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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Hussein BA, Shakeel Z, Turley AT, Bismillah AN, Wolfstadt KM, Pia JE, Pilkington M, McGonigal PR, Adler MJ. Control of Porphyrin Planarity and Aggregation by Covalent Capping: Bissilyloxy Porphyrin Silanes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13533-13541. [PMID: 32862636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are cornerstone functional materials that are useful in a wide variety of settings, ranging from molecular electronics to biology and medicine. Their applications are often hindered, however, by poor solubilities that result from their extended, solvophobic aromatic surfaces. Attempts to counteract this problem by functionalizing their peripheries have been met with only limited success. Here, we demonstrate a versatile strategy to tune the physical and electronic properties of porphyrins using an axial functionalization approach. Porphyrin silanes (PorSils) and bissilyloxy PorSils (SOPS) are prepared from porphyrins by operationally simple κ4N-silylation protocols, introducing bulky silyloxy "caps" that are central and perpendicular to the planar porphyrin. While porphyrins typically form either J- or H-aggregates, SOPS do not self-associate in the same manner: the silyloxy axial substituents dramatically improve the solubility by inhibiting aggregation. Moreover, axial porphyrin functionalization offers convenient handles through which optical, electronic, and structural properties of the porphyrin core can be modulated. We observe that the identity of the silyloxy substituent impacts the degree of planarity of the porphyrin in the solid state as well as the redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan A Hussein
- Department of Chemistry & Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Zainab Shakeel
- Department of Chemistry & Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Andrew T Turley
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha N Bismillah
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Kody M Wolfstadt
- Department of Chemistry & Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Julia E Pia
- Department of Chemistry & Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Paul R McGonigal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Marc J Adler
- Department of Chemistry & Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
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Ishida SI, Kim JO, Kim D, Osuka A. Doubly N-Fused [24]Pentaphyrin Silicon Complex and Its Fluorosilicate: Enhanced Möbius Aromaticity in the Fluorosilicate. Chemistry 2016; 22:16554-16561. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Jun Oh Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Arzumanyan AV, Terent’ev AO, Novikov RA, Lakhtin VG, Grigoriev MS, Nikishin GI. Reduction of Organosilicon Peroxides: Ring Contraction and Cyclodimerization. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashot V. Arzumanyan
- N.D.
Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- A.
N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova ul, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N.D.
Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman A. Novikov
- N.D.
Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin G. Lakhtin
- State Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds, 38 Shosse
Entuziastov, 111123 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michail S. Grigoriev
- A.
N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Radiochemistry
Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, 40 Obruchev st., 117342 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N.D.
Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Ishida SI, Osuka A. meso-Aryl [28]Hexaphyrin Silicon Complexes Bearing VariousSi-Substituents and 1,16-Dihydrohexaphyrin bis-Chlorosilicon Complex. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:2200-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Ishida SI, Tanaka T, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. SiIVIncorporation into a [28]Hexaphyrin That Triggered Formation of Möbius Aromatic Molecules. Chemistry 2014; 20:8274-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Vaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, 250 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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Ishida S, Yoshimura K, Matsumoto H, Kyushin S. Selective Si–C Bond Cleavage on a Diorganosilicon Porphyrin Complex Bearing Different Axial Ligands. CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2009.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Terent’ev AO, Platonov MM, Tursina AI, Chernyshev VV, Nikishin GI. Ring Contraction of 1,2,4,5,7,8-Hexaoxa-3-silonanes by Selective Reduction of COOSi Fragments. Synthesis of New Silicon-Containing Rings, 1,3,5,6-Tetraoxa-2-silepanes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1917-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8023957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim M. Platonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna I. Tursina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Chernyshev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Brothers PJ. Organoelement Chemistry of Main-Group Porphyrin Complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3055(01)48003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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