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Xie Q, Yang J, Cai J, Shen F, Gu J. Homogeneous preparation of water-soluble products from chitin under alkaline conditions and their cell proliferation in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123321. [PMID: 36657539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare water-soluble products by homogeneous depolymerization of chitin with H2O2 under alkaline conditions and investigate their potential application in wound healing. For the first time, water-soluble products were successfully prepared using a chitin-NaOH/urea solution; the products were chitosans with molecular weights (Mw) of 3.48-33.5 kDa and degrees of deacetylation (DD) > 0.5. Their Mw, DD and yield were affected by the reaction temperature, reaction time, concentration of H2O2 and chitin DD. The deacetylation and depolymerization of chitin were achieved simultaneously. The depolymerization of chitin was caused by hydrogen abstraction of HO, whereas the deacetylation resulted from the cleavage of amide bonds by HO- and HO2-, although the latter played a more important role. All water-soluble chitosans markedly promoted the proliferation of human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells, but they inhibited the proliferation of human keratinocyte cells. For the proliferation of HSF, a low concentration of chitosans was important. In addition, water-soluble chitosans with an Mw of 3.48-16.4 kDa markedly stimulated the expression of growth factors such as PDGF and TGF-β by macrophages. Water-soluble chitosans could be used as a potential active component in wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Fengqin Shen
- Changzhou Liu Guojun Vocational Technology College, Changzhou 213025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbin Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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Sánchez LF, Cánepa J, Kim S, Nakamatsu J. A Simple Approach to Produce Tailor-Made Chitosans with Specific Degrees of Acetylation and Molecular Weights. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152415. [PMID: 34372018 PMCID: PMC8347713 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that is found in crustaceans, insects, fungi and some yeasts. Chitin deacetylation produces chitosan, a well-studied biopolymer with reported chemical and biological properties for diverse potential applications for drug delivery, metal ion absorption, scaffolds and tissue engineering. Most known properties of chitosan have been determined from samples obtained from a variety of sources and in different conditions, this is, from chitosans with a wide range of degrees of N-acetylation (DA) and molecular weight (MW). However, as for any copolymer, the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of chitosan highly depend on their monomer composition (DA) and chain size (MW). This work presents a simple methodology to produce chitosans with specific and predictive DA and MW. Reaction with acetic anhydride proved to be an efficient method to control the acetylation of chitosan, DAs between 10.6% and 50.6% were reproducibly obtained. In addition to this, MWs of chitosan chains were reduced in a controlled manner in two ways, by ultrasound and by acidic hydrolysis at different temperatures, samples with MWs between 130 kDa and 1300 kDa were obtained. DAs were determined by 1H-NMR and MWs by gel permeation chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Felipe Sánchez
- Science Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru—PUCP, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru; (L.-F.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Jimmy Cánepa
- Science Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru—PUCP, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru; (L.-F.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru—PUCP, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru;
| | - Javier Nakamatsu
- Science Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru—PUCP, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru; (L.-F.S.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Miller RJ, Chan CY, Rastogi A, Grant AM, White CM, Bette N, Schaub NJ, Corey JM. Combining electrospun nanofibers with cell-encapsulating hydrogel fibers for neural tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:1625-1642. [PMID: 29862935 PMCID: PMC7446748 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1479084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A promising component of biomaterial constructs for neural tissue engineering are electrospun fibers, which differentiate stem cells and neurons as well as direct neurite growth. However, means of protecting neurons, glia, and stem cells seeded on electrospun fibers between lab and surgical suite have yet to be developed. Here we report an effort to accomplish this using cell-encapsulating hydrogel fibers made by interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC). IPC-hydrogel fibers were created by interfacing acid-soluble chitosan (AsC) and cell-containing alginate and spinning them on bundles of aligned electrospun fibers. Primary spinal astrocytes, cortical neurons, or L929 fibroblasts were mixed into alginate hydrogels prior to IPC-fiber spinning. The viability of each cell type was assessed at 30 min, 4 h, 1 d, and 7 d after encapsulation in IPC hydrogels. Some neurons were encapsulated in IPC-hydrogel fibers made from water-soluble chitosan (WsC). Neurons were also stained with Tuj1 and assessed for neurite extension. Neuron survival in AsC-fibers was worse than astrocytes in AsC-fibers (p < 0.05) and neurons in WsC-fibers (p < 0.05). As expected, neuron and glia survival was worse than L929 fibroblasts (p < 0.05). Neurons in IPC-hydrogel fibers fabricated with WsC extended neurites robustly, while none in AsC fibers did. Neurons remaining inside IPC-hydrogel fibers extended neurites inside them, while others de-encapsulated, extending neurites on electrospun fibers, which did not fully integrate with IPC-hydrogel fibers. This study demonstrates that primary neurons and astrocytes can be encapsulated in IPC-hydrogel fibers at good percentages of survival. IPC hydrogel technology may be a useful tool for encapsulating neural and other cells on electrospun fiber scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Miller
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Cheook Y. Chan
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arjun Rastogi
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Allison M. Grant
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christina M. White
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Nicole Bette
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Nicholas J. Schaub
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph M. Corey
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Li M, Tan L, Tang L, Li A, Hu J. Hydrosoluble 50% N-acetylation-thiolated chitosan complex with cobalt as a pH-responsive renal fibrosis targeting drugs. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 27:972-85. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1175405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Park SY, Park JC, Kim MS, Lee SE, Kim KJ, Jung BJ, Park W, Jeon DW, Cho KS, Kim CS. Differential Effect of Water-Soluble Chitin on Collagen Synthesis of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:451-62. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- So-Yon Park
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project, Department of Applied Life Science, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Chul Park
- Department of Periodontology, Dankook University Dental Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, iBMT Co., Ltd., Anyang, South Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Naeun Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Naeun Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Wonse Park
