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Zheng C, Chu Y, Zhang N, Jia T, Li Y, Jiang T, Sun J. Pan-Cancer Analysis of the LOX Family Reveals that LOX Affects Tumor Prognosis by Affecting Immune Infiltration. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:87-100. [PMID: 38073445 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2023049049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene family encodes for a group of copper-dependent enzymes that play a crucial role in the cross-linking of collagen and elastin fibers in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Dysregulation of LOX gene expression has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer. Several studies have shown that the LOX gene family is involved in cancer progression and metastasis. The goal of this article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the LOX family's role in pan-cancer multiplexes. We utilized pan-cancer multi-omics sequencing data from TCGA to investigate the relationship between LOX family genes and tumors at four different levels: mutation, copy number variation, methylation, and gene expression. In addition, we also examined the relationship between LOX family genes and tumors at the cell line level using tumor cell line sequencing data from CCLE. Taking into account the impact of LOX family genes on lung cancer, we developed a LOX family lung cancer prognostic model to forecast the disease's prognosis. Our findings revealed that LOXL2 had the highest mutation frequency in tumors, while all four LOX family genes experienced some degree of copy number variation in diverse tumors. We observed that LOX, LOXL1 to LOXL3 were predominantly highly expressed in tumors including LUAD. The expression trends of LOX and LOXL1 to LOXL3 were consistent across tumor cell lines, but differed somewhat from LOXL4. Utilizing 25 LOX family-related genes, we constructed a LOX family prognostic model that performed well in predicting the prognosis of lung cancer. Through pan-cancer analysis, we gain further knowledge of the role of LOX family genes in different tumors, offering a novel pathway for future research into the relationship between LOX family genes and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Chu
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Siyuan University,28 Shui'an Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Siyuan University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianyong Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Matic N, Pettersson L, Sellebjerg F, Lindberg L, Roberg K, Wiechec E. Prognostic value of hypoxia-responsive gene expression profile in patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2024; 39:101841. [PMID: 38016355 PMCID: PMC10687700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a disease associated with a severe mortality and high risk of distant metastasis and local recurrence. Currently, surgery and radiotherapy are the main treatment modes, however, therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy is linked to tumor resistance. Hypoxia has been shown to affect outcome of radiotherapy in HNSCC patients. The aim of this study was to verify the expression of the previously identified hypoxia-responsive genes (CA9, CASP14, LOX, GLUT3, SERPINE1, AREG, EREG, CCNB1 and KIF14) in HNSCC patient material as well as assess their prognostic potential. Tumor biopsies obtained before start of radiotherapy from 32 HNSCC patients classified as responders or non-responders were investigated in this study. The mRNA expression was quantified using RT-qPCR. The mRNA expression of CA9, SERPINE1 and KIF14 was significantly higher in the analyzed patient material compared with the non-cancerous oral tissue. Moreover, the KIF14 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the responder group compared to non-responders. Further studies demonstrated that knockdown of KIF14 reverses its radiosensitizing capability. Additionally, low expression of KIF14 mRNA correlated with significantly shorter OS (overall survival). In conclusion, our results suggest that KIF14 might be a useful prognostic and predictive marker in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Matic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology in Linköping, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - Lina Pettersson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - Felicia Sellebjerg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - Lina Lindberg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - Karin Roberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology in Linköping, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping 58185, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.
| | - Emilia Wiechec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology in Linköping, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping 58185, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.
