1
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Diao SJ, Lin CG, Zhang J, Zhang FD, Chu JF, Song YF. A pseudo-Double-Network Hydrogel Built upon Layered Double Hydroxides with Self-Strengthening Properties. Chemistry 2023:e202303092. [PMID: 38057492 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
While great achievements have been made in the development of mechanically robust nanocomposite hydrogels, incorporating multiple interactions on the bases of two demensional inorganic cross-linkers to construct self-strengthening hydrogels has rarely been investigated. To this end, we propose here a new method for the coupling the dynamic covalent bonds and non-covalent interactions within a pseudo double-network system. The pseudo first network, formed through the Schiff Base reation between Tris-modified layered double hydroxides (Tris-LDHs) and oxidized dextran (ODex), is linked to the second network built upon non-covalent interactions between Tris-LDHs and poly(acrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonate) (p-(AM-co-AMPS). The swelling and mechanical properties of the resulting hydrogels have been investigated as a function of the ODex and AMPS contents. The as-prepared hydrogel can swell to 420 times of its original size and retain more than 99.9 wt.% of water. Mechanical tests show that the hydrogel can bear 90 % of compression and is able to be stretched to near 30 times of its original length. Cyclic tensile tests reveal that the hydrogels are capable of self-strengthening after mechanical training. The unique energy dissipation mechanism based on the dynamic covalent and non-covalent interactions is considered to be responsible for the outstanding swelling and mechanical performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jing Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Gen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fen-Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Qinghai, 810016, P. R. China
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2
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Ferreira EB, Gibaldi M, Okada R, Kuroda Y, Mitsushima S, Jerkiewicz G. Tunable Method for the Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles and Mesoporous Mixed Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37236238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of high-performance and durable electrocatalysts for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis is a crucial step toward the broad implementation of this technology. Here, we present an easily tunable, one-step hydrothermal method for the preparation of Ni-based (NiX, X = Co, Fe) layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (LDHNPs) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris-NH2) for particle growth control. The LDHNPs are used as building blocks of mesoporous mixed metal oxides (MMOs) with a block copolymer template (Pluronic F127), followed by thermal treatment at 250 °C. NiX MMOs have a significantly larger surface area compared to the analogous LDHNPs. NiX LDHNPs and MMOs exhibit excellent performance and long-term cycling stability, making them promising OER catalysts. Moreover, this versatile method can be easily tailored and scaled up for the preparation of platinum group metal-free electrocatalysts for other reactions of interest, which highlights the relevance of this work to the field of electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo B Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Marco Gibaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ryuki Okada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shigenori Mitsushima
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Gregory Jerkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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3
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Tarutani N, Hashimoto M, Ishigaki T. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanocrystal-based Cryogels with Size-Controlled Mesopores and Macropores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2884-2890. [PMID: 33576641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystal-based processing has attracted significant interest for the fabrication of highly functional materials with controlled crystallinity and fine porous structures. In this study, we focused on the template-free synthesis of nanocrystal-based materials with size-tailored pores using layered nickel hydroxide intercalated with acrylate anions. Polymerization of the acrylates encouraged interconnection of the nanocrystals and the formation of homogeneous gel networks. Cryogels after freeze-drying had pores with an average diameter from 4.8 nm (mesoscale) to 68.9 nm (macroscale). It was found that the surface characteristics of starting nanocrystals determined the phase separation tendency of interconnected species from the reaction media and resultant porous structures. We believe that the present study can enable the design of template-free nanocrystal-based porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tarutani
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, 3-11-15 Midori-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Mana Hashimoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishigaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, 3-11-15 Midori-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
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4
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Xie J, Yamaguchi T, Oh JM. Synthesis of a mesoporous Mg–Al–mixed metal oxide with P123 template for effective removal of Congo red via aggregation-driven adsorption. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Muramatsu K, Hayashi S, Kuroda Y, Oka Y, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Selective Covalent Modification of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles with Tripodal Ligands on Outer and Interlayer Surfaces. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6110-6119. [PMID: 32186868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have occupied an important place in the fields of catalysts, electrocatalysts, and fillers, and their applicability can be greatly enhanced by interlayer organic modifications. In contrast to general organic modification based on noncovalent modification using ionic organic species, this study has clarified in situ interlayer covalent modification of LDH nanoparticles (LDHNPs) with the tripodal ligand tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris-NH2). Interlayer-modified CoAl LDHNPs were obtained by a one-pot hydrothermal treatment of an aqueous solution containing metal salts and Tris-NH2 at 180 °C for 24 h. Tris-NH2 was covalently bonded on the interlayer surface of LDHNPs. Interlayer-modified NiAl LDHNPs were also similarly synthesized. Some comparative experiments under different conditions indicate that the important parameters for interlayer modification are the number of bonding sites per a modifier, the electronegativity of a constituent divalent metal element, and the concentration of a modifier; this is because these parameters affect the hydrolytic stability of alkoxy-metal bonds between a modifier and a layer of LDHNPs. The synthesis of interlayer-modified MgAl LDHNPs was achieved by adjusting these parameters. This achievement will enable new potential applications because modification of only the outer surface has been achieved until now. Interlayer-modified LDHNPs possessing CO32- in the interlayer space were delaminated into monolayers under ultrasonication in water. The proposed method provides a rational approach for interlayer modification and facile delamination of LDHNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Muramatsu
