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Ajikumar PK, Devaky KS. Solid phase synthesis of hydrophobic difficult sequence peptides on BDDMA-PS support. J Pept Sci 2001; 7:641-9. [PMID: 11798020 DOI: 10.1002/psc.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article illustrates the successful and efficient solid phase assembly of hydrophobic difficult sequence peptides following both t-Boc and Fmoc chemistry. The peptides were synthesized on an optimized 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate-crosslinked polystyrene support (BDDMA-PS). Four difficult sequence test peptides, VAVAG, VIVIG, QVGQVELG and VQAAIDYING, were synthesized in relatively good yield and purity without any aggregation problems. The peptides were assembled on chloromethylated and 4-hydroxymethylphenoxymethyl (HMP) BDDMA-PS resins. The peptides were fabricated using Boc amino acid 1-hydroxybenzotriazolyl and Fmoc amino acid pentafluorophenyl active esters in coupling reactions. The peptides after synthesis were cleaved from the polymeric support by exposing the peptidyl resin to 90% trifluroacetic acid/5% thioanisole/5% EDT mixture. The HPLC and MALDI TOF MS studies of the peptides revealed the high homogeneity of the synthesized peptides. Chloromethylated resin having a functional group loading of 1.14 mmol Cl/g was used for the synthesis. The yield and homogeneity of these peptides synthesized using the new support were high when compared with the conventional DVB-PS resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Ajikumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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2
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Arai T, Imachi T, Kato T, Nishino N. The Conformation ofdeNovoDesigned Amphiphilic Peptides with Six or NineL-2-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)glycines as the Hydrophobic Amino Acid. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.73.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Aggregation phenomena of growing peptides on the resin have seldom been investigated. We report here how conformations are determined by FT-IR spectroscopy. Therefore the sequence 80-99 of HIV 1-protease was synthesized. After every coupling a resin sample was taken out of the reaction column and a FT-IR spectrum recorded. The results were compared with the UV monitoring obtained from another synthesis of the same peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Henkel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Bollhagen R, Schmiedberger M, Grell E. High-performance liquid chromatographic purification of extremely hydrophobic peptides: transmembrane segments. J Chromatogr A 1995; 711:181-6. [PMID: 7496489 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00056-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane peptides of integral membrane proteins often exhibit extremely high hydrophobicity. Therefore, the solubility of such peptides in solvents commonly used in HPLC is usually very low and the interaction with generally applied stationary phases such as silica gel or C18 reversed phases appears to be extremely strong, which makes the characterization and purification of these peptides difficult. The analytical characterization and preparative separation of the synthesized M1 transmembrane sequence of the inhibitory glycine receptor M(r) 48,000 subunit and some of its fragments is shown. M1 and its larger fragments could be dissolved in a dichloromethane-hexafluoro-2-propanol mixture containing a trace amount of pyridine for their separation on a C4 phase by employing linear two-component gradients of formic acid-2-propanol and formic acid-water with ratios up to 4:1 (v/v). Conditions to avoid formylation of the peptides are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bollhagen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Larsen BD, Holm A. Incomplete Fmoc deprotection in solid-phase synthesis of peptides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1994; 43:1-9. [PMID: 8138344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During solid-phase peptide synthesis of homo-oligopeptides containing leucine or alanine using the Fmoc strategy, we have observed ineffective N-alpha-deprotection with piperidine in a sequence-dependent manner. Incomplete deprotection was found to be associated with subsequent slow or incomplete amino acid coupling. Optimization of the deprotection step was carried out by varying the experimental conditions e.g. deprotection time, temperature, solvents and addition of chaotropes. Coupling and deprotection steps have been investigated using color monitoring, as well as FAB MS and HPLC for product analysis. The phenomena of difficult coupling and deprotection steps in the investigated systems have been demonstrated to have the same physical chemical origins, beta-sheet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Larsen