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3
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Avey AM, Devos F, Roberts AG, Essawy ESE, Baar K. Inhibiting JAK1, not NF-κB, reverses the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on engineered human ligament function. Matrix Biol 2024; 125:100-112. [PMID: 38151137 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in chronic tendon/ligament injury is hotly debated. There is less debate about inflammation following acute injury. To better understand the effect of acute inflammation, in this study we developed a multi-cytokine model of inflammatory tendinitis. The combined treatment with TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, at dosages well below what are routinely used in vitro, decreased the mechanical properties and collagen content of engineered human ligaments. Treatment with this cytokine mixture resulted in an increase in phospho-NF-κB and MMP-1, did not affect procollagen production, and decreased STAT3 phosphorylation relative to controls. Using this more physiologically relevant model of acute inflammation, we inhibited NF-κB or JAK1 signaling in an attempt to reverse the negative effects of the cytokine mixture. Surprisingly, NF-κB inhibition led to an even greater decrease in mechanical function and collagen content. By contrast, inhibiting JAK1 led to an increase in mechanical properties, collagen content and thermal stability concomitant with a decrease in MMP-1. Our results suggest that inhibition of JAK1, not NF-κB, reverses the negative effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on collagen content and mechanics in engineered human ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec M Avey
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Florence Devos
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Albany G Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - El Sayed El Essawy
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Sport Psychology, Mansoura University, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, United States.
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Joselevitch JA, Vargas THM, Pulz LH, Cadrobbi KG, Huete GC, Nishiya AT, Kleeb SR, Xavier JG, Strefezzi RDF. High lysyl oxidase expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:401-405. [PMID: 37186079 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell tumour (MCT) is one of the most frequent skin tumours in dogs. Due to their unpredictable biological behaviour, MCTs often cause several therapeutic frustrations, leading to investigation regarding prognostic markers. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an enzyme that promotes extracellular matrix stability and contributes to cell migration, angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Its expression positively correlates with poor prognoses in several human and canine mammary cancers. The aim of this study was to characterise the immunohistochemical expression of LOX in MCT samples and compare it with histological grading and post-surgical survival. Twenty-six tumours were submitted to immunohistochemistry for LOX expression evaluation. All samples were positive for LOX, with variable percentages of cytoplasmic and nuclear positivity. Cytoplasmic positivity was significantly higher in high-grade MCTs (P = .0297). Our results indicate that high expression of cytoplasmic LOX in neoplastic mast cells is an indicator of poor prognosis for canine cutaneous MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Antongiovanni Joselevitch
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Moroni Vargas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Lidia Hildebrand Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karine Germano Cadrobbi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Clínica E+ Especialidades, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Greice Cestari Huete
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Clínica E+ Especialidades, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Regina Kleeb
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo De Francisco Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Laurentino TDS, Soares RDS, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM. Correlation of Matrisome-Associatted Gene Expressions with LOX Family Members in Astrocytomas Stratified by IDH Mutation Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179507. [PMID: 36076905 PMCID: PMC9455728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell infiltrative ability into surrounding brain tissue is a characteristic of diffusely infiltrative astrocytoma and is strongly associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Collagens are the most abundant ECM scaffolding proteins and contribute to matrix organization and stiffness. LOX family members, copper-dependent amine oxidases, participate in the collagen and elastin crosslinking that determine ECM tensile strength. Common IDH mutations in lower-grade gliomas (LGG) impact prognosis and have been associated with ECM stiffness. We analyzed the expression levels of LOX family members and matrisome-associated genes in astrocytoma stratified by malignancy grade and IDH mutation status. A progressive increase in expression of all five LOX family members according to malignancy grade was found. LOX, LOXL1, and LOXL3 expression correlated with matrisome gene expressions. LOXL1 correlations were detected in LGG with IDH mutation (IDHmut), LOXL3 correlations in LGG with IDH wild type (IDHwt) and strong LOX correlations in glioblastoma (GBM) were found. These increasing correlations may explain the increment of ECM stiffness and tumor aggressiveness from LGG-IDHmut and LGG-IDHwt through to GBM. The expression of the mechanosensitive transcription factor, β-catenin, also increased with malignancy grade and was correlated with LOXL1 and LOXL3 expression, suggesting involvement of this factor in the outside–in signaling pathway.
