1bN0 tumors, proportions of Low-, Intermediate-, and High-risk RS were 19.8, 63.3, and 16.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis found that ER expression (P = 0.011), PR expression (P < 0.001), and Ki-67 index (P = 0.001) were independently associated with RS distribution. Adjuvant chemotherapy was recommended for 31.6% of patients, which was more frequently given to patients with higher tumor grade [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.99 for grade II, OR = 59.19 for grade III, P = 0.006], lymph vascular invasion (OR = 8.22, P = 0.032), Luminal-B subtype (OR = 5.68, P < 0.001), and Intermediate-to High-risk RS (OR = 10.01 for Intermediate-risk, OR = 192.42 for High-risk, P < 0.001). Chemotherapy decision change was found in 18.6% of patients, mainly in those with Intermediate- to High-risk RS tumor with the majority from no-chemotherapy to chemotherapy. The treatment compliance rate after the 21-gene RS testing with MDT was 95.4%.

Conclusion: RS category was related to ER, PR, and Ki-67 expression, which was recognized as an independent factor of chemotherapy recommendation in T1bN0 breast cancer. The 21-gene RS testing would lead to a chemotherapy decision change rate of 18.6% as well as a high treatment adherence, which can be applied in T1bN0 patients.