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Rücker C, Winkelmann M, Kümmerer K. Are Si-C bonds formed in the environment and/or in technical microbiological systems? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91492-91500. [PMID: 37486465 PMCID: PMC10439844 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Organosiloxanes are industrially produced worldwide in millions of tons per annum and are widely used by industry, professionals, and consumers. Some of these compounds are PBT (persistent, biaccumulative and toxic) or vPvB (very persistent and very bioaccumulative). If organosiloxanes react at all in the environment, Si-O bonds are hydrolyzed or Si-C bonds are oxidatively cleaved, to result finally in silica and carbon dioxide. In strong contrast and very unexpectedly, recently formation of new Si-CH3 bonds from siloxanes and methane by the action of microorganisms under mild ambient conditions was proposed (in landfills or digesters) and even reported (in a biotrickling filter, 30 °C). This is very surprising in view of the harsh conditions required in industrial Si-CH3 synthesis. Here, we scrutinized the pertinent papers, with the result that evidence put forward for Si-C bond formation from siloxanes and methane in technical microbiological systems is invalid, suggesting such reactions will not occur in the environment where they are even less favored by conditions. The claim of such reactions followed from erroneous calculations and misinterpretation of experimental results. We propose an alternative explanation of the experimental observations, i.e., the putative observation of such reactions was presumably due to confusion of two compounds, hexamethyldisiloxane and dimethylsilanediol, that elute at similar retention times from standard GC columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rücker
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Magnus Winkelmann
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
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Kuhlmann JH, Dickoff JH, Mancheño OG. Visible Light Thiyl Radical-Mediated Desilylation of Arylsilanes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203347. [PMID: 36453609 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward, visible-light triggered desilylation of arylsilanes by thiyl radicals is presented. Silyl groups are often used to block a reactive position in multi-step organic synthesis, for which a mild cleavage at a late-stage will provide new possibilities and disconnection routes by CAr -Si cleavage/deprotection. In this work, commercially available and cheap disulfides are employed for the first time in this type of C(sp2 )-Si bond cleavage reactions. Thus, upon irradiation with visible-light, homolytic cleavage of the disulfide give rise to the corresponding thiyl radical that allows for a radical chain mechanism. This methodology represents a mild, fast and simple approach suitable for a broad variety of simply substituted arylsilanes. Moreover, the procedure could be easily extended to natural products and therapeutic derivatives, showing its robustness and synthetic application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Kuhlmann
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan H Dickoff
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Kuhlmann JH, Uygur M, García Mancheño O. Protodesilylation of Arylsilanes by Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:1689-1694. [PMID: 35196013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first visible-light-mediated photocatalytic, metal- and base-free protodesilylation of arylsilanes is presented. The C(sp2)-Si bond cleavage process is catalyzed by a 5 mol % loading of a commercially available acridinium salt upon blue-light irradiation. Two simple approaches have been identified employing either aerobic or hydrogen atom transfer cocatalytic conditions, which enable the efficient and selective desilylation of a broad variety of simple and complex arylsilanes under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Kuhlmann
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mustafa Uygur
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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4
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Klare HFT, Oestreich M. The Power of the Proton: From Superacidic Media to Superelectrophile Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15490-15507. [PMID: 34520196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Superacidic media became famous in connection with carbocations. Yet not all reactive intermediates can be generated, characterized, and eventually isolated from these Brønsted acid/Lewis acid cocktails. The counteranion, that is the conjugate base, in these systems is often too nucleophilic and/or engages in redox chemistry with the newly formed cation. The Brønsted acidity, especially superacidity, is in fact often not even crucial unless protonation of extremely weak bases needs to be achieved. Instead, it is the chemical robustness of the aforementioned counteranion that determines the success of the protolysis. The advent of molecular Brønsted superacids derived from weakly coordinating, redox-inactive counteranions that do withstand the enormous reactivity of superelectrophiles such as silicon cations completely changed the whole field. This Perspective summarizes general aspects of medium and molecular Brønsted acidity and shows how applications of molecular Brønsted superacids have advanced from stoichiometric reactions to catalytic processes involving protons and in situ generated superelectrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Matsuoka K, Komami N, Kojima M, Mita T, Suzuki K, Maeda S, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. Chemoselective Cleavage of Si-C(sp 3) Bonds in Unactivated Tetraalkylsilanes Using Iodine Tris(trifluoroacetate). J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:103-108. [PMID: 33356223 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organosilanes are synthetically useful reagents and precursors in organic chemistry. However, the typical inertness of unactivated Si-C(sp3) bonds under conventional reaction conditions has hampered the application of simple tetraalkylsilanes in organic synthesis. Herein we report the chemoselective cleavage of Si-C(sp3) bonds of unactivated tetraalkylsilanes using iodine tris(trifluoroacetate). The reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions (-50 °C to room temperature) and tolerates various polar functional groups, thus enabling subsequent Tamao-Fleming oxidation to provide the corresponding alcohols. NMR experiments and density functional theory calculations on the reaction indicate that the transfer of alkyl groups from Si to the I(III) center and the formation of the Si-O bond proceed concertedly to afford an alkyl-λ3-iodane and silyl trifluoroacetate. The developed method enables the use of unactivated tetraalkylsilanes as highly stable synthetic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Matsuoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Narumi Komami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kimichi Suzuki