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Mohamadzaheri M, Cheraghi H, Shirani D, Hatamkhani A. Relationship between plasma cell-free DNA changes and lysyl oxidase during the treatment and prognosis of canine transmissible venereal tumors. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:76. [PMID: 35189882 PMCID: PMC8862336 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT) are a wide range of canine tumors for which there are no effective markers to monitor the therapeutic response in real-time. Circulating biomarkers can be valuable in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the significance of the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and cfDNA integrity index to monitor the response of TVTs to vincristine and compare them with lysyl oxidase activity. Plasma and sera were collected from fifteen male dogs within four weeks before drug administration. The analytical method was mainly based on the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for short and long cfDNAs and lysyl oxidase activity was measured in serum. Results The results of the cfDNA integrity index showed a significant (p < 0.05) difference in the baseline concentration compared to the second and third weeks (with cut-off values of 1.118 and 93.33% specificity). The cfDNA integrity index increased over time due to the reduction of short cfDNAs in the first week after treatment. Lysyl oxidase activity increased during the fourth week (p < 0.001), but there were no significant differences in the other weeks compared to the baseline. The ROC analysis of lysyl oxidase revealed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (90%) on the second and third weeks compared to the baseline. Multivariate analysis between cfDNA integrity index and lysyl oxidase showed significant correlation (p < 0.05) only in baseline results. Conclusions Overall, short cfDNA, the cfDNA integrity index, and lysyl oxidase activity can be proposed as diagnostic biomarkers and putative prognostic candidates in TVT patients. These biomarkers can be combined with cytology to quickly diagnose TVT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03173-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohamadzaheri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hadi Cheraghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Darioush Shirani
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Lysyl-Oxidase Dependent Extracellular Matrix Stiffness in Hodgkin Lymphomas: Mechanical and Topographical Evidence. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010259. [PMID: 35008423 PMCID: PMC8750937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alterations of the composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to increased stiffness, is known to condition development, invasiveness and severity of neoplasms. In this study, we report increased lymph node (LN) stiffness in human lymphomas, measured by LN elastometry or by computerized imaging of bioptic specimens. Stiffness matched to lymphoma histotype and grading. The enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) is involved in the rise of collagen cross-linking in Hodgkin lymphomas, while altered architecture, shown by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy is involved in advanced follicular lymphomas. Based on these data, digital pathology may help in the staging of lymphomas, and lysyl oxidase may represent a target for therapy in Hodgkin lymphomas. Abstract Purpose: The biochemical composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to condition development and invasiveness of neoplasms. To clarify this point, we analyzed ECM stiffness, collagen cross-linking and anisotropy in lymph nodes (LN) of Hodgkin lymphomas (HL), follicular lymphomas (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), compared with non-neoplastic LN (LDN). Methods and Results: We found increased elastic (Young’s) modulus in HL and advanced FL (grade 3A) over LDN, FL grade 1–2 and DLBCL. Digital imaging evidenced larger stromal areas in HL, where increased collagen cross-linking was found; in turn, architectural modifications were documented in FL3A by scanning electron microscopy and enhanced anisotropy by polarized light microscopy. Interestingly, HL expressed high levels of lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme responsible for collagen cross-linking. Using gelatin scaffolds fabricated with a low elastic modulus, comparable to that of non-neoplastic tissues, we demonstrated that HL LN-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and HL cells increased the Young’s modulus of the extracellular microenvironment through the expression of LOX. Indeed, LOX inhibition by β-aminopropionitrile prevented the gelatin stiffness increase. Conclusions: These data indicate that different mechanical, topographical and/or architectural modifications of ECM are detectable in human lymphomas and are related to their histotype and grading.
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Serum Lysyl Oxidase Levels and Lysyl Oxidase Gene Polymorphism in Ovarian Cancer Patients of Eastern Indian Population. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010053. [PMID: 35054220 PMCID: PMC8774920 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a dual role in carcinogenesis and studies show a higher risk of cancer in LOX G473A variants. The present study evaluated the pattern of LOX G473A polymorphism (rs1800449) and serum LOX levels in ovarian cancer patients. (2) Methods: Serum LOX levels were estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A polymorphism of rs1800449 of LOX gene was detected by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Selected samples were sequenced for external validation. (3) Results: A majority of study participants were from low socio-economic status. Serum LOX level was significantly higher in ovarian cancer patients as compared to control. Serum LOX level in early-stage ovarian cancer was significantly lower as compared to advanced stage (FIGO stage III & IV). Wild type GG genotype was used as reference. Genotypes AA were associated with a significant risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (OR 3.208; p value- 0.033). A allele of rs1800449 polymorphism of LOX gene, the odds ratio was 1.866 (95% Confidence Interval 1.112–3.16) p value = 0.017 (4) Conclusions: A allele of rs1800449 polymorphism of LOX gene presents an increased risk of ovarian cancer in East Indian population. Serum LOX levels could be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer.
