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Ślusarczyk A, Zapała P, Zapała Ł, Radziszewski P. The impact of smoking on recurrence and progression of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:2673-2691. [PMID: 36404390 PMCID: PMC10129946 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although smoking is a well-recognized causative factor of urothelial bladder cancer and accounts for 50% of cases, less is known about the prognostic significance of smoking on non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) prognosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking on the risk of NMIBC recurrence and progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically searched Medline, Web of Science and Scopus databases for original articles published before October 2021 regarding the effect of smoking on NMIBC recurrence and progression. Information about smoking status and the number of events or odds ratio or hazard ratio for event-free survival must have been reported to include the study in the analysis. Quality In Prognosis Studies tool was utilized for the risk of bias assessment. RESULTS We selected 64 eligible studies, including 28 617 patients with NMIBC with available data on smoking status. In a meta-analysis of 28 studies with 7885 patients, we found that smokers (current/former) were at higher risk for recurrence (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.34-2.09; P < 0.0001) compared to never smokers. Subgroup analysis of 2967 patients revealed that current smokers were at a 1.24 higher risk of recurrence (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.02-1.50; P = 0.03) compared to former smokers. A meta-analysis of the hazard ratio revealed that smokers are at higher risk of recurrence (HR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.15-1.48; P < 0.0001) and progression (HR = 1.18; 95%CI 1.08-1.29; P < 0.001) compared to never smokers. Detrimental prognostic effect of smoking on progression, but not for recurrence risk was also noted in the subgroup analysis of high-risk patients (HR = 1.30; 95%CI 1.09-1.55; P = 0.004) and BCG-treated ones (HR = 1.15; 95%CI 1.06-1.25; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and a history of smoking have a worse prognosis regarding recurrence-free and progression-free survival compared to non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Ślusarczyk
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4, 02-005, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Zapała
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4, 02-005, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zapała
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4, 02-005, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Radziszewski
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4, 02-005, Warsaw, Poland
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Zhao H, Liu K, Giannakopoulos S, Yuruk E, De Naeyer G, Álvarez-Maestro M, Ng CF, Laguna P, De La Rosette J, Yuen-Chun Teoh J. Impact of previous malignancy at diagnosis on oncological outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. BMC Urol 2023; 23:49. [PMID: 36991375 PMCID: PMC10061966 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence of prognostic factors and individualized surveillance strategies for upper tract urothelial carcinoma are still weak. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the history of previous malignancy (HPM) affects the oncological outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS The CROES-UTUC registry is an international, observational, multicenter cohort study on patients diagnosed with UTUC. Patient and disease characteristics from 2380 patients with UTUC were collected. The primary outcome of this study was recurrence-free survival. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed by stratifying patients according to their HPM. RESULTS A total of 996 patients were included in this study. With a median recurrence-free survival time of 7.2 months and a median follow-up time of 9.2 months, 19.5% of patients had disease recurrence. The recurrence-free survival rate in the HPM group was 75.7%, which was significantly lower than non-HPM group (82.7%, P = 0.012). Kaplan-Meier analyses also showed that HPM could increase the risk of upper tract recurrence (P = 0.048). Furthermore, patients with a history of non-urothelial cancers had a higher risk of intravesical recurrence (P = 0.003), and patients with a history of urothelial cancers had a higher risk of upper tract recurrence (P = 0.015). Upon multivariate Cox regression analysis, the history of non-urothelial cancer was a risk factor for intravesical recurrence (P = 0.004), and the history of urothelial cancer was a risk factor for upper tract recurrence (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Both previous non-urothelial and urothelial malignancy could increase the risk of tumor recurrence. But different cancer types may increase different sites' risk of tumor recurrence for patients with UTUC. According to present study, more personalized follow-up plans and active treatment strategies should be considered for UTUC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Zhao
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kang Liu
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Emrah Yuruk
- Department of Urology, The Ministry of Health, University of Health Sciences, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Geert De Naeyer
- Department of Urology, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Clinic, Aalst, Belgium
| | | | - Chi-Fai Ng
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pilar Laguna
- Department of Urology, Medipol Mega Hospital, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jean De La Rosette
- Department of Urology, Medipol Mega Hospital, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Xiang P, Du Z, Hao Y, Guan D, Liu D, Yan W, Wang M, Liu Y, Ping H. Impact of Androgen Suppression Therapy on the Risk and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:784627. [PMID: 34970495 PMCID: PMC8712679 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.784627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to summarize the existing evidence and develop a comprehensive systematic review of the impact of androgen suppression therapy (AST) on the incidence or clinical outcomes of bladder cancer. Methods We systematically searched the PubMed and Embase databases from inception to June 20, 2021 to identify all observational studies examining the incidence or clinical outcomes of bladder cancer in patients who received AST. AST is defined as the use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Results A total of 18 observational studies were included. Our results showed that AST was not significantly associated with a reduced risk of BCa incidence (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.68–1.24) compared with the lack of AST. The subgroup analysis revealed that finasteride use was significantly associated with a reduction in the risk of BCa incidence (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64–0.88). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was improved among AST users compared with nonusers (HR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.95), while no significant difference between AST users versus nonusers was identified for cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS). Conclusion Current evidence indicates that therapy with finasteride may represent a potential strategy aimed at reducing BCa incidence. Moreover, AST has a beneficial effect on the recurrence of bladder cancer. Further well-designed randomized trials or cohort studies with better characterized study populations are needed to validate our preliminary findings. Systematic Review Registration International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier CRD42021261685.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Du
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiu Hao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Guan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingdong Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Ping, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-0321-7921
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Sun J, Wei X, You J, Yue W, Ouyang J, Ling Z, Hou J. STC1 is a Novel Biomarker Associated with Immune Characteristics and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5505-5516. [PMID: 34539184 PMCID: PMC8445105 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s329723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a well-studied oncogene that promotes different types of cancer progression. However, the expression status of STC1, the values of STC1 on prognosis, and its immune characteristic in bladder cancer (BLCA) have not been well examined. Methods The expression of STC1 and its clinicopathological as well as immune characteristics in BLCA samples were firstly identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on the tissue microarray (TMA) slide was further used to validate the expression of STC1 and its relationship with immune features in 16 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) samples and 42 muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples. Results The expression of STC1 was upregulated in higher stage BLCA. High STC1 expression also predicted poor prognosis in BLCA. Subsequently, the TMA validated the expression and prognostic value of STC1 in BLCA. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that STC1 and common immune checkpoints as well as immune markers of various immune cells were positively correlated in TCGA. In addition, IHC data from the TMA further validated that tumor cells with higher STC1 level tended to express higher PDL1 as well as increased infiltration of CD3+ T cells. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study that investigates the clinical and immune characteristics of STC1 in BLCA. It may provide new insight into the function of STC1 in regulating tumor immune microenvironment. Further studies are warranted to uncover the potential mechanisms that mediate STC1 expression and tumor immunity in BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei You
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchang Yue
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Ling
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianquan Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kufukihara R, Kikuchi E, Ogihara K, Shigeta K, Oya M. ASO Author Reflections: Previous History of Non-urothelial Malignancy May Provide Predictive Information of Worse Clinical Outcome for Initially Diagnosed Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:5360-5361. [PMID: 33774769 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-09787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kufukihara
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Ogihara
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shigeta
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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