1
|
Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reactivity of substrates with multiple competitive reactive sites toward NBS under neat reaction conditions promoted by visible light. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRegioselectivity of visible-light-induced transformations of a range of (hetero)aryl alkyl-substituted ketones bearing several competitive reactive sites (α-carbonyl, benzyl and aromatic ring) with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was studied under solvent-free reaction conditions (SFRC) and in the absence of inert-gas atmosphere, radical initiators and catalysts. An 8-W energy-saving household lamp was used for irradiation. Heterogeneous reaction conditions were dealt with throughout the study. All substrates were mono- or dibrominated at the α-carbonyl position, and additionally, some benzylic or aromatic bromination was observed in substrates with benzylic carbon atoms or electron-donating methoxy groups, respectively. Surprisingly, ipso-substitution of the acyl group with a bromine atom took place with (4-methoxynaphthyl) alkyl ketones. While the addition of the radical scavenger TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy) decreased the extent of α- and ring bromination, it completely suppressed the benzylic bromination and α,α-dibromination with NBS under SFRC.
Collapse
|
3
|
Saikia I, Borah AJ, Phukan P. Use of Bromine and Bromo-Organic Compounds in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6837-7042. [PMID: 27199233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bromination is one of the most important transformations in organic synthesis and can be carried out using bromine and many other bromo compounds. Use of molecular bromine in organic synthesis is well-known. However, due to the hazardous nature of bromine, enormous growth has been witnessed in the past several decades for the development of solid bromine carriers. This review outlines the use of bromine and different bromo-organic compounds in organic synthesis. The applications of bromine, a total of 107 bromo-organic compounds, 11 other brominating agents, and a few natural bromine sources were incorporated. The scope of these reagents for various organic transformations such as bromination, cohalogenation, oxidation, cyclization, ring-opening reactions, substitution, rearrangement, hydrolysis, catalysis, etc. has been described briefly to highlight important aspects of the bromo-organic compounds in organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun Jyoti Borah
- Department of Chemistry, Gauahti University , Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Prodeep Phukan
- Department of Chemistry, Gauahti University , Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
He C, Zhang X, Huang R, Pan J, Li J, Ling X, Xiong Y, Zhu X. Synthesis of structurally diverse diarylketones through the diarylmethyl sp3 CH oxidation. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Hernández DJ, Vázquez-Lima H, Guadarrama P, Martínez-Otero D, Castillo I. Solution and solid-state conformations of 1,5-pyridine and 1,5-phenanthroline-bridged p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Kumar A, Lohan P, Prakash O. Selective Bromination of Dehydroacetic Acid with N-Bromosuccinimide. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.566461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kurukshetra University , Kurukshetra , India
| | - Poonam Lohan
- b Department of Chemistry , Kurukshetra University , Kurukshetra , India
| | - Om Prakash
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kurukshetra University , Kurukshetra , India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi G, Ji X. New ways to derivatize at position 6 of 7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydropterin. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52:6174-6176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
10
|
Upadhyay SK, Jursic BS. Microwave-Assisted NBS Bromination of p-Iminotoluenes: Preparation of New Alcohol, Mercapto, and Amino Protection Groups. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.517378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Upadhyay
- a Department of Chemistry , University of New Orleans , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA
| | - Branko S. Jursic
- a Department of Chemistry , University of New Orleans , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA
- b Stepharm , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fun HK, Goh JH, Das NK, Sen D, Goswami S. N-(6-Bromo-meth-yl-2-pyrid-yl)acetamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2500. [PMID: 21587497 PMCID: PMC2983235 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810035026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The title acetamide compound, C8H9BrN2O, crystallizes with three crystallographically independent molecules (A, B and C) in the asymmetric unit. In molecule A, the mean plane through the acetamide unit is inclined at a dihedral angle of 4.40 (11)° with respect to the pyridine ring [10.31 (12) and 2.27 (11)°, respectively, for molecules B and C]. In the crystal structure, molecules are interconnected into sheets parallel to the ac plane by N—H⋯O, C—H⋯Br, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The structure is further stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H⋯π interactions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Goswami S, Hazra A, Jana S. One-Pot Two-Step Solvent-Free Rapid and Clean Synthesis of 2-(Substituted Amino)pyrimidines by Microwave Irradiation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
13
|
Goswami S, Hazra A, Jana S. New access to the one-pot solvent-free synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]diazepines and 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b][1,4]diazepines by microwave irradiation. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Fun HK, Chantrapromma S, Maity AC, Chakrabarty R, Goswami S. N-[6-(Dibromo-meth-yl)-2-pyrid-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o725. [PMID: 21582460 PMCID: PMC2969024 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809007909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the molecular structure of the title compound, C11H14Br2N2O, the dimethylpropionamide substituent is twisted slightly with respect to the pyridine ring, the interplanar angle being 12.3 (2)°. The dibromomethyl group is orientated in such a way that the two Br atoms are tilted away from the pyridine ring. In the crystal structure, molecules are associated into supramolecular chains by weak C—H⋯O interactions. The crystal is further stabilized by weak N—H⋯Br and C—H⋯N interactions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jereb M, Zupan M, Stavber S. Visible-Light-PromotedWohl-ZieglerFunctionalization of Organic Molecules withN-Bromosuccinimide under Solvent-Free Reaction Conditions. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
Goswami S, Maity AC, Das NK, Sen D, Maity S. Triselenium Dicyanide (TSD) as a New Cyanation Reagent: Synthesis of Cyano Pterins and Quinoxalines Along with Library of CyanoN-Heterocyclic Compounds. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910802374141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
18
|
A highly selective Cd2+ sensor of naphthyridine: fluorescent enhancement and red-shift by the synergistic action of forming binuclear complex. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Goswami S, Jana S, Hazra A, Adak AK. One-pot solvent and catalyst-free synthesis of functionalized 1,8-naphthyridines and quinolines by microwave irradiation. J Heterocycl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Li G, Kakarla R, Gerritz SW. A fast and efficient bromination of isoxazoles and pyrazoles by microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
21
|
Goswami S, Maity AC, Fun HK. Facile Synthesis of 6-Trichloromethylpterin and 2-Chloro-3-trichloromethylquinoxaline along with a Library of Trichloromethyl Heterocycles UsingN-Chlorosuccinimide and Triphenyl Phosphine. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
22
|
Heropoulos GA, Cravotto G, Screttas CG, Steele BR. Contrasting chemoselectivities in the ultrasound and microwave assisted bromination reactions of substituted alkylaromatics with N-bromosuccinimide. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Krasavin M, Shkavrov S, Kravchenko D. Preparation and Chemical Behavior of 2‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)amino‐3‐bromomethyl Pyridine, a Novel Alkylating Agent. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910500334371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Shkavrov
- a Chemical Diversity Research Institute , Moscow Reg. , Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou Z, Zhao P, Huang W, Yang G. A Selective Transformation of Flavanones to 3-Bromoflavones and Flavones Under Microwave Irradiation. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Montana M, Terme T, Vanelle P. Original synthesis of oxiranes via TDAE methodology: reaction of 2,2-dibromomethylquinoxaline with aromatic aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Goswami S, Jana S, Dey S, Adak AK. A Simple and Convenient Manganese Dioxide Oxidation of Benzyl Halides to Aromatic Aldehydes under Neutral Condition. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|