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Shao Y, Ren Z, Han Z, Chen L, Li Y, Xue XS. Predicting bond dissociation energies of cyclic hypervalent halogen reagents using DFT calculations and graph attention network model. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1444-1452. [PMID: 38952960 PMCID: PMC11216094 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although hypervalent iodine(III) reagents have become staples in organic chemistry, the exploration of their isoelectronic counterparts, namely hypervalent bromine(III) and chlorine(III) reagents, has been relatively limited, partly due to challenges in synthesizing and stabilizing these compounds. In this study, we conduct a thorough examination of both homolytic and heterolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) critical for assessing the chemical stability and functional group transfer capability of cyclic hypervalent halogen compounds using density functional theory (DFT) analysis. A moderate linear correlation was observed between the homolytic BDEs across different halogen centers, while a strong linear correlation was noted among the heterolytic BDEs across these centers. Furthermore, we developed a predictive model for both homolytic and heterolytic BDEs of cyclic hypervalent halogen compounds using machine learning algorithms. The results of this study could aid in estimating the chemical stability and functional group transfer capabilities of hypervalent bromine(III) and chlorine(III) reagents, thereby facilitating their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China,
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China,
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Lanzi M, Wencel-Delord J. Diaryl hypervalent bromines and chlorines: synthesis, structures and reactivities. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1557-1569. [PMID: 38303936 PMCID: PMC10829020 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of modern organic chemistry, hypervalent compounds have become indispensable tools for synthetic chemists, finding widespread applications in both academic research and industrial settings. While iodine-based reagents have historically dominated this research field, recent focus has shifted to the potent yet relatively unexplored chemistry of diaryl λ3-bromanes and -chloranes. Despite their unique reactivities, the progress in their development and application within organic synthesis has been hampered by the absence of straightforward, reliable, and widely applicable preparative methods. However, recent investigations have uncovered innovative approaches and novel reactivity patterns associated with these specialized compounds. These discoveries suggest that we have only begun to tap into their potential, implying that there is much more to be explored in this captivating area of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lanzi
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire etApplications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université deStrasbourg/Université deHaute Alsace, ECPM 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire etApplications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université deStrasbourg/Université deHaute Alsace, ECPM 67087 Strasbourg France
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, JMU Würzburg Am Hubland Würzburg Germany
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Wieske LE, Erdelyi M. Halogen Bonds of Halogen(I) Ions─Where Are We and Where to Go? J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3-18. [PMID: 38117016 PMCID: PMC10785816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Halenium ions, X+, are particularly strong halogen-bond donors that interact with two Lewis bases simultaneously to form linear [D···X···D]+-type halonium complexes. Their three-center, four-electron halogen bond is both fundamentally interesting and technologically valuable as it tames the reactivity of halogen(I) ions, opening up new horizons in a variety of fields including synthetic organic and supramolecular chemistry. Understanding this bonding situation enables the development of improved halogen(I) transfer reactions and of advanced functional materials. Following a decade of investigations of basic principles, the range of applications is now rapidly widening. In this Perspective, we assess the status of the field and identify its key advances and the main bottlenecks. Clearing common misunderstandings that may hinder future progress, we aim to inspire and direct future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne
H. E. Wieske
- Department of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mate Erdelyi
- Department of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lanzi M, Rogge T, Truong TS, Houk KN, Wencel-Delord J. Cyclic Diaryl λ 3-Chloranes: Reagents and Their C-C and C-O Couplings with Phenols via Aryne Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:345-358. [PMID: 36535642 PMCID: PMC9837845 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent chloranes are a class of rare and poorly explored reagents. Their unique electronic properties confer reactivity that is complementary to that of the common iodanes and emerging bromanes. Highly chemo- and regioselective, metal-free, and mild C-C and C-O couplings are reported here. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies elucidate the unprecedented reactivities and selectivities of these systems and the intermediacy of aryne intermediates. The synthetic potential of these transformations is further demonstrated via the post-functionalization of C-C and C-O coupling products obtained from reactions of chloranes with phenols under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lanzi
- Laboratoire
d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042),
Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace,
ECPM, 67087Strasbourg, France
| | - Torben Rogge
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Tan Sang Truong
- Laboratoire
d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042),
Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace,
ECPM, 67087Strasbourg, France
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States,
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire
d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042),
Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace,
ECPM, 67087Strasbourg, France,
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Karandikar SS, Bhattacharjee A, Metze BE, Javaly N, Valente EJ, McCormick TM, Stuart DR. Orbital analysis of bonding in diarylhalonium salts and relevance to periodic trends in structure and reactivity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6532-6540. [PMID: 35756513 PMCID: PMC9172531 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarylhalonium compounds provide new opportunities as reagents and catalysts in the field of organic synthesis. The three center, four electron (3c-4e) bond is a center piece of their reactivity, but structural variation among the diarylhaloniums, and in comparison with other λ3-iodanes, indicates that the model needs refinement for broader applicability. We use a combination of Density Functional Theory (DFT), Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) Theory, and X-ray structure data to correlate bonding and structure for a λ3-iodane and a series of diarylchloronium, bromonium, and iodonium salts, and their isoelectronic diarylchalcogen counterparts. This analysis reveals that the s-orbital on the central halogen atom plays a greater role in the 3c-4e bond than previously considered. Finally, we show that our revised bonding model and associated structures account for both kinetic and thermodynamic reactivity for both acyclic phenyl(mesityl)halonium and cyclic dibenzohalolium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avik Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University Portland OR 97201 USA
| | - Bryan E Metze
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University Portland OR 97201 USA
| | - Nicole Javaly
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University Portland OR 97201 USA
| | - Edward J Valente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Portland Portland OR 97203 USA
| | | | - David R Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University Portland OR 97201 USA
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Yoshida Y, Fujimura T, Mino T, Sakamoto M. Chiral Binaphthyl‐based Iodonium Salt (Hypervalent Iodine(III)) as Hydrogen‐ and Halogen‐bonding Bifunctional Catalyst: Insight into Abnormal Counteranion Effect and Asymmetric Synthesis of N, S‐Acetals. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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