- Department of Chemical Physics, H. C. Orsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Johnson T, Quibell M. The N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) protecting group for amide bond protection in solid phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(94)85081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Lee JS, Murakawa Y, Hanami A, Narita M. The Influence of β-Alanine and 4-Aminobutyric Acid Residues on the Solubility of Peptides Containing Them. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.66.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Narita M, Lee JS, Murakawa Y, Kojima Y. The Classification of Twenty Common Amino Acid Residues in Protected Peptides by Theirβ-Sheet-Structure-Stabilizing Potentials, SPβ, and Its Application to Peptide Synthesis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.66.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Narita M, Lee JS, Hayashi S, Hitomi M. The Estimation of theβ-Sheet-Structure Stability of Protected Peptides in Organic Solvents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.66.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Narita M, Lee JS, Hayashi S, Yamazaki Y, Hitomi M. The Solubility and Conformation of Protected Tri- to Heptapeptides in a Variety of Organic Solvents and the Classification of Organic Solvents Based on Their Solvating Potential for Protected Peptides. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.66.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Narita M, Lee JS, Hayashi S, Yamazaki Y, Sugiyama T. The Heteroselective Solvation of Protected Hexapeptides in a Variety of Mixed Solvents and the Criteria for the Choice of Mixed Solvents Effective for Peptide and Protein Synthesis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.66.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Thaler A, Seebach D, Cardinaux F. Lithium-Salt Effects in Peptide Synthesis. Part II. Improvement of Degree of Resin Swelling and of Efficiency of Coupling in Solid-Phase Synthesis. Helv Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19910740320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Halverson K, Fraser PE, Kirschner DA, Lansbury PT. Molecular determinants of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease: conformational studies of synthetic beta-protein fragments. Biochemistry 1990; 29:2639-44. [PMID: 2346740 DOI: 10.1021/bi00463a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid beta-protein (1-42) is a major constituent of the abnormal extracellular amyloid plaque that characterizes the brains of victims of Alzheimer's disease. Two peptides, with sequences derived from the previously unexplored C-terminal region of the beta-protein, beta 26-33 (H2N-SNKGAIIG-CO2H) and beta 34-42 (H2N-LMVGGVVIA-CO2H), were synthesized and purified, and their solubility and conformational properties were analyzed. Peptide beta 26-33 was found to be freely soluble in water; however, peptide beta 34-42 was virtually insoluble in aqueous media, including 6 M guanidinium thiocyanate. The peptides formed assemblies having distinct fibrillar morphologies and different dimensions as observed by electron microscopy of negatively stained samples. X-ray diffraction revealed that the peptide conformation in the fibrils was cross-beta. A correlation between solubility and beta-structure formation was inferred from FTIR studies: beta 26-33, when dissolved in water, existed as a random coil, whereas the water-insoluble peptide beta 34-42 possessed antiparallel beta-sheet structure in the solid state. Solubilization of beta 34-42 in organic media resulted in the disappearance of beta-structure. These data suggest that the sequence 34-42, by virtue of its ability to form unusually stable beta-structure, is a major contributor to the insolubility of the beta-protein and may nucleate the formation of the fibrils that constitute amyloid plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Halverson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Fields GB, Noble RL. Solid phase peptide synthesis utilizing 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1990; 35:161-214. [PMID: 2191922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1990.tb00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1864] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acids were first used for solid phase peptide synthesis a little more than a decade ago. Since that time, Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis methodology has been greatly enhanced by the introduction of a variety of solid supports, linkages, and side chain protecting groups, as well as by increased understanding of solvation conditions. These advances have led to many impressive syntheses, such as those of biologically active and isotopically labeled peptides and small proteins. The great variety of conditions under which Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis may be carried out represents a truly "orthogonal" scheme, and thus offers many unique opportunities for bioorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Fields
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco
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Narita M, Umeyama H, Yoshida T. Peptide Segment Separation by Tertiary Peptide Bonds. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Cross-Linked Polystyrene Resin-Bound Human Proinsulin C-Peptide Fragments. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.62.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Narita M, Umeyama H, Yoshida T. The Easy Disruption of the β-Sheet Structure of Resin-Bound Human Proinsulin C-Peptide Fragments by Strong Electron-Donor Solvents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.62.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Narita M, Kojima Y, Isokawa S. Design of the Synthetic Route for Helical Peptides. Synthesis and Solubility of Model Peptides Having a Helical Structure. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.62.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Narita M, Umeyama H, Isokawa S, Honda S, Sasaki C, Kakei H. The Electron Donor–Acceptor Interaction between Mixed Solvents and Its Influence on Their β-Sheet Structure-Disrupting Potential. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.62.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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