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Mongkolrob R, Tharabenjasin P, Bualuang A, Jarjanazi H, Pabalan N. Influence of Lysyl oxidase Polymorphisms in Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:411-418. [PMID: 34042515 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between polymorphisms in the Lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene with susceptibility to cancer. The role of LOX in carcinogenesis prompted several association studies in various cancer types; however the outcomes of these studies have inconsistent. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates. Materials and Methods: A literature search yielded 14 articles from which we examined five cancer groups: breast, bone, lung, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancers. For each cancer group, pooled odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using standard genetic models. High significance (p-value for association [pa] < 0.00001), homogeneity (I2 = 0%), and high precision of effects (CI difference [CID] <1.0 [upper CI - lower CI]) comprised the three criteria for strength of evidence. We used sensitivity analysis to assess robustness of the outcomes. Results: We generated 28 comparisons from which 13 were significant (pa < 0.05), indicating increased risk, (OR >1.00) found in all cancer groups except breast (pa = 0.10-0.91). Of the 13, three met all criteria (core) for strength of evidence (pa < 0.00001, CIDs 0.49-0.56 and I2 = 0%), found in dominant/codominant models of gynecological cancers (ORs 1.52-1.62, 95% CIs 1.26-1.88) and codominant model of lung cancer (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.19-1.74). These three were deemed robust. Conclusion: Based on the three core outcomes, associations of LOX 473G/A with lung, ovarian, and cervical cancers indicate 1.4-1.6-fold increased risks, underpinned by robustness and high statistical power at the aggregate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungrawee Mongkolrob
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Phuntila Tharabenjasin
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Aporn Bualuang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Hamdi Jarjanazi
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noel Pabalan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
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Thiruthaneeswaran N, Bibby BAS, Yang L, Hoskin PJ, Bristow RG, Choudhury A, West C. Lost in application: Measuring hypoxia for radiotherapy optimisation. Eur J Cancer 2021; 148:260-276. [PMID: 33756422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The history of radiotherapy is intertwined with research on hypoxia. There is level 1a evidence that giving hypoxia-targeting treatments with radiotherapy improves locoregional control and survival without compromising late side-effects. Despite coming in and out of vogue over decades, there is now an established role for hypoxia in driving molecular alterations promoting tumour progression and metastases. While tumour genomic complexity and immune profiling offer promise, there is a stronger evidence base for personalising radiotherapy based on hypoxia status. Despite this, there is only one phase III trial targeting hypoxia modification with full transcriptomic data available. There are no biomarkers in routine use for patients undergoing radiotherapy to aid management decisions, and a roadmap is needed to ensure consistency and provide a benchmark for progression to application. Gene expression signatures address past limitations of hypoxia biomarkers and could progress biologically optimised radiotherapy. Here, we review recent developments in generating hypoxia gene expression signatures and highlight progress addressing the challenges that must be overcome to pave the way for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niluja Thiruthaneeswaran
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Becky A S Bibby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lingjang Yang
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter J Hoskin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; CRUK Manchester Institute and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Catharine West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Chen J, Song Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Lin T, Sun J, Wang D, Liu Y, Guo J, Yu W. Comprehensive analysis of ceRNA networks reveals prognostic lncRNAs related to immune infiltration in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:255. [PMID: 33750326 PMCID: PMC7941714 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) represents a class of RNAs (e.g., long noncoding RNAs [lncRNAs]) with microRNA (miRNA) binding sites, which can competitively bind miRNA and inhibit its regulation of target genes. Increasing evidence has underscored the involvement of dysregulated ceRNA networks in the occurrence and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to construct a ceRNA network related to the prognosis of CRC and further explore the potential mechanisms that affect this prognosis. METHODS RNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), microRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and mRNAs (DEmRNAs), and a prognosis-related ceRNA network was constructed based on DElncRNA survival analysis. Subsequently, pathway enrichment, Pearson correlation, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to determine the function of the genes in the ceRNA network. Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were also used to validate differential gene expression. Finally, the correlation between lncRNA and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment was evaluated based on the CIBERSORT algorithm. RESULTS A prognostic ceRNA network was constructed with eleven key survival-related DElncRNAs (MIR4435-2HG, NKILA, AFAP1-AS1, ELFN1-AS1, AC005520.2, AC245884.8, AL354836.1, AL355987.4, AL591845.1, LINC02038, and AC104823.1), 54 DEmiRNAs, and 308 DEmRNAs. The MIR4435-2HG- and ELFN1-AS1-associated ceRNA subnetworks affected and regulated the expression of the COL5A2, LOX, OSBPL3, PLAU, VCAN, SRM, and E2F1 target genes and were found to be related to prognosis and tumor-infiltrating immune cell types. CONCLUSIONS MIR4435-2HG and ELFN1-AS1 are associated with prognosis and tumor-infiltrating immune cell types and could represent potential prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052 China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Tingru Lin
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Jingzhu Guo
- Department of Paediatrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Weidong Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
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12
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Vallet SD, Berthollier C, Salza R, Muller L, Ricard-Blum S. The Interactome of Cancer-Related Lysyl Oxidase and Lysyl Oxidase-Like Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E71. [PMID: 33383846 PMCID: PMC7794802 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family are amine oxidases, which initiate the covalent cross-linking of the extracellular matrix (ECM), regulate ECM stiffness, and contribute to cancer progression. The aim of this study was to build the first draft of the interactome of the five members of the LOX family in order to determine its molecular functions, the biological and signaling pathways mediating these functions, the biological processes it is involved in, and if and how it is rewired in cancer. In vitro binding assays, based on surface plasmon resonance and bio-layer interferometry, combined with queries of interaction databases and interaction datasets, were used to retrieve interaction data. The interactome was then analyzed using computational tools. We identified 31 new interactions and 14 new partners of LOXL2, including the α5β1 integrin, and built an interactome comprising 320 proteins, 5 glycosaminoglycans, and 399 interactions. This network participates in ECM organization, degradation and cross-linking, cell-ECM interactions mediated by non-integrin and integrin receptors, protein folding and chaperone activity, organ and blood vessel development, cellular response to stress, and signal transduction. We showed that this network is rewired in colorectal carcinoma, leading to a switch from ECM organization to protein folding and chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain D. Vallet
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (S.D.V.); (C.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Coline Berthollier
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (S.D.V.); (C.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Romain Salza
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (S.D.V.); (C.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Laurent Muller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France;
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (S.D.V.); (C.B.); (R.S.)
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13
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Marsico TV, Caetano DP, Rodrigues R, Valente RS, Fontes PK, Mesquita FS, Andrade SCDS, Basso AC, Nogueira MFG, Sudano MJ. Transcriptional profiling of embryo cryotolerance. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:1245-1259. [PMID: 33156526 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cryosurvival of embryos is a complex process involving dynamic and integrated morphological, functional, and molecular changes. Here, we evaluated the transcriptional profiling of bovine embryos possessing high and low cryotolerance (HC and LC, respectively) by assessing the resumption of development. Embryos were produced in vitro (N = 1137) and cryopreserved (N = 894). Blastocysts samples possessed pronounced group individualization at RNA sequencing. A total of 114 genes were differentially expressed, and 27 and 84 genes were upregulated in HC and LC, respectively. Among the over-represented biological functions, cellular growth and proliferation, cell death and survival, and organismal survival were predicted to be activated, while cellular movement and cell-to-cell signaling were predicted to be inhibited in HC embryos. Enriched canonical pathways and upstream regulators related to cellular proliferation and survival (HC), inflammatory processes, and cell death (LC) were predicted to represent two embryonic molecular profiles present during the resumption of development after cryopreservation. The marked contrast in transcriptional profiles between HC and LC strongly suggests the influence of embryonic competence after cryopreservation on its respective transcriptome and indicated that HC and LC presented two different molecular strategies to overcome cryopreservation-related stress and resume postcryopreservation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris V Marsico
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana P Caetano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Roniele S Valente
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia K Fontes
