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Ying Z, Wenjing S, Jing B, Songbin F, Kexian D. Advances in long non-coding RNA regulating drug resistance of cancer. Gene 2023; 887:147726. [PMID: 37625566 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the main challenges in cancer treatment. Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a complex and precise regulatory role in regulating drug resistance of cancer. The common ways of lncRNA regulating drug resistance of cancer involve ATP binding transporter overexpression, abnormal DNA damage response, tumor cell apoptosis, accumulation of epithelial mesenchymal transformation and cancer stem cell formation. Moreover, studies on exosomal lncRNAs regulating cancer drug resistance are developed in recent years. Further study on the role and mechanism of lncRNAs drug resistance in cancer will help clinical cancer treatment program and explore new treatment methods. This paper reviews recent advances in lncRNAs regulating drug resistance of cancer, especially the role of exosomal lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ying
- Key laboratory of preservation of human genetic resources and disease control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Sun Wenjing
- Key laboratory of preservation of human genetic resources and disease control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Bai Jing
- Key laboratory of preservation of human genetic resources and disease control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fu Songbin
- Key laboratory of preservation of human genetic resources and disease control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dong Kexian
- Key laboratory of preservation of human genetic resources and disease control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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2
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Li S, Dong R, Kang Z, Li H, Wu X, Li T. Exosomes: Another intercellular lipometabolic communication mediators in digestive system neoplasms? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:93-100. [PMID: 37541791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasms are one of the most concerned public health problems worldwide. Digestive system neoplasms, with a high morbidity and mortality, is one of the most common malignant tumors in human being. It is found that exosomes act as an intercellular communication media to carry the metabolic and genetic information of parental cells to target cells. Likely, exosomes participate in lipid metabolism and regulates multiple processes in digestive system neoplasms, including the information transmission among cancer cells, the formation of neoplastic microenvironment, and the neoplastic biological behaviors like metastasis, invasion, and the chemotherapy resistance. In this review, we firstly introduce the main mechanisms whereas exosomes act as intercellular lipometabolic communication mediator in digestive system neoplasms. Thereafter we introduce the relationship between exosomes lipid metabolism and various type of digestive system neoplasms, including gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. Eventually, we summarized and prospected the development and implication of exosomes in digestive system neoplasms. The further research of exosomes as intercellular lipid metabolism mediator will contribute to accurate and efficient diagnosis and treatment of digestive system neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ruizhi Dong
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhenhua Kang
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hucheng Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China.
| | - Xueliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; Tumor Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China.
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Li Y, Xiang S, Pan W, Wang J, Zhan H, Liu S. Targeting tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy: Current research and future perspective. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1166860. [PMID: 37064113 PMCID: PMC10090519 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1166860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumors with increased incidence rate. The effect of surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy on survival of patients is unsatisfactory. New treatment strategy such as immunotherapy need to be investigated. The accumulation of desmoplastic stroma, infiltration of immunosuppressive cells including myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), as well as tumor associated cytokine such as TGF-β, IL-10, IL-35, CCL5 and CXCL12 construct an immunosuppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer, which presents challenges for immunotherapy. In this review article, we explore the roles and mechanism of immunosuppressive cells and lymphocytes in establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. In addition, immunotherapy strategies for pancreatic cancer based on tumor microenvironment including immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeting extracellular matrix (ECM), interfering with stromal cells or cytokines in TME, cancer vaccines and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also discussed. It is necessary to identify an approach of immunotherapy in combination with other modalities to produce a synergistic effect with increased response rates in pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjun Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Operating Room, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hanxiang Zhan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Shanglong Liu, ; Hanxiang Zhan,
| | - Shanglong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Shanglong Liu, ; Hanxiang Zhan,
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Gu J, Guo Y, Du J, Kong L, Deng J, Tao B, Li H, Jin C, Fu D, Li J. CDCA8/SNAI2 Complex Activates CD44 to Promote Proliferation and Invasion of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215434. [PMID: 36358852 PMCID: PMC9657053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is an urgent need to find an effective therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer owing to late diagnosis, tumor metastasis, and current ineffective targeted drugs. We aimed to identified potential targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. In this study, the specific mechanism by which the CDCA8 contributes to pancreatic cancer progression via the activation of CD44 was clarified, and CDCA8 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. This finding may provide a promising target for future targeted therapies of pancreatic cancer. Abstract (1) Background: Recently, cell division cycle associated 8 (CDCA8) was found to be overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we aimed to explore the specific mechanism of action of CDCA8 in PDAC progression. (2) Methods: All human PDAC samples and clinical data were collected from Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. All experimental studies were carried out using many in vitro and in vivo assays, including lentiviral transfection, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), chromatin IP (ChIP)-qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter, and in vivo imaging assays. (3) Results: Clinical data analysis of human PDAC samples revealed that CDCA8 overexpression were positively and negatively associated with tumor grade (p = 0.007) and overall survival (p = 0.045), respectively. CDCA8 knockdown inhibited PDAC proliferation and invasion in in vitro and in vivo assays. CD44 was also up-regulated by CDCA8 during PDAC progression. CDCA8 could be combined with SNAI2 to form a CDCA8/SNAI2 complex to integrate with the CD44 promoter as indicated through ChIP-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays. (4) Conclusion: We showed that CDCA8-CD44 axis plays a key role in the proliferation and invasion of PDAC, which provides a potential target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Gu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiali Du
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lei Kong
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Junyuan Deng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Baian Tao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hengchao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Deliang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13816418978