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Wu Q, Qu ZW, Omann L, Irran E, Klare HFT, Oestreich M. Cleavage of Unactivated Si−C(sp3) Bonds with Reed's Carborane Acids: Formation of Known and Unknown Silylium Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9176-9179. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Lukas Omann
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Hendrik F. T. Klare
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
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Wu Q, Qu ZW, Omann L, Irran E, Klare HFT, Oestreich M. Spaltung nicht aktivierter Si-C(sp3)-Bindungen mit Reedschen Carboransäuren: Bildung bekannter und unbekannter Silyliumionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Lukas Omann
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Hendrik F. T. Klare
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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Gimferrer M, Minami Y, Noguchi Y, Hiyama T, Poater A. Monitoring of the Phosphine Role in the Mechanism of Palladium-Catalyzed Benzosilole Formation from Aryloxyethynyl Silanes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Yuta Noguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University, 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Chulsky K, Dobrovetsky R. B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 -Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Hydrosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4744-4748. [PMID: 28323372 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The chlorination of Si-H bonds often requires stoichiometric amounts of metal salts in conjunction with hazardous reagents, such as tin chlorides, Cl2 , and CCl4 . The catalytic chlorination of silanes often involves the use of expensive transition-metal catalysts. By a new simple, selective, and highly efficient catalytic metal-free method for the chlorination of Si-H bonds, mono-, di-, and trihydrosilanes were selectively chlorinated in the presence of a catalytic amount of B(C6 F5 )3 or Et2 O⋅B(C6 F5 )3 and HCl with the release of H2 as a by-product. The hydrides in di- and trihydrosilanes could be selectively chlorinated by HCl in a stepwise manner when Et2 O⋅B(C6 F5 )3 was used as the catalyst. A mechanism is proposed for these catalytic chlorination reactions on the basis of competition experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Chulsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Chulsky K, Dobrovetsky R. B(C6
F5
)3
-Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Hydrosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Chulsky
- School of Chemistry; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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Torigoe T, Ohmura T, Suginome M. Utilization of a Trimethylsilyl Group as a Synthetic Equivalent of a Hydroxyl Group via Chemoselective C(sp 3)-H Borylation at the Methyl Group on Silicon. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2943-2956. [PMID: 28185456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A conversion of trimethylsilylalkanes into the corresponding alcohols is established based on an iridium-catalyzed, chemoselective C(sp3)-H borylation of the methyl group on silicon. The (borylmethyl)silyl group formed by C(sp3)-H borylation is treated with H2O2/NaOH, and the resulting (hydroxymethyl)silyl group is converted into a hydroxyl group by Brook rearrangement, followed by oxidation of the resulting methoxysilyl group under Tamao conditions. An alternative route proceeding through the formylsilyl group formed from a (hydroxymethyl)silyl group by Swern oxidation is also established. The method is applicable to substituted trimethylsilylcycloalkanes and 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclopentane for conversion into the corresponding stereodefined cycloalkyl alcohols and 1,4-butanediol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Torigoe
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Ohmura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Michinori Suginome
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Yu Z, Lan Y. Mechanism of Rhodium-Catalyzed Carbon–Silicon Bond Cleavage for the Synthesis of Benzosilole Derivatives: A Computational Study. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11501-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402070f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
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Kawahara K, Hagiwara Y, Kuroda K. Dendritic, Nanosized Building Block for Siloxane-Based Materials: A Spherosilicate Dendrimer. Chemistry 2011; 17:13188-96. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Duan PG, Li S, Wang ZZ, Dai LY. Hydrolysis kinetics and mechanism of adipamide in high temperature water. Chem Eng Res Des 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Duan P, Dai L, Savage PE. Kinetics and mechanism of N-substituted amide hydrolysis in high-temperature water. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tobisu M, Onoe M, Kita Y, Chatani N. Rhodium-Catalyzed Coupling of 2-Silylphenylboronic Acids with Alkynes Leading to Benzosiloles: Catalytic Cleavage of the Carbon−Silicon Bond in Trialkylsilyl Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7506-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9022978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tobisu
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onoe
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kita
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Yuan Y, Bian Y. Efficient homocoupling reactions of halide compounds catalyzed by manganese (II) chloride. Appl Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Wang P, Kojima H, Kobiro K, Nakahara K, Arita T, Kajimoto O. Reaction Behavior of Secondary Alcohols in Supercritical Water. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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