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Phytomedicines, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo State (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Mesquita
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sónia C da Silva Andrade
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréa C Basso
- In vitro Brazil - IVB, ABS Pecplan, Mogi Mirim, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F G Nogueira
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Phytomedicines, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo State (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biological Science, School of Sciences and Languages, University of São Paulo State, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus J Sudano
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Erasmus M, Samodien E, Lecour S, Cour M, Lorenzo O, Dludla P, Pheiffer C, Johnson R. Linking LOXL2 to Cardiac Interstitial Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5913. [PMID: 32824630 PMCID: PMC7460598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. CVD pathophysiology is often characterized by increased stiffening of the heart muscle due to fibrosis, thus resulting in diminished cardiac function. Fibrosis can be caused by increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which is strongly linked to lifestyle and environmental factors such as diet, smoking, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. These factors can affect gene expression through epigenetic modifications. Lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) is responsible for collagen and elastin cross-linking in the heart, and its dysregulation has been pathologically associated with increased fibrosis. Additionally, studies have shown that, LOXL2 expression can be regulated by DNA methylation and histone modification. However, there is a paucity of data on LOXL2 regulation and its role in CVD. As such, this review aims to gain insight into the mechanisms by which LOXL2 is regulated in physiological conditions, as well as determine the downstream effectors responsible for CVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisse Erasmus
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Samodien
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Martin Cour
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon, France;
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Institute de Investigación Sanitaria-FJD, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Phiwayinkosi Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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15
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Stevens KE, Price JE, Marko J, Kaler SG. Neck masses due to internal jugular vein phlebectasia: Frequency in Menkes disease and literature review of 85 pediatric subjects. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1364-1377. [PMID: 32293788 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Classic Menkes disease is a rare X-linked recessive disorder of copper metabolism caused by pathogenic variants in the copper transporter gene, ATP7A. Untreated affected individuals suffer failure to thrive and neurodevelopmental delays that begin at 6-8 weeks of age and progress inexorably to death, often within 3 years. Subcutaneous injections of Copper Histidinate (US Food and Drug Administration IND #34,166, Orphan product designation #12-3663) are associated with improved survival and neurological outcomes, especially when commenced within a month of birth. We previously identified internal jugular vein phlebectasia (IJP) in four Menkes disease subjects. This feature and other connective tissue abnormalities appear to be consequences of deficient activity of lysyl oxidase, a copper-dependent enzyme. Here, we report results from a prospective study of IJP based on 178 neck ultrasounds in 66 Menkes subjects obtained between November 2007 and March 2018. Nine patients met the criterion for IJP (one or more cross-sectional area measurements exceeding 2.2 cm2 ) and five subjects had clinically apparent neck masses that enlarged over time. Our prospective results suggest that IJP occurs in approximately 14% (9/66) of Menkes disease patients and appears to be clinically benign with no specific medical or surgical actionability. We surveyed the medical literature for prior reports of IJP in pediatric subjects and identified 85 individuals and reviewed the distribution of this abnormality by gender, sidedness, and underlying etiology. Taken together, Menkes disease accounts for 16% (15/94) of all reported IJP individuals. Neck masses from IJP represent underappreciated abnormalities in Menkes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Stevens
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,George Washington University School of Nursing, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Julienne E Price
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie Marko
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen G Kaler
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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16
