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Yang L, Wenzel T, Williamson RT, Christensen M, Schafer W, Welch CJ. Expedited Selection of NMR Chiral Solvating Agents for Determination of Enantiopurity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:332-340. [PMID: 27280168 PMCID: PMC4882744 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of NMR chiral solvating agents (CSAs) for the analysis of enantiopurity has been known for decades, but has been supplanted in recent years by chromatographic enantioseparation technology. While chromatographic methods for the analysis of enantiopurity are now commonplace and easy to implement, there are still individual compounds and entire classes of analytes where enantioseparation can prove extremely difficult, notably, compounds that are chiral by virtue of very subtle differences such as isotopic substitution or small differences in alkyl chain length. NMR analysis using CSAs can often be useful for such problems, but the traditional approach to selection of an appropriate CSA and the development of an NMR-based analysis method often involves a trial-and-error approach that can be relatively slow and tedious. In this study we describe a high-throughput experimentation approach to the selection of NMR CSAs that employs automation-enabled screening of prepared libraries of CSAs in a systematic fashion. This approach affords excellent results for a standard set of enantioenriched compounds, providing a valuable comparative data set for the effectiveness of CSAs for different classes of compounds. In addition, the technique has been successfully applied to challenging pharmaceutical development problems that are not amenable to chromatographic solutions. Overall, this methodology provides a rapid and powerful approach for investigating enantiopurity that compliments and augments conventional chromatographic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department
of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck
Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas Wenzel
- Department
of Chemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine 04240, United States
| | - R. Thomas Williamson
- Department
of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck
Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Melodie Christensen
- Department
of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck
Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wes Schafer
- Department
of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck
Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christopher J. Welch
- Department
of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck
Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Tang K, Wen P, Zhang P, Huang Y. Fractional reactive extraction for symmetrical separation of 4-nitro-D,L-phenylalanine in centrifugal contactor separators: experiments and modeling. Chirality 2014; 27:75-81. [PMID: 25311896 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction of 4-nitro-D,L-phenylalanine (D,L-Nphy) using PdCl2 {(s)-BINAP} as extractant in dichloroethane was studied experimentally in a countercurrent cascade of 10 centrifugal contactor separators (CCSs) at 5°C, involving flow ratio, extractant concentration, and Cl(-) concentration. The steady-state enantiomeric excess (ee) in both stream exits was 90.86% at a 93.29% yield. The predicted value was modeled using an equilibrium stage approach. The correlation between model and experiment was satisfactory. The model was applied to optimize the production of both enantiomers in >97% ee and >99% ee. 14 stages and 16 stages are required for 97% ee and 99% ee for both enantiomers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Hunan, China
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Tang K, Zhang H, Liu Y. Experimental and Simulation on Enantioselective Extraction in Centrifugal Contactor Separators. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan; 411105; Hunan; China
| | - Yongbing Liu
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang; 414006; Hunan; China
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Schuur B, Verkuijl BJV, Minnaard AJ, de Vries JG, Heeres HJ, Feringa BL. Chiral separation by enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 9:36-51. [PMID: 21107491 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The literature on enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction (ELLE) spans more than half a century of research. Nonetheless, a comprehensive overview has not appeared during the past few decades. Enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction is a technology of interest for a wide range of chemists and chemical engineers in the fields of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fragrances and foods. In this review the principles and advances of resolution through enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction are discussed, starting with an introduction on the principles of enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction including host-guest chemistry, extraction and phase transfer mechanisms, and multistage liquid-liquid extraction processing. Then the literature on enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction systems is reviewed, structured on extractant classes. The following extractant classes are considered: crown ether based extractants, metal complexes and metalloids, extractants based on tartrates, and a final section with all other types of chiral extractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boelo Schuur
- University of Groningen, Chemical Engineering Department, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Experimental and modeling studies on the enantio-separation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-(R),(S)-leucine by continuous liquid–liquid extraction in a cascade of centrifugal contactor separators. Chem Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schuur B, Hallett AJ, Winkelman JGM, de Vries JG, Heeres HJ. Scalable Enantioseparation of Amino Acid Derivatives Using Continuous Liquid−Liquid Extraction in a Cascade of Centrifugal Contactor Separators. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op900152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boelo Schuur
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Innovative Synthesis and Catalysis, P.O. Box 16, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, and University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Hallett
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Innovative Synthesis and Catalysis, P.O. Box 16, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, and University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jozef G. M. Winkelman
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Innovative Synthesis and Catalysis, P.O. Box 16, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, and University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Innovative Synthesis and Catalysis, P.O. Box 16, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, and University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Innovative Synthesis and Catalysis, P.O. Box 16, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands, and University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Schuur B, Winkelman JGM, Heeres HJ. Equilibrium Studies on Enantioselective Liquid−Liquid Amino Acid Extraction Using a Cinchona Alkaloid Extractant. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800668e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boelo Schuur
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jozef G. M. Winkelman
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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Schuur B, Floure J, Hallett AJ, Winkelman JGM, deVries JG, Heeres HJ. Continuous Chiral Separation of Amino Acid Derivatives by Enantioselective Liquid−Liquid Extraction in Centrifugal Contactor Separators. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op800074w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boelo Schuur
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, and DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis, and Development, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Joelle Floure
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, and DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis, and Development, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Hallett
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, and DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis, and Development, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Jozef G. M. Winkelman
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, and DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis, and Development, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. deVries
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, and DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis, and Development, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, and DSM Pharmaceutical Products, Advanced Synthesis, Catalysis, and Development, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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Debono N, Canac Y, Duhayon C, Chauvin R. An Atropo‐Stereogenic Diphosphane Ligand with a Proximal Cationic Charge: Specific Catalytic Properties of a Palladium Complex Thereof. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ratajczak-Sitarz M, Katrusiak A, Gawrońska K, Gawroński J. Racemate resolution via diastereomeric helicates in hydrogen-bonded co-crystals: the case of BINOL–diamine complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kellner KH, Blasch A, Chmiel H, L�mmerhofer M, Lindner W. Enantioseparation of N-protected ?-amino acid derivatives by liquid-liquid extraction technique employing stereoselective ion-pair formation with a carbamoylated quinine derivative. Chirality 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1997)9:3<268::aid-chir11>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Qiao-Sheng Hu, Vitharana D, Lin Pu. An efficient and practical direct resolution of racemic 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol to both of its pure enantiomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(95)00280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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