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Ding YN, Xue M, Tang QS, Wang LJ, Ding HY, Li H, Gao CC, Yu WP. Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: Trends and challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5403-5419. [PMID: 36312831 PMCID: PMC9611702 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i37.5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) is the most common cancer with a poor prognosis. Currently, surgery is the main treatment for GIC. However, the high rate of postoperative recurrence leads to a low five-year survival rate. In recent years, immunotherapy has received much attention. As the only immunotherapy drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) drugs have great potential in cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the efficacy of ICB treatment is greatly limited by the low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive microenvironment of GIC. Therefore, the targets of immunotherapy have expanded from ICB to increasing tumor immunogenicity, increasing the recruitment and maturation of immune cells and reducing the proportion of inhibitory immune cells, such as M2-like macrophages, regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Moreover, with the development of nanotechnology, a variety of nanoparticles have been approved by the FDA for clinical therapy, so novel nanodrug delivery systems have become a research focus for anticancer therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the application of immunotherapy-based nanoparticles in GICs, such as gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer, and described the existing challenges and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Ding
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Xue
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiu-Sha Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Yan Ding
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Gao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Ping Yu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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Chen L, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Xie J, Wei W, Wang Y, Yu H, Zhou H. A necroptosis related prognostic model of pancreatic cancer based on single cell sequencing analysis and transcriptome analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1022420. [PMID: 36275722 PMCID: PMC9585241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1022420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a tumor type with high mortality and poor therapeutic effect, the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer is still unclear. It is necessary to explore the significance of necroptosis in pancreatic cancer. Methods Pancreatic cancer transcriptome data were obtained from the TCGA database, ICGC database, and GSE85916 in the GEO database. The TCGA cohort was set as a training cohort, while the ICGC and GSE85916 cohort were set as the validation cohorts. Single-cell sequencing data of pancreatic cancer were obtained from GSE154778 in the GEO database. The genes most associated with necroptosis were identified by weighted co-expression network analysis and single-cell sequencing analysis. COX regression and Lasso regression were performed for these genes, and the prognostic model was established. By calculating risk scores, pancreatic cancer patients could be divided into NCPTS_high and NCPTS_low groups, and survival analysis, immune infiltration analysis, and mutation analysis between groups were performed. Cell experiments including gene knockdown, CCK-8 assay, clone formation assay, transwell assay and wound healing assay were conducted to explore the role of the key gene EPS8 in pancreatic cancer. PCR assays on clinical samples were further used to verify EPS8 expression. Results We constructed the necroptosis-related signature in pancreatic cancer using single-cell sequencing analysis and transcriptome analysis. The calculation formula of risk score was as follows: NCPTS = POLR3GL * (-0.404) + COL17A1 * (0.092) + DDIT4 * (0.007) + PDE4C * (0.057) + CLDN1 * 0.075 + HMGA2 * 0.056 + CENPF * 0.198 +EPS8 * 0.219. Through this signature, pancreatic cancer patients with different cohorts can be divided into NCPTS_high and NCPTS_low group, and the NCPTS_high group has a significantly poorer prognosis. Moreover, there were significant differences in immune infiltration level and mutation level between the two groups. Cell assays showed that in CAPAN-1 and PANC-1 cell lines, EPS8 knockdown significantly reduced the viability, clonogenesis, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Clinical PCR assay of EPS8 expression showed that EPS8 expression was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer (*P<0.05). Conclusion Our study can provide a reference for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis assessment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Conversion Therapy Center for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumors, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Conversion Therapy Center for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumors, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Jiaheng Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiaxing First Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzhu Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Hongkun Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Conversion Therapy Center for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumors, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
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He Z, Cai K, Zeng Z, Lei S, Cao W, Li X. Autophagy-associated circRNA circATG7 facilitates autophagy and promotes pancreatic cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:233. [PMID: 35288538 PMCID: PMC8921308 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the pancreatic cancer (PC) progression. However, the regulatory network between circRNAs, autophagy, and PC progression remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that autophagy-associated circRNA circ-autophagy related 7 (circATG7) was elevated in PC tissues compared to adjacent tissues, and in PC cells treated with EBSS and hypoxia. circATG7 expression was positively associated with tumor diameter and lymph node invasion in patients with PC. circATG7 overexpression promoted PC cell proliferation, mobility, and autophagy in vitro, while circATG7 knockdown induced the opposite effects. ATG7 inhibition attenuated the effects of circATG7 on the biological functions of PC cells. CircATG7 is located in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus. Cytoplasmic circATG7 sponged miR-766-5p and decreased its expression, and increased the expression of ATG7, a target gene of miR-766-5p. Nuclear circATG7 acted as a scaffold to increase the interaction between the human antigen R protein and ATG7 mRNA and enhanced ATG mRNA stability. Furthermore, we demonstrated that circATG7 regulates PC cell proliferation and metastasis in vivo via ATG7-dependent autophagy. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that circATG7 accelerates PC progression via miR-766-5p/ATG7 and that HUR/ATG7 depends on autophagic flux. Thus, circATG7 may be a potential therapeutic target for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases & Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhirui Zeng
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shan Lei
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenpeng Cao
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases & Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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Jia M, Zhang D, Zhang C, Li C. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems modulate the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer for enhanced therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:384. [PMID: 34809634 PMCID: PMC8607729 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignant tumors with a low survival rate, partly because the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of extracellular matrix (ECM), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, and vascular systems, prevents effective drug delivery and chemoradiotherapy. Thus, modulating the microenvironment of pancreatic cancer is considered a promising therapeutic approach. Since nanoparticles are one of the most effective cancer treatment strategies, several nano-delivery platforms have been developed to regulate the TME and enhance treatment. Here, we summarize the latest advances in nano-delivery systems that alter the TME in pancreatic cancer by depleting ECM, inhibiting CAFs, reversing immunosuppression, promoting angiogenesis, or improving the hypoxic environment. We also discuss promising new targets for such systems. This review is expected to improve our understanding of how to modulate the pancreatic cancer microenvironment and guide the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of the Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People's Republic of China.
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