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Smithen D, Leung LMH, Challinor M, Lawrence R, Tang H, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Pearce SP, Mcleary R, Lopes F, Aljarah M, Brown M, Johnson L, Thomson G, Marais R, Springer C. 2-Aminomethylene-5-sulfonylthiazole Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) and LOXL2 Show Significant Efficacy in Delaying Tumor Growth. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2308-2324. [PMID: 31430136 PMCID: PMC7073924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of extracellular proteins plays a vital role in catalyzing the formation of cross-links in fibrillar elastin and collagens leading to extracellular matrix (ECM) stabilization. These enzymes have also been implicated in tumor progression and metastatic disease and have thus become an attractive therapeutic target for many types of invasive cancers. Following our recently published work on the discovery of aminomethylenethiophenes (AMTs) as potent, orally bioavailable LOX/LOXL2 inhibitors, we report herein the discovery of a series of dual LOX/LOXL2 inhibitors, as well as a subseries of LOXL2-selective inhibitors, bearing an aminomethylenethiazole (AMTz) scaffold. Incorporation of a thiazole core leads to improved potency toward LOXL2 inhibition via an irreversible binding mode of inhibition. SAR studies have enabled the discovery of a predictive 3DQSAR model. Lead AMTz inhibitors exhibit improved pharmacokinetic properties and excellent antitumor efficacy, with significantly reduced tumor growth in a spontaneous breast cancer genetically engineered mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah
A. Smithen
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Leo M. H. Leung
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Challinor
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Rae Lawrence
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - HaoRan Tang
- Molecular
Oncology Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Niculescu-Duvaz
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Pearce
- Clinical
and Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Mcleary
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Lopes
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Aljarah
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brown
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Johnson
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Thomson
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular
Oncology Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Springer
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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17
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Ionizing radiation attracts tumor targeting and apoptosis by radiotropic lysyl oxidase traceable nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 24:102141. [PMID: 31830613 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a cell-secreted amine oxidase that crosslinks collagen and elastin in extracellular microenvironment. LOX-traceable nanoparticles (LOXab-NPs) consisting of LOX antibodies (LOXab) and paclitaxel, can accumulate at high concentrations at radiation-treated target sites, as a tumor-targeting drug carrier for chemotherapy. Tumor-targeting and anticancer effects of PLGA based LOXab-NPs in vitro and in vivo were evaluated at radiation-targeted site. In the in vivo A549 lung carcinoma xenograft model, we showed highly specific tumor targeting (above 7.0 times higher) of LOXab-NPs on irradiated tumors. Notably, systemically administered NPs delayed tumor growth, reducing tumor volumes by more than 2 times compared with non-irradiated groups (222% vs. >500%) over 2 weeks. Radiotropic LOXab-NPs can serve as chemotherapeutic vehicles for combined targeted chemo-radiotherapy in clinical oncology.
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18
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Liu C, Guo T, Sakai A, Ren S, Fukusumi T, Ando M, Sadat S, Saito Y, Califano JA. A novel splice variant of LOXL2 promotes progression of human papillomavirus-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2019; 126:737-748. [PMID: 31721164 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. LOXL2 demonstrates alternative splicing events in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative HNSCC. The current study explored the role of a dominant LOXL2 variant in HPV-negative HNSCC. METHODS Expression of the LOXL2 variant was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas cohorts and validated using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in a separate primary tumor set. The authors defined the effect of LOXL2 splice variants in assays for cell proliferation using a cell viability assay and colony formation assay. Cell migration and invasion were examined using a cell scratch assay and transwell cell migration and invasion assay in LOXL2 splice variant gain and loss of expression cells. Western blot analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were used to explore the potential mechanism of the LOXL2 splice variant in HPV-negative HNSCC. RESULTS Expression of a novel LOXL2 variant was found to be upregulated in The Cancer Genome Atlas HPV-negative HNSCC, and confirmed in the separate primary tumor validation set. Analyses of loss and gain of function demonstrated that this LOXL2 variant enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion in HPV-negative HNSCC cells and activated the FAK/AKT pathway. A total of 837 upregulated and 820 downregulated genes and 526 upregulated and 124 downregulated pathways associated with LOXL2 variant expression were identified using gene set enrichment analysis, which helped in developing a better understanding of the networks activated by this LOXL2 variant in patients with HPV-negative HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS The novel LOXL2 variant can promote the progression of HPV-negative HNSCC, in part through FAK/AKT pathway activation, which may provide a new potential therapeutic target among patients with HPV-negative HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Theresa Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akihiro Sakai