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Jeon
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Ehwa Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoo-Sung Cho
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Sung Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project, Department of Applied Life Science, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Isolation, Purification, and Nanotechnological Applications of Chitosan. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_45-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Jung IH, Park JC, Kim JC, Jeon DW, Choi SH, Cho KS, Im GI, Kim BS, Kim CS. Novel Application of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells and Water-Soluble Chitin for Collagen Tissue Regeneration:In VitroandIn VivoInvestigations. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:643-53. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Im Hee Jung
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Chul Park
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jane C. Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Won Jeon
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Ho Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoo Sung Cho
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gun Il Im
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Sung Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Han T, Nwe N, Furuike T, Tokura S, Tamura H. Methods of <i>N</i>-acetylated chitosan scaffolds and its <i>In-vitro</i> biodegradation by lysozyme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2012.51003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Feng F, Liu Y, Zhao B, Hu K. Characterization of half N-acetylated chitosan powders and films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gu W, Li H, Zhan H, Ding J, Zhang X. The interface interaction between water-soluble chitosan (DD = 50%) and peroxide bleached reed kraft pulp. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yuan ZX, Sun X, Gong T, Ding H, Fu Y, Zhang ZR. Randomly 50%N-acetylated low molecular weight chitosan as a novel renal targeting carrier. J Drug Target 2008; 15:269-78. [PMID: 17487695 DOI: 10.1080/10611860701289875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Selective targeting of drugs to kidneys may improve renal effectiveness and reduce extrarenal toxicity. Using fluorescence imaging, we found for the first time that randomly 50% N-acetylated low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) selectively accumulated in the kidneys, especially in the renal tubules after i.v. injection in mice. To develop and evaluate the novel renal drug carrier, prednisolone, used as a model drug, was covalently coupled with various molecular weight LMWCs via a succinic acid spacer. The mean residence time (MRT) in plasma of prednisolone conjugates increased as the molecular weight increased. The conjugate with molecular weight 19 kD (conjugate-19k) displayed the highest accumulation rate in the kidneys, which was 14.06+/-2.81% of the administered dose 15 min after i.v. injection. The total amount of the conjugate-19k in the kidneys was 13-fold higher than that of controlled prednisolone group. Both conjugate-19k and conjugate-31k had higher retention and about 10% of injected dose was still retained in the kidneys after 120 min. Additionally, MTT assay showed LMWCs were noncytotoxic towards L929 and NRK-52E cells. Conclusion can be drawn that the coupling of prednisolone to the proper molecular weight LMWC results in increased prednisolone concentration in the kidneys. Therefore, LMWC with a proper molecular weight can be applied as a promising carrier for renal targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Novel Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Hong Y, Mao Z, Wang H, Gao C, Shen J. Covalently crosslinked chitosan hydrogel formed at neutral pH and body temperature. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 79:913-22. [PMID: 16941594 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chitosan having double bonds (CS-MA-LA) was synthesized by sequential grafting of methacrylic acid (MA) and lactic acid (LA) via the reaction between amino groups and carboxyl groups under the catalysis of carbodiimide. Its molecular structure was verified by FTIR and (1)H NMR characterizations. Elemental analysis measured grafting ratios of 19% and 10.33% for MA and LA, respectively. CS-MA-LA was readily soluble in pure water and did not precipitate till pH 9. Gelation of the CS-MA-LA was realized by thermal treatment at body temperature under the initiation of a redox system, ammonium persulfate (APS)/N, N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED). The gelation time could be mediated in a wide range, e.g. from 6 to 20 min, by reaction temperature and/or initiator's concentration. 3T3 fibroblast culture showed that the cytotoxicity of the hydrogel extractant was dependent on the cell seeding number and the initiator's concentration. With enough number of cells (>2.5 x 10(4)) and low initiator's concentration (5 mM), the cytotoxicity introduced by the initiator is very minimal and negligible. Although the hydrogel could cause acute inflammation and foreign body reaction, no tissue necrosis and malignant infection were evidenced in vivo, demonstrating that the material has better histocompatibility. These features have endowed the chitosan with great opportunity as injectable biomaterials, which may find wide applications in the rapidly developed fields such as tissue engineering and orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Du Y, Liang H. Low molecular weight water-soluble chitosans: Preparation with the aid of cellulase, characterization, and solubility. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gotoh T, Matsushima K, Kikuchi KI. Preparation of alginate-chitosan hybrid gel beads and adsorption of divalent metal ions. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 55:135-140. [PMID: 14720556 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polysaccharides such as alginic acid and chitosan have been recognized as one of the most effective adsorbents to eliminating low levels of heavy metal ions from waste water stream. The present study intended to use alginic acid and chitosan simultaneously, which are expected to form a rigid matrix structure of beads due to electrostatic interaction between carboxyl groups on alginic acid and amino groups on chitosan, and to prepare alginate-chitosan hybrid gel beads. This could be achieved for the first time by using water-soluble chitosan, which was obtained by deacetylating chitin to 36-39% degree. The water-soluble chitosan dissolved in water could remain in solution in the presence of sodium alginate, and the homogeneous solution of chitosan and alginate was dispensed into a CuCl2 solution to give gel bead particles. The resultant beads were then reinforced by a cross-linking reaction of aldehyde groups on glutaraldehyde with amine groups on the chitosan. The cross-linking reaction made the beads durable under acidic conditions. The adsorption of Cu(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) on the beads was significantly rapid and reached at equilibrium within 10 min at 25 degrees C. Adsorption isotherms of the metal ions on the beads exhibited Freundlich and/or Langmuir behavior, contrary to gel beads either of alginate or chitosan showing a step-wise shape of adsorption isotherm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Gotoh
- Department of Materials Process Engineering and Applied Chemistry for Environments, Faculty of Engineering & Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen-Cho, Akita 010-8502, Japan.
