Probing the biomolecular (DNA/BSA) interaction by new Pd(II) complex via in-depth experimental and computational perspectives: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and DFT approach

Scientists should not forget that the rate of death as a result of cancer is far more than that of other diseases like influenza or coronavirus (COVID-19), so the research in this field is of cardinal significance. Therefore, a new and hydrophilic palladium(II) complex of the general formula [Pd(bpy)(proli-dtc)]NO₃, in which bpy and proli-dtc are 2,2'-bipyridine and pyrroline dithiocarbamate ligands, respectively, was synthesized and characterized utilizing spectral and analytical procedures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was also performed with B3LYP method in the gas phase. The DFT and spectral analysis specified that the Pd(II) atom is found in a square-planar geometry. HOMO/LUMO analysis, quantum chemical parameters and MEP surface of the complex were investigated to acquire an intuition about the nature of the compound. Partition coefficient and water solubility determination showed that both lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of the compound are more than cisplatin. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) value was evaluated against K562 cancer cells, the obtained result has revealed a promising cytotoxic effect. DNA and BSA binding of the complex were explored through multi-spectroscopic (UV–Vis, fluorescence, FRET, and CD) and non-spectroscopic (gel electrophoresis, viscosity and docking simulation) techniques. The obtained findings demonstrated that the complex strongly interacts with CT-DNA by hydrophobic interactions and possesses medium interaction with BSA via hydrogen bond and van der Waals forces, thus BSA could efficiently carry out complex transportation. Furthermore, the results of docking simulation agree well with the experimental findings. In conclusion, the new Pd(II) complex has cytotoxic activity and could interact with DNA and BSA effectively.