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Wawro AM, Gajera CR, Baker SA, Leśniak RK, Fischer CR, Saw NL, Shamloo M, Montine TJ. Enantiomers of 2-methylglutamate and 2-methylglutamine selectively impact mouse brain metabolism and behavior. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8138. [PMID: 33854131 PMCID: PMC8047011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission is implicated in a wide range of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Here we tested the hypothesis that insertion of a methyl group on the stereogenic alpha carbon of l-Glu or l-Gln would impact the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt and the glutamate-glutamine cycle. (S)-2-methylglutamate, or (S)-2MeGlu, was efficiently transported into brain and synaptosomes where it was released by membrane depolarization in a manner equivalent to endogenous l-Glu. (R)-2MeGlu was transported less efficiently into brain and synaptosomes but was not released by membrane depolarization. Each enantiomer of 2MeGlu had limited activity across a panel of over 30 glutamate and GABA receptors. While neither enantiomer of 2MeGlu was metabolized along the GABA shunt, (S)-2MeGlu was selectively converted to (S)-2-methylglutamine, or (S)-2MeGln, which was subsequently slowly hydrolyzed back to (S)-2MeGlu in brain. rac-2MeGln was also transported into brain, with similar efficiency as (S)-2MeGlu. A battery of behavioral tests in young adult wild type mice showed safety with up to single 900 mg/kg dose of (R)-2MeGlu, (S)-2MeGlu, or rac-2MeGln, suppressed locomotor activity with single ≥ 100 mg/kg dose of (R)-2MeGlu or (S)-2MeGlu. No effect on anxiety or hippocampus-dependent learning was evident. Enantiomers of 2MeGlu and 2MeGln show promise as potential pharmacologic agents and imaging probes for cells that produce or transport l-Gln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Wawro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Steven A Baker
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | | | - Nay L Saw
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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A TEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 2-BENZYLIDENEPYRROLIDIN-5-ONES FROM THE AMIDES OF 4-OXO-5-PHENYLPENTANOIC ACID OR THEIR TAUTOMERS, (2-BENZYL-2-HYDROXYPYRROLIDIN-5-ONES). HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2006.12.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
A century has passed since Emil Fischer won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. From his first synthesis of glycyl-glycine in 1901 he has been a luminary to peptide chemists over the past 100 years. In this paper, a brief summary of some of the major accomplishments in peptide chemistry will be covered followed by a description of several of our own endeavours in peptide chemistry which arose from the discoveries of the giants of our field. We will include the development of a novel activating agent (DEPBT), the synthesis of a novel building block, alpha-methyl-D-cysteine, its incorporation into biologically active opioids, and conclude with the synthesis of dendritic collagen mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Goodman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, USA.
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Sawamura M, Nakayama Y, Tang WM, Ito Y. Enantioselective Allylation of Nitro Group-Stabilized Carbanions Catalyzed by Chiral Crown Ether Phosphine−Palladium Complexes. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo961343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Sawamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Wen-Ming Tang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
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A novel synthesis of (R)- and (S)-α-alkylated aspartic and glutamic acids: α-alkylated aspartic succinimides as new type of β-turn type II and II′ mimetics. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00665-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Resolution and regioselective protection of glutamic acid analogues. I- resolution of diastereomeric α-boroxazolidone derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(94)80036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pratviel-Sosa F, Acher F, Trigalo F, Blanot D, Azerad R, van Heijenoort J. Effect of various analogues of D-glutamic acid on the D-glutamate-adding enzyme from Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 115:223-8. [PMID: 7908001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four analogues of D-glutamic acid were tested as substrates or inhibitors of the D-glutamate-adding enzyme from Escherichia coli. The best substrates were, in decreasing order of specific activity, D-erythro-4-methylglutamic acid, D-erythro-3-methylglutamic acid, DL-homocysteic acid, (+/-)-trans-1-amino-3-carboxy-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid and (+/-)-trans-1-amino-3-carboxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. Among the different stereoisomers, only the D-erythro isomers for methylglutamic acids, and the trans isomers for the cyclic analogs, were substrates. Apart from the D-erythro-3- and 4-methylglutamic acids and DL-homocysteic acid, none of the examined compounds significantly inhibited the addition of radioactive D-glutamic acid to UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pratviel-Sosa
- Enveloppes Bactériennes et Peptides, URA 1131 du CNRS, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Maurs M, Trigalo F, Azerad R. Resolution of alpha-substituted amino acid enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with a chiral adduct of o-phthalaldehyde. Application to glutamic acid analogues. J Chromatogr A 1988; 440:209-15. [PMID: 3403662 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent diastereoisomeric adducts formed in a precolumn derivatization reaction of enantiomeric alpha-substituted amino acids with o-phthalaldehyde and N-acetyl-L-cysteine were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on a conventional reversed-phase column. This method was particularly efficient for the complete analytical resolution of alpha-substituted glutamic acid analogues, such as 2-methylglutamic acid, and several cyclic analogues (1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclohexane, 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxy-2-cyclohexene and 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane). The order of elution from the column was correlated with the absolute configuration of the derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maurs
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UA 400 CNRS, Unviersité R. Descartes, Paris, France
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Aebi JD, Seebach D. Enantioselektive ?-Alkylierung von Asparagin- und Glutamins�ure �ber die Dilithium-enolatocarboxylate von 2-[3-Benzoyl-2-(tert-butyl)-1-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl]essigs�ure und 3-[3-Benzoyl-2-(tert-butyl)-1-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl]propions�ure. Helv Chim Acta 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19850680603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rossi D, Calcagni A. Hydrolysis of N-phenylacetyl-a-methyl-alpha-amino acids by benzylpenicillinacylase. EXPERIENTIA 1985; 41:35-7. [PMID: 3881272 DOI: 10.1007/bf02005859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of several racemic N-phenylacetyl-alpha-methyl-alpha-amino acids containing an additional aliphatic, aromatic or polar substitutent on the chiral carbon atom, has been studied by using benzylpenicillinacylase from Escherichia coli A.T.C.C.9637. Both the rate of hydrolysis and the stereoselectivity were found to be considerably lower than in the case of natural alpha-amino acids. Steric and electronic factors in the side chains influencing the stereoselectivity are discussed. Key words. Benzylpenicillinacylase; enzymatic hydrolysis; alpha-methyl-alpha-amino acids.
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Preferred hydrolysis of methyl d-pyroglutamates (5-carbomethoxy-2-pyrrolidones) by α-chymotrypsin. Bioorg Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(77)90033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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