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Fragal EH, Fragal VH, Silva EP, Paulino AT, da Silva Filho EC, Mauricio MR, Silva R, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. Magnetic-responsive polysaccharide hydrogels as smart biomaterials: Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119665. [PMID: 35725166 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review reports recent advances in polysaccharide-based magnetic hydrogels as smart platforms for different biomedical applications. These hydrogels have proved to be excellent, viable, eco-friendly alternative materials for the biomedical field due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and possibility of controlling delivery processes via modulation of the remote magnetic field. We first present their main synthesis methods and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Next, the synergic properties of hydrogels prepared with polysaccharides and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are discussed. Finally, we describe the main contributions of polysaccharide-based magnetic hydrogels in the targeted drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and hyperthermia therapy fields. Overall, this review aims to motivate the synthesis of novel composite biomaterials, based on the combination of magnetic nanoparticles and natural polysaccharides, to overcome challenges that still exist in the treatment of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizângela H Fragal
- State University of Maringá, Department of Chemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Vanessa H Fragal
- State University of Maringá, Department of Chemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Elisangela P Silva
- State University of Maringá, Department of Chemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Paulino
- Santa Catarina State University, Department of Chemistry, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 200, Zona Industrial Norte, 89.219-710 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Edson C da Silva Filho
- Federal University of Piauí, Department of Chemistry, Campus Petrônio Portella, Bairro Ininga, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Mauricio
- State University of Maringá, Department of Chemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva
- State University of Maringá, Department of Chemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Adley F Rubira
- State University of Maringá, Department of Chemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Edvani C Muniz
- State University of Maringá, Department of Chemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil; Federal University of Piauí, Department of Chemistry, Campus Petrônio Portella, Bairro Ininga, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil; Federal Technological University of Paraná, Estrada dos Pioneiros, 3131, Jardim Morumbi, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Kaneko M, Kawai M, Mitsumata T. Magnetic Response Detects the Strength of Carrageenan Network. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090584. [PMID: 36135296 PMCID: PMC9498721 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of carrageenan concentration on the magneto-rheological effect of magnetic gels with a magnetic particle concentration of 50 wt.% was investigated under a magnetic field of 50 mT by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. The change in the storage modulus for magnetic gels due to the magnetic field was 3.0 × 103 Pa at a carrageenan concentration of 1.0 wt.% and increased with the concentration. The modulus change showed a maximum of 2.3 × 104 Pa at ~2.0 wt.% and became lower at higher concentrations. This is an interesting phenomenon, which was first observed in this study. The critical strain, the strain where the storage modulus intersects the loss modulus in the strain dependence of the modulus, was much higher than that for carrageenan gels, indicating a strong interaction between the magnetic particles and carrageenan. At 0 mT, the critical strain for the magnetic gels increased remarkably with decreasing the concentration, indicating that magnetic gels have a structure that does not flow easily at concentrations below 1.75 wt.%. It is considered that the structure hardly flows, hindering the movement of particles. At high concentrations, the SEM photographs showed both a particle network of magnetic particles and a dense carrageenan network. It can be considered that the movement of magnetic particles was hindered due to these factors at high concentrations.
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Vítková L, Musilová L, Achbergerová E, Kolařík R, Mrlík M, Korpasová K, Mahelová L, Capáková Z, Mráček A. Formulation of Magneto-Responsive Hydrogels from Dually Cross-Linked Polysaccharides: Synthesis, Tuning and Evaluation of Rheological Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179633. [PMID: 36077030 PMCID: PMC9455683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart hydrogels based on natural polymers present an opportunity to fabricate responsive scaffolds that provide an immediate and reversible reaction to a given stimulus. Modulation of mechanical characteristics is especially interesting in myocyte cultivation, and can be achieved by magnetically controlled stiffening. Here, hyaluronan hydrogels with carbonyl iron particles as a magnetic filler are prepared in a low-toxicity process. Desired mechanical behaviour is achieved using a combination of two cross-linking routes—dynamic Schiff base linkages and ionic cross-linking. We found that gelation time is greatly affected by polymer chain conformation. This factor can surpass the influence of the number of reactive sites, shortening gelation from 5 h to 20 min. Ionic cross-linking efficiency increased with the number of carboxyl groups and led to the storage modulus reaching 103 Pa compared to 101 Pa–102 Pa for gels cross-linked with only Schiff bases. Furthermore, the ability of magnetic particles to induce significant stiffening of the hydrogel through the magnetorheological effect is confirmed, as a 103-times higher storage modulus is achieved in an external magnetic field of 842 kA·m−1. Finally, cytotoxicity testing confirms the ability to produce hydrogels that provide over 75% relative cell viability. Therefore, dual cross-linked hyaluronan-based magneto-responsive hydrogels present a potential material for on-demand mechanically tunable scaffolds usable in myocyte cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Vítková
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Musilová
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Eva Achbergerová
- CEBIA-Tech, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad Stráněmi 4511, 760 05 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kolařík
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Mrlík
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Korpasová
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Mahelová
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Capáková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Mráček
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (A.M.)
