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Thi Q, Nguyen QH, Choi YS, Jeon SY, Boudouris BW, Joo Y. Conductive Glassy Nonconjugated Open-Shell Radical Polymer with Organosulfur Backbone for Macroscopic Conductivity. JACS AU 2024; 4:690-696. [PMID: 38425938 PMCID: PMC10900204 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonconjugated organic radicals with an open-shell radical active group exhibit unique functionality due to their radical pendant site. Compared with the previously studied doped conjugated polymers, radical polymers reveal superior processability, stability, and optical properties. Despite the success of organic radical polymer conductors based on the TEMPO radicals, it still requires potential design substitutions to meet the fundamental limits of charge transport in the radical polymer. To do so, we demonstrate that the amorphous, nonconjugated radical polymer with backbone-pendant group interaction and low glass transition temperature enables the macromolecules to have rapid charge transport in the solid state, resulting in conductivity higher than 32 S m-1. This charge transport is due to the formation of the local ordered regime with an energetically favored orientation caused by the strong coupling between the backbone and pendant group, which can significantly modulate the polymer packing with active electronic communications. The nonconjugate nature of the radical polymer maintains an optical transparency up to 98% at a 1.5 μm thick film. Thus, this effort will be a dramatically advanced model in the organic radical community for the creation of next-generation polymer conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen
Vu Thi
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Quynh H. Nguyen
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Choi
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Jeon
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Yongho Joo
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeonbuk 55324, South Korea
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2
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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3
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Tan Y, Casetti NC, Boudouris BW, Savoie BM. Molecular Design Features for Charge Transport in Nonconjugated Radical Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11994-12002. [PMID: 34279095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers based on open-shell radical moieties exhibit potentially advantageous processing, stability, and optical attributes compared with conventional doped conjugated polymers. Despite their ascendance, reported radical conductors have been based almost exclusively on (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), which raises fundamental questions regarding the ultimate limits of charge transport in these materials and whether some of the deficiencies exhibited by contemporary materials are due to the choice of radical chemistry. To address these questions, we have performed a density functional theory (DFT) study of the charge transfer characteristics of a broad range of open-shell chemistries relevant to radical conductors, including p-type, n-type, and ambipolar open-shell chemistries. We observe that far from being representative, TEMPO exhibits anomalously high reorganization energies due to strong charge localization. This, in turn, limits charge transfer in TEMPO compared with more delocalized open-shell species. By comprehensively mapping the dependence of charge transfer on radical-radical orientation, we have also identified a large mismatch between the conformations that are favored by intermolecular interactions and the conformations that maximize charge transfer in all of the open-shell chemistries investigated. These results suggest that significant opportunities exist to exploit directing interactions to promote charge transport in radical polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicholas C Casetti
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Xie Y, Zhang K, Yamauchi Y, Oyaizu K, Jia Z. Nitroxide radical polymers for emerging plastic energy storage and organic electronics: fundamentals, materials, and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:803-829. [PMID: 34821316 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand for portable and flexible electronic devices requires seamless integration of the energy storage system with other electronic components. This ever-growing area has urged on the rapid development of new electroactive materials that not only possess excellent electrochemical properties but hold capabilities to be fabricated to desired shapes. Ideally, these new materials should have minimal impact on the environment at the end of their life. Nitroxide radical polymers (NRPs) with their remarkable electrochemical and physical properties stand out from diverse organic redox systems and have attracted tremendous attention for their identified applications in plastic energy storage and organic devices. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of NRPs with respect to the fundamental electrochemical properties, design principles and fabrication methods for different types of energy storage systems and organic electronic devices. While highlighting some exciting progress on charge transfer theory and emerging applications, we end up with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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5
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Chi T, Akkiraju S, Liang Z, Tan Y, Kim HJ, Zhao X, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Design of an n-type low glass transition temperature radical polymer. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01645d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We document the design, synthesis, and characterization of the first low glass transition temperature, n-type (i.e., preferentially-reduced) radical polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chi
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Siddhartha Akkiraju
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Zihao Liang
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ying Tan
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ho Joong Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
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6
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Joo Y, Agarkar V, Sung SH, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. A nonconjugated radical polymer glass with high electrical conductivity. Science 2018; 359:1391-1395. [PMID: 29567710 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state conducting polymers usually have highly conjugated macromolecular backbones and require intentional doping in order to achieve high electrical conductivities. Conversely, single-component, charge-neutral macromolecules could be synthetically simpler and have improved processibility and ambient stability. We show that poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl), a nonconjugated radical polymer with a subambient glass transition temperature, underwent rapid solid-state charge transfer reactions and had an electrical conductivity of up to 28 siemens per meter over channel lengths up to 0.6 micrometers. The charge transport through the radical polymer film was enabled with thermal annealing at 80°C, which allowed for the formation of a percolating network of open-shell sites in electronic communication with one another. The electrical conductivity was not enhanced by intentional doping, and thin films of this material showed high optical transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongho Joo
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Varad Agarkar
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Sung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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7
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Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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