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Braasch-Turi M, Crans DC. Synthesis of Naphthoquinone Derivatives: Menaquinones, Lipoquinones and Other Vitamin K Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194477. [PMID: 33003459 PMCID: PMC7582351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinones are a class of isoprenoid molecules that have important roles in human biology and bacterial electron transport, and multiple methods have been developed for their synthesis. These compounds consist of a methylnaphthoquinone (MK) unit and an isoprene side chain, such as found in vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), K2, and other lipoquinones. The most common naturally occurring menaquinones contain multiple isoprene units and are very hydrophobic, rendering it difficult to evaluate the biological activity of these compounds in aqueous assays. One way to overcome this challenge has been the application of truncated MK-derivatives for their moderate solubility in water. The synthesis of such derivatives has been dominated by Friedel-Crafts alkylation with BF3∙OEt2. This attractive method occurs over two steps from commercially available starting materials, but it generally produces low yields and a mixture of isomers. In this review, we summarize reported syntheses of both truncated and naturally occurring MK-derivatives that encompass five different synthetic strategies: Nucleophilic ring methods, metal-mediated reactions, electrophilic ring methods, pericyclic reactions, and homologation and side chain extensions. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, identifying methods with a focus on high yields, regioselectivity, and stereochemistry leading to a detailed overview of the reported chemistry available for preparation of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA;
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
(2’E)-1-(3-methyl-4-p-toluenesulfonyl-2-butene)-6-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene (4) is the key intermediate in the synthesis of coenzyme Q10via a coupling reaction with solanesyl bromide. In this paper, we report a simple and effective synthesis of compound 4, starting with the readily available and inexpensive precursors p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl) and isoprene to obtain (2E)-1-p-toluenesulfonyl-2-methyl-4-hydroxy-2-butene (3) by addition, esterification and hydrolysis. Application of the Friedel-Crafts alkylation to compound 3, followed by the addition of 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxytoluene (TeMT), assembled the two parts into compound 4. The key parameters of each reaction were optimized at the same time, and the four total operations needed to produced compound 4 had a 27.9% overall yield under the optimized conditions. The structures of the compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, IR and MS. This alternative process has the potential to be used for large-scale process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Song Mu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (F.-S.M.); (Y.-J.F.); (X.Z.); (P.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Meng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (F.-S.M.); (Y.-J.F.); (X.Z.); (P.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.L.); (Y.-G.Z.); Tel.: +86-451-8219-0535; Fax: +86-451-8219-0535
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (F.-S.M.); (Y.-J.F.); (X.Z.); (P.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (F.-S.M.); (Y.-J.F.); (X.Z.); (P.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (F.-S.M.); (Y.-J.F.); (X.Z.); (P.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuan-Gang Zu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (F.-S.M.); (Y.-J.F.); (X.Z.); (P.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.L.); (Y.-G.Z.); Tel.: +86-451-8219-0535; Fax: +86-451-8219-0535
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Malaisé G, Bonrath W, Breuninger M, Netscher T. A New Route to Vitamin E Key-Intermediates by Olefin Cross-Metathesis. Helv Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200690072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Syntehsis of ubiquinones (review). Pharm Chem J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00773079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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C5-homologization of ubiquinone-9 and ubiquinone-10 using sulfur-containing synthons. Russ Chem Bull 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00965388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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