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Suwa M, Tsukahara S, Watarai H. Applications of magnetic and electromagnetic forces in micro-analytical systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1097-1127. [PMID: 36636900 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel applications of magnetic fields in analytical chemistry have become a remarkable trend in the last two decades. Various magnetic forces have been employed for the migration, orientation, manipulation, and trapping of microparticles, and new analytical platforms for separating and detecting molecules have been proposed. Magnetic materials such as functional magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic nanocomposites, and specially designed magnetic solids and liquids have also been developed for analytical purposes. Numerous attractive applications of magnetic and electromagnetic forces on magnetic and non-magnetic materials have been studied, but fundamental studies to understand the working principles of magnetic forces have been challenging. These studies will form a new field of magneto-analytical science, which should be developed as an interdisciplinary field. In this review, essential pioneering works and recent attractive developments are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - S Tsukahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - H Watarai
- R3 Institute for Newly-Emerging Science Design, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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Theory of Chiral Electrodeposition by Chiral Micro-Nano-Vortices under a Vertical Magnetic Field -1: 2D Nucleation by Micro-Vortices. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8070071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable chiral activity is donated to a copper deposit surface by magneto-electrodeposition, whose exact mechanism has been clarified by the three-generation model. In copper deposition under a vertical magnetic field, a macroscopic tornado-like rotation called the vertical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow (VMHDF) emerges on a disk electrode, inducing the precessional motions of various chiral microscopic MHD vortices: First, chiral two-dimensional (2D) nuclei develop on an electrode by micro-MHD vortices. Then, chiral three-dimensional (3D) nuclei grow on a chiral 2D nucleus by chiral nano-MHD vortices. Finally, chiral screw dislocations are created on a chiral 3D nucleus by chiral ultra-micro MHD vortices. These three processes constitute nesting boxes, leading to a limiting enantiomeric excess (ee) ratio of 0.125. This means that almost all chiral activity of copper electrodes made by this method cannot exceed 0.125. It also became obvious that chirality inversion by chloride additive arises from the change from unstable to stable nucleation by the specific adsorption of it.
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Abstract
Electrodeposition under magnetic fields (magnetoelectrodeposition; MED) can induce surface chirality on copper films. The chiral signs of MED films should depend on the magnetic field polarity; namely, the reversal of the magnetic field causes the opposite chiral sign. This represents odd chirality for the magnetic field polarity. However, odd chirality was broken in several MED conditions. This paper makes a survey of breaking of odd chirality in the MED conditions such as low magnetic fields, specific adsorption of chloride ions, micro-electrode, and cell rotation. These results indicate that the ordered fluctuation of magnetohydrodynamic micro-vortices induces the breaking of odd chirality and that the random fluctuation results in the disappearance of surface chirality.
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Takagi S, Asada T, Oshikiri Y, Miura M, Morimoto R, Sugiyama A, Mogi I, Aogaki R. Nanobubble formation from ionic vacancies in an electrode reaction on a fringed disk electrode under a uniform vertical magnetic field -2. Measurement of the angular velocity of a vertical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow by the microbubbles originating from ionic vacancies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Takagi S, Asada T, Oshikiri Y, Miura M, Morimoto R, Sugiyama A, Mogi I, Aogaki R. Nanobubble formation from ionic vacancies in an electrode reaction on a fringed disk electrode under a uniform vertical magnetic field -1. Formation process in a vertical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Breaking of Odd Chirality in Magnetoelectrodeposition of Copper Films on Micro-Electrodes. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The surface chirality was investigated in magnetoelectrodeposition (MED) of copper films on micro-disc electrodes with the diameters of 100 and 25 µm. The MED was conducted in the magnetic fields of 1–5 T, which were parallel or antiparallel to the ionic currents. In the case of 100 µm-electrodes, the MED films prepared in 2 and 3 T exhibited odd chirality for the magnetic field polarity, as expected in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) vortex model. However, the films prepared in the higher fields of 4 and 5 T exhibited breaking of odd chirality. In the case of the 25 µm-electrode, the broken odd chirality was observed in 2 and 3 T. These results indicate that the strong vertical MHD flows induce the breaking of odd chirality. The mapping of chiral symmetry on the axes of the magnetic field and electrode diameter demonstrate that the odd chirality could be easily broken by the fluctuation of micro-MHD vortices.
