Green Synthesis of Electrophilic Alkenes Using a Magnesium Catalyst under Aqueous Conditions and Mechanistic Insights by Density Functional Theory

A green approach for the synthesis of electrophilic alkenes has been developed via Knoevenagel condensation between active methylene compounds and carbonyl compounds using Mg powder under aqueous conditions. In this strategy, Mg(OH)2 acts as a catalyst, which was generated in situ by the reaction between metallic Mg (20 mol %) and water. Mg was found to be an efficient, nontoxic, and inexpensive metal catalyst system for producing a range of electrophilic alkenes in excellent yields (≤98%). A gram-scale synthesis of electrophilic alkenes has been developed, and Mg metal was recovered and recycled up to three times without an appreciable loss of catalytic activity. A catalytic cycle was proposed, and the reaction mechanism was investigated using density functional theory. The key steps are enolization of ethyl cyanoacetate, C-C bond formation, and then regeneration of the catalyst via metathesis with H2O. The overall reaction occurs easily with a maximum ΔG°⧧ value of 7.9 kcal/mol for the rate-determining C-C bond formation step. Our protocol has several advantages and can be further extended to one-pot sequential Knoevenagel condensation and Michael addition, and one-pot sequential Knoevenagel condensation and chemoselective reduction can be used for the synthesis of valuable precursors of pharmaceutical products under green and aqueous conditions.

Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide-Mediated Reductive Indolization of In Situ-Generated Cyclopropyl Hydrazones

Fischer-type indolization of N-aryl-C-cyclopropyl hydrazones generated in situ followed by chemoselective reduction using tert-butyl iodide as an anhydrous HI generator was developed. This protocol provides indoles bearing carboxylic acid derivative units. A series of control experiments indicated the HI-mediated formation and reduction of spirocyclopropyl indolenines. Anhydrous HI functions as a Brønsted acid as well as a reducing agent, facilitating the successful conversion of unstable reaction intermediates and iodinated mixtures in equilibrium.