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Ikeda J, Kurihara T, Ogura K, Akama S, Kawai M, Mitsumata T. Flowability of Gel-Matrix and Magnetorheological Response for Carrageenan Magnetic Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:56. [PMID: 34066471 PMCID: PMC8162321 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between rheological features in the absence of a magnetic field and magnetic response was investigated for κ-carrageenan magnetic hydrogels containing carbonyl iron particles. The concentration of carrageenan was varied from 1.0 to 5.0 wt%, while the concentration of carbonyl iron was kept at 70 wt%. The magnetic response revealed that the change in storage modulus ΔG' decreased inversely proportional to the carrageenan concentration. A characteristic strain γ1 where G' equals to G″ was seen in a strain range of 10-3. It was found that ΔG' was inversely proportional to the characteristic stress at γ1. Another characteristic strain γ2 where the loss tangent significantly increased was also analyzed. Similar to the behavior of γ1, ΔG' was inversely proportional to γ2. The characteristic stresses at γ1 and γ2 were distributed at 80-720 Pa and 40-310 Pa, respectively. It was revealed that a giant magnetorheology higher than 1 MPa can be observed when the characteristic stresses at γ1 and γ2 are below approximately 240 Pa and 110 Pa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tetsu Mitsumata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (J.I.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (S.A.); (M.K.)
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Hapipi NM, Mazlan SA, Ubaidillah U, Abdul Aziz SA, Ahmad Khairi MH, Nordin NA, Nazmi N. Solvent Dependence of the Rheological Properties in Hydrogel Magnetorheological Plastomer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1793. [PMID: 32151055 PMCID: PMC7084487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically crosslinked hydrogel magnetorheological (MR) plastomer (MRP) embedded with carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) exhibits excellent magnetic performance (MR effect) in the presence of external stimuli especially magnetic field. However, oxidation and desiccation in hydrogel MRP due to a large amount of water content as a dispersing phase would limit its usage for long-term applications, especially in industrial engineering. In this study, different solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are also used to prepare polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel MRP. Thus, to understand the dynamic viscoelastic properties of hydrogel MRP, three different samples with different solvents: water, DMSO, and their binary mixtures (DMSO/water) were prepared and systematically carried out using the oscillatory shear. The outcomes demonstrate that the PVA hydrogel MRP prepared from precursor gel with water shows the highest MR effect of 15,544% among the PVA hydrogel MRPs. However, the samples exhibit less stability and tend to oxidise after a month. Meanwhile, the samples with binary mixtures (DMSO/water) show an acceptable MR effect of 11,024% with good stability and no CIPs oxidation. Otherwise, the sample with DMSO has the lowest MR effect of 7049% and less stable compared to the binary solvent samples. This confirms that the utilisation of DMSO as a new solvent affects the rheological properties and stability of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhiwani Mohd Hapipi
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (N.M.H.); (S.A.A.A.); (M.H.A.K.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Saiful Amri Mazlan
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (N.M.H.); (S.A.A.A.); (M.H.A.K.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
| | - U. Ubaidillah
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan Jebres, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
- National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology (NCSTT), Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (N.M.H.); (S.A.A.A.); (M.H.A.K.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (N.M.H.); (S.A.A.A.); (M.H.A.K.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Nur Azmah Nordin
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (N.M.H.); (S.A.A.A.); (M.H.A.K.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Nurhazimah Nazmi
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (N.M.H.); (S.A.A.A.); (M.H.A.K.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
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Ikeda J, Takahashi D, Watanabe M, Kawai M, Mitsumata T. Particle Size in Secondary Particle and Magnetic Response for Carrageenan Magnetic Hydrogels. Gels 2019; 5:E39. [PMID: 31405135 PMCID: PMC6787666 DOI: 10.3390/gels5030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between the number of magnetic particles and the change in storage modulus induced by a magnetic field was investigated for weak hydrogels containing carbonyl iron, iron oxide, and barium ferrite particles with different diameters in primary particles while maintaining the magnetization of magnetic particles. The change in storage modulus exhibited a power dependency against the number of magnetic particles, which was nearly independent of the magnetic particles. The change in storage modulus was successfully scaled by the reduced number of magnetic particles using the diameter of secondary particles. Microphotographs revealed that iron oxide and barium ferrite particles form aggregations while carbonyl iron particles are well dispersed in carrageenan gels. The diameter of secondary particles determined by a relation between the change in storage modulus and the reduced number of magnetic particles showed similar values with those observed in microphotographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Nihon Rufuto Corporation, Tokyo 110-015, Japan
| | - Daichi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Mayuko Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Mika Kawai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tetsu Mitsumata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
- ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.
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Railway Actuator Made of Magnetic Elastomers and Driven by a Magnetic Field. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10121351. [PMID: 30961276 PMCID: PMC6401764 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We fabricated a mono-link using bimodal magnetic elastomers that demonstrate drastic changes in the elastic modulus by magnetic fields. The magnetic elastomer is bimodal consisting of large magnetic particles and nonmagnetic fine particles. The storage modulus for bimodal magnetic elastomers was altered from 2.2 × 105 to 1.7 × 106 Pa by a magnetic field of 500 mT. Compression tests up to a strain of 20% also revealed that the on-field stress for the bimodal magnetic elastomer was 1.24 times higher than the off-field stress. The bimodal magnetic elastomer was synthesized for the mono-link and was mounted on the bogie of a railway vehicle. A running test exhibited that the wheel lateral force was reduced by 20% by applying a magnetic field of 390 mT.
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