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Morimoto R, Miura M, Sugiyama A, Miura M, Oshikiri Y, Kim Y, Mogi I, Takagi S, Yamauchi Y, Aogaki R. Long-Term Electrodeposition under a Uniform Parallel Magnetic Field. 1. Instability of Two-Dimensional Nucleation in an Electric Double Layer. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11854-11869. [PMID: 33379871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Under a parallel magnetic field, after long-term copper deposition from an acidic copper sulfate solution, numerous spherical secondary nodules of 10 to 100 μm diameters were formed one upon another in dendritic mode. This is a new type of micro-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect arising from the unstable growth of three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclei by specific adsorption of hydrogen ions (second micro-MHD effect). From the viewpoint of instability in electrodeposition, though 3D nucleation in the diffusion layer is always unstable, with ionic specific adsorption such as hydrogen ions, stable 2D nucleation turns unstable after long-term deposition. The resultant competitive growth of 3D and 2D nuclei produces spherical nodules as their composite, leading to their dendritic growth. Furthermore, though negligibly small, nonequilibrium fluctuations occurring in 2D nucleation migrate with the laminar solution flow caused by Lorentz force (MHD flow). Depending on whether the ionic adsorption is specific or nonspecific, the traveling asymmetrical fluctuation changes the direction to the upstream or downstream side, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Morimoto
- Saitama Industrial Technology Center, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0844, Japan
| | - Miki Miura
- Polytechnic Center Kimitsu, Kimitsu, Chiba 299-1142, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Yoshino Denka Kogyo, Inc., Yoshikawa, Saitama 342-0008, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Makoto Miura
- Hokkaido Polytechnic College, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0292, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Oshikiri
- Yamagata College of Industry and Technology, Matsuei, Yamagata 990-2473, Japan
| | - Yena Kim
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Iwao Mogi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Koriyama Technical Academy, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8816, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea
| | - Ryoichi Aogaki
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Polytechnic University, Sumida, Tokyo 130-0026, Japan
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Fluctuation Effects of Magnetohydrodynamic Micro-Vortices on Odd Chirality in Magnetoelectrolysis. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic field dependence of chiral surface formation was investigated in magnetoelectrodeposition (MED) and magnetoelectrochemical etching (MEE) of copper films. The MED and MEE was conducted in magnetic fields of up to 5 T, which were parallel or antiparallel to the ionic currents. The MED films prepared in high magnetic fields of 5 and 3 T exhibited odd chirality for magnetic field polarity, as expected on the basis of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) vortex model. However, the films prepared in the lower fields of 2.5 and 2 T exhibited breaking of odd chirality. Similar magnetic field dependence was observed in the surface chirality of MEE films. These results imply that the fluctuation in the self-organized state of micro-MHD vortices is responsible for the breaking of odd chirality.
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Abstract
Chiral surface formation was investigated in rotational magnetoelectrodeposition (RMED) of copper films, where an electrochemical cell was rotated in magnetic fields. The RMED was conducted with clockwise or anticlockwise rotation in the magnetic fields parallel or antiparallel to the ionic currents. The rotational frequencies were 0.5–6 Hz, and the magnetic fields were 2–5 T. The chiral behaviors are divided into four types: type I has chirality depending on the magnetic field polarity, type II has chirality depending on the rotational direction, and type III has chirality depending on both directions. Type IV represents chiral symmetry breaking, where the RMED films exhibit only L activity in any magnetic field polarity and rotational direction.
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Theory of microscopic electrodeposition under a uniform parallel magnetic field - 1. Nonequilibrium fluctuations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Effects of Vertical Magnetohydrodynamic Flows on Chiral Surface Formation in Magnetoelectrolysis. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry4030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetoelectrolysis (electrolysis in magnetic fields) has potential to produce chiral surfaces on metal films. The Lorentz force causes two types of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows; a vertical MHD flow and micro-MHD vortices, and the combination of these MHD flows has been considered to produce chiral surfaces. This paper shows the effects of vertical MHD flow on the chiral surface formation in magnetoelectrodeposition (MED) and magnetoelectrochemical etching (MEE) of copper films. To control the vertical MHD flows the working electrode was embedded in a tube wall with various heights of 2–12 mm, and the vertical MHD flows were expected to penetrate into the tubes with damping. In both MED and MEE experiments, the surface chirality diminished considerably at the wall height of 12 mm. When the penetrating MHD flow could not reach the electrode surface in the sufficiently tall wall, such an MHD flow could not affect the micro-MHD vortices. These results demonstrate that the vertical MHD flow plays a significant role in symmetry breaking of micro-MHD vortices.
