gem-Heteroatom-Substituted Fluoroalkenes as Mimics of Amide Derivatives or Phosphates: A Comprehensive Review

gem-Heteroatom-substituted fluoroalkenes have received little attention despite their great potential in medicinal chemistry or in fine chemistry. Indeed, due to the electronic and steric similarity between the fluoroalkene moiety and the amide bond as well as the high strength of the carbon-fluorine bond, these gem-heteroatom-substituted fluoroalkenes could be envisioned as stable mimics of various important organic functions, such as phosphates, carbamates, S-thiocarbamates and ureas. We present herein an overview describing the syntheses over the last decade of heteroatom-substituted fluoroalkenes in geminal position. This review will be divided into several sections covering each the common following heteroatom: oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, phosphorus-, boron- and silicon-substituted fluoroalkenes.

Traceless Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis

Traceless solid-phase synthesis represents an ultimate sophisticated synthetic strategy on insoluble supports. Compounds synthesized on solid supports can be released without a trace of the linker that was used to tether the intermediates during the synthesis. Thus, the target products are composed only of the components (atoms, functional groups) inherent to the target core structure. A wide variety of synthetic strategies have been developed to prepare products in a traceless manner, and this review is dedicated to all aspects of traceless solid-phase organic synthesis. Importantly, the synthesis does not need to be carried out on a linker designed for traceless synthesis; most of the synthetic approaches described herein were developed using standard, commercially available linkers (originally devised for solid-phase peptide synthesis). The type of structure prepared in a traceless fashion is not restricted. The individual synthetic approaches are divided into eight sections, each devoted to a different methodology for traceless synthesis. Each section consists of a brief outline of the synthetic strategy followed by a description of individual reported syntheses.

Total syntheses of (±)-spiroindimicins B and C enabled by a late-stage Schöllkopf-Magnus-Barton-Zard (SMBZ) reaction

The spiroindimicins are a family of structurally unprecedented alkaloids isolated from the deep-sea-derived marine actinomycete Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 03032. The total syntheses of (±)-spiroindimicins B and C are disclosed, the first of any member of this family. Central to the successful strategy was installing the spirocentre using a mild intramolecular Heck reaction, the assembly of a pentacyclic spirobisindole by Fischer indolization and a late-stage Schöllkopf-Magnus-Barton-Zard (SMBZ) reaction to construct the trisubstituted pyrrole.

Porphyrin building blocks: using a modified Barton-Zard approach to construct annulated pyrroles

A modification of the Barton-Zard pyrrole synthesis involving condensation of isocyanoacetate esters with cyclic unsaturated sulfones using sodium hydride as base is demonstrated for the construction of annulated pyrroles.

Extremely large cavity assembled by self-interlocking of distorted biconcave porphyrins

X-Ray analyses of free base, zinc, and nickel complexes of 2,3;7,8;12,13;17,18-tetrakis(6,13-dihydro-6,13-pentaceno)-21H,23H-porphine revealed that the porphyrin chromophores adopted a heavily-saddled conformation by interlocking of the biconcave porphyrins in the crystals containing halobenzenes as crystalline solvents, while the ring was almost flat in the crystals obtained from benzene or from chlorobenzene and isopropanol.