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Agulló E, Rodríguez MS, Ramos V, Albertengo L. Present and Future Role of Chitin and Chitosan in Food. Macromol Biosci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Peniche C, Argüelles-Monal W, Peniche H, Acosta N. Chitosan: An Attractive Biocompatible Polymer for Microencapsulation. Macromol Biosci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lim SH, Hudson SM. Review of Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents and Their Uses as Textile Chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-120020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kubota N, Tatsumoto N, Sano T, Toya K. A simple preparation of half N-acetylated chitosan highly soluble in water and aqueous organic solvents. Carbohydr Res 2000; 324:268-74. [PMID: 10744335 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple and improved method of preparing highly soluble chitosan (half N-acetylated chitosan) was developed using a series of chitosan samples of low molecular weights, and the solubility of the half N-acetylated chitosan in water and organic solvents was investigated in detail. To reduce the molecular weight, chitosan was treated with NaBO3 under the condition that chitosan was homogeneously dissolved in aqueous acetic acid. Weight-average molecular weights of the obtained chitosan samples were determined using a size-exclusion chromatography system equipped with a low-angle laser light-scattering photometer. Each chitosan sample was then N-acetylated with acetic anhydride under the condition that chitosan was homogeneously dissolved in aqueous acetic acid again. The water solubility of the half N-acetylated chitosan thus prepared increased with decreasing molecular weight. From 1H NMR spectroscopy, it was suggested that the sequence of N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine residues was random. The solubility of the half N-acetylated chitosan of low molecular weight was rather high even in aqueous dimethylacetamide and dimethylsulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kubota
- General Education Chemistry and Physics, Oita Medical University, Japan.
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Qu X, Wrzyszczynski A, Pielichowski K, Pielichowski J, Adamczak E, Morge S, Lindén LÅ, Rabek JF. Polymerization of Chitosan-Acrylic Salt for Use in Dentistry. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329708014338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kubota N, Eguchi Y. Facile Preparation of Water-Soluble N-Acetylated Chitosan and Molecular Weight Dependence of Its Water-Solubility. Polym J 1997. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.29.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Aiba S. Studies on chitosan: 3. Evidence for the presence of random and block copolymer structures in partially N-acetylated chitosans. Int J Biol Macromol 1991; 13:40-4. [PMID: 2059582 DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(91)90008-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structures of moderately N-deacetylated chitosans (MDC) derived from chitin under heterogeneous reaction conditions and partially N-acetylated chitosans (PAC) derived from highly N-deacetylated chitosans (HDC) under homogeneous reaction conditions were deduced from the data of the stability of their solutions in alkaline media, the swelling behaviour and X-ray diffraction patterns of their films in connection with the degree of N-acetylation of them. The solutions of PAC with more than 51% acetyl content, which were prepared from HDC by N-acetylation, were stable and remained clear and homogeneous by adding 1.2 equivalents of NaOH. On the contrary the solutions of PAC with more than 52% acetyl content, which were prepared from MDC, became turbid by neutralization with less than 1.15 equivalents of NaOH. The films of PAC prepared from HDC were highly swollen in water. The degree of swelling of the chitosan film with 51% acetyl content, prepared from the 6% acetyl content chitosan, was 121% while that of the 53% acetyl content chitosan, prepared from the 30% acetyl content chitosan, was 28%. From these data it was possible to set up a hypothesis that PAC prepared from HDC were considered as random-type copolymers of N-acetyl-glucosamine and glucosamine units whereas MDC were considered as block-type copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aiba
- Biomimetic Chemistry Division, Industrial Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kurita K, Kamiya M, Nishimura SI. Solubilization of a rigid polysaccharide: Controlled partial N-Acetylation of chitosan to develop solubility. Carbohydr Polym 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(91)90072-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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