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Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Magnetoelectrochemical Etching with Chloride Additives. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010019. [PMID: 29271921 PMCID: PMC5943964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetoelectrolysis (electrolysis under magnetic fields) produces chiral surfaces on metal thin films, which can recognize the enantiomers of amino acids. Here, the chiral surface formation on copper films is reported in magnetoelectrochemical etching (MEE) at 5T with chloride additives. In the absence of additives, the surface chirality signs of MEE films depended on the magnetic field polarity. On the contrary, the MEE films prepared with the additives exhibited only d-activity in both magnetic field polarities. This result implies that the specific adsorption of chloride additives induces the chiral symmetry breaking for the magnetic field polarity.
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Miura M, Oshikiri Y, Sugiyama A, Morimoto R, Mogi I, Miura M, Takagi S, Yamauchi Y, Aogaki R. Magneto-Dendrite Effect: Copper Electrodeposition under High Magnetic Field. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45511. [PMID: 28374758 PMCID: PMC5379626 DOI: 10.1038/srep45511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic vacancy is a by-product in electrochemical reaction, composed of polarized free space of the order of 0.1 nm with a 1 s lifetime, and playing key roles in nano-electrochemical processes. However, its chemical nature has not yet been clarified. In copper electrodeposition under a high magnetic field of 15 T, using a new electrode system called cyclotron magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electrode (CMHDE) composed of a pair of concentric cylindrical electrodes, we have found an extraordinary dendritic growth with a drastic positive potential shift from hydrogen-gas evolution potential. Dendritic deposition is characterized by the co-deposition of hydrogen molecule, but such a positive potential shift makes hydrogen-gas evolution impossible. However, in the high magnetic field, instead of flat deposit, remarkable dendritic growth emerged. By examining the chemical nature of ionic vacancy, it was concluded that ionic vacancy works on the dendrite formation with the extraordinary potential shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miura
- Hokkaido Polytechnic College, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0292, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Oshikiri
- Yamagata College of Industry and Technology, Matsuei, Yamagata 990-2473, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Yoshino Denka Kogyo, Inc., Yoshikawa, Saitama 342-0008, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan.,National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Morimoto
- Saitama Prefectural Showa Water Filtration Plant, Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0113, Japan
| | - Iwao Mogi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Miki Miura
- Yokohama Harbor Polytechnic College, Naka, Yokohama 231-0811, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Koriyama Technical Academy, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8816, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Aogaki
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Polytechnic University, Sumida, Tokyo 130-0026, Japan
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Sugiyama A, Morimoto R, Osaka T, Mogi I, Asanuma M, Miura M, Oshikiri Y, Yamauchi Y, Aogaki R. Lifetime of Ionic Vacancy Created in Redox Electrode Reaction Measured by Cyclotron MHD Electrode. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19795. [PMID: 26791269 PMCID: PMC4726188 DOI: 10.1038/srep19795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetimes of ionic vacancies created in ferricyanide-ferrocyanide redox reaction have been first measured by means of cyclotron magnetohydrodynamic electrode, which is composed of coaxial cylinders partly exposed as electrodes and placed vertically in an electrolytic solution under a vertical magnetic field, so that induced Lorentz force makes ionic vacancies circulate together with the solution along the circumferences. At low magnetic fields, due to low velocities, ionic vacancies once created become extinct on the way of returning, whereas at high magnetic fields, in enhanced velocities, they can come back to their initial birthplaces. Detecting the difference between these two states, we can measure the lifetime of ionic vacancy. As a result, the lifetimes of ionic vacancies created in the oxidation and reduction are the same, and the intrinsic lifetime is 1.25 s, and the formation time of nanobubble from the collision of ionic vacancies is 6.5 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sugiyama
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Morimoto
- Saitama Prefectural Showa Water Filtration Plant, Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0113, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Osaka
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan.,School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Iwao Mogi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Miki Asanuma
- Yokohama Harbor Polytechnic College, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0811, Japan
| | - Makoto Miura
- Hokkaido Polytechnic College, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0292, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Oshikiri
- Yamagata College of Industry and Technology, Matsuei, Yamagata 990-2473, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Aogaki
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Polytechnic University, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-0026, Japan
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