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shiori Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Green Hydrogen Research Center, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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6
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Self-repairing hybrid nanosheet anode catalysts for alkaline water electrolysis connected with fluctuating renewable energy. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Kuroda Y, Oka Y, Yasuda T, Koichi T, Muramatsu K, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Precise size control of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles through reconstruction using tripodal ligands. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12884-12892. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles were synthesized via reconstruction, suppressing crystal growth with tripodal ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Green Hydrogen Research Center
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
| | - Yuya Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
| | - Tadao Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Koichi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
| | - Keisuke Muramatsu
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
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8
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Muramatsu K, Kuroda Y, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. In situsynthesis of magnesium hydroxides modified with tripodal ligands in an organic medium. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:3074-3083. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of organic solvents enhanced the designability of the surface functional groups of interlayer-modified magnesium hydroxides with tripodal ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Muramatsu
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8050
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Japan
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology
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9
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Asakura Y, Kawaura N, Kuroda Y, Koike M, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Synthesis of a Single-Crystalline Macroporous Layered Silicate from a Macroporous UTL-Type Zeolite and Its Accelerated Intercalation. Chemistry 2017; 23:11022-11029. [PMID: 28543821 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A single-crystalline macroporous layered silicate was obtained for the first time. Firstly, UTL-type zeolite with macropores was prepared hydrothermally under the presence of acetylene black as a macropore template and the subsequent calcination to remove the template. Double four-membered ring (d4r) units in the UTL framework were selectively dissolved to yield a layered silicate with macropores. Intercalation of tetrabutylammonium ions into the macroporous layered silicate is accelerated if compared with that into the same silicate without macropores, indicating the effectiveness of macropores due to easy diffusion. The layered silicate with macropores was converted into PCR-type zeolite with macropores, a hierarchically micro- and macroporous material, through interlayer condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Asakura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.,Present address: Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawaura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.,Present address: Green Hydrogen Research Center, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Koike
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.,Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan
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10
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Oka Y, Kuroda Y, Matsuno T, Kamata K, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Preparation of Mesoporous Basic Oxides through Assembly of Monodispersed Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2017; 23:9362-9368. [PMID: 28514015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous basic Mg-Al mixed metal oxides (MMOs) with a high surface area and large pore size have been prepared through the assembly of monodispersed layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (LDHNPs) with block copolymer templates. The particle sizes of the LDHNPs were mainly controlled by varying the concentration of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM), which was used as a surface stabilizing agent. LDHNPs and micelles of a block copolymer (Pluronic F127) were assembled to form a composite. The composites were calcined to transform them into mesoporous MMOs and to remove the templates. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas, mesopore sizes, and pore volumes increased as a result of using the templates. Moreover, the pore sizes of the mesoporous MMOs could be controlled by using LDHNPs of different sizes. The mesoporous MMOs prepared from the LDHNPs showed much higher catalytic activity than a conventional MMO catalyst for the Knövenagel condensation of ethyl cyanoacetate with benzaldehyde. The mesoporous MMO catalyst prepared using the smallest LDHNPs, about 12 nm in size, showed the highest activity. Therefore, the use of monodispersed LDHNPs and templates is effective for preparing highly active mesoporous solid base catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.,Present address: Green Hydrogen Research Center, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takamichi Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Keigo Kamata
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R3-33 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.,Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan
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11
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Kuroda Y, Koichi T, Muramatsu K, Yamaguchi K, Mizuno N, Shimojima A, Wada H, Kuroda K. Direct Synthesis of Highly Designable Hybrid Metal Hydroxide Nanosheets by Using Tripodal Ligands as One-Size-Fits-All Modifiers. Chemistry 2017; 23:5023-5032. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study; Waseda University; 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8050 Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Koichi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Keisuke Muramatsu
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Noritaka Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Science and Technology; Waseda University; 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0051 Japan
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