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Shuling Ren
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Takahito Fukusumi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Mizuo Ando
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sayed Sadat
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Yuki Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California.,Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
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19
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Wan ZH, Li GH, Guo YL, Li WZ, Chen L, Zhang YJ. Amelioration of Cavernosal Fibrosis and Erectile Function by Lysyl Oxidase Inhibition in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury. J Sex Med 2019; 15:304-313. [PMID: 29502979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cavernous nerve injury (CNI) causes fibrosis and loss of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the corpus cavernosum and leads to erectile dysfunction, and lysyl oxidase (LOX) activation has been found to play an important role in fibrotic diseases. AIM To evaluate the role of LOX in penile fibrosis after bilateral CNI (BCNI). METHODS Rats underwent BCNI or a sham operation and were treated with vehicle or β-aminopropionitrile, a specific LOX activity inhibitor. 30 days after BCNI, rats were tested for erectile function before penile tissue harvest. LOX and extracellular matrix component expression levels in the corpus cavernosum, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), fibronectin (FN), collagen (COL) I, and COL IV, were evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Corporal fibrosis was evaluated by Masson trichrome staining. Localization of LOX and SMC content in the corpus cavernosum were assessed by immunohistochemistry. OUTCOMES Ratio of intracavernous pressure to mean arterial blood pressure; LOX, MMPs, TIMPs, COL I, COL IV, and FN expression; penile fibrosis; penile SMC content. RESULTS After BCNI, there was an increase in penile LOX expression and activity, increased penile fibrosis, decreased SMC content, and impaired erectile function. TIMP1, TIMP2, COL I, COL IV, and FN expression was markedly upregulated, whereas the enzyme activity of MMPs was decreased after BCNI. β-Aminopropionitrile treatment, at least in part, prevented a decrease in the ratio of intracavernous pressure to mean arterial blood pressure, decreased penile expression of TIMP1, TIMP2, COL I, COL IV, and FN, increased MMP activity, prevented corporal fibrosis, and preserved SMC content. CLINICAL TRANSLATION LOX over-activation contributes to penile fibrosis and LOX inhibition could be a promising strategy in preventing the progression of CNI-induced erectile dysfunction. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This is the 1st study to demonstrate the role of LOX activation in penile fibrosis. However, the exact mechanism of how LOX influences extracellular matrix protein synthesis and SMC content preservation awaits further investigation. CONCLUSION CNI induced LOX over-activation in cavernous tissue, and inhibition of LOX preserved penile morphology and improved erectile function in a rat model of BCNI. Wan Z-H, Li G-H, Guo Y-L, et al. Amelioration of Cavernosal Fibrosis and Erectile Function by Lysyl Oxidase Inhibition in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury. J Sex Med 2018;15:304-313.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Wan
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Hao Li
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yong-Lian Guo
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Zhou Li
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Abundant Expression of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2 Protein in Intrahepatic Bile Ducts of Infants With Biliary Atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69:344-350. [PMID: 31436671 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biliary atresia (BA) is characterized by rapidly progressive inflammation and fibrosis of the biliary tract, which usually progresses despite surgical intervention (Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy). Lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL2) is an extracellular matrix enzyme that catalyzes the cross-linking of fibrillar collagen and elastin and is thought to play a crucial role in tissue fibrosis; anti-LOXL2 drugs have been shown to be antifibrotic in animals. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of LOXL2 in BA livers and hepatic and extrahepatic control tissues. METHODS Liver wedge biopsies from infants with BA (n = 20) were obtained at Kasai, and were compared with non-BA livers (n = 20). Liver fibrosis was scored using the Ishak scale, and immunohistochemistry was performed using a commercially available polyclonal anti-LOXL2 antibody. The expression of LOXL2 was scored for intensity and for distribution of bile duct staining by a pathologist blinded to the diagnosis. Staining of LOXL2 in pediatric control tissue, muscle (n = 5), heart (n = 5), and bone (n = 10) was performed. RESULTS Tissue from patients with BA abundantly expressed LOXL2 (intensity score 2.0 vs 1.4 [P ≤ 0.001]) for non-BA and distribution of bile duct-staining score of 3.0 versus 2.8 (P = 0.001) for non-BA. Fibrosis score of all BA samples was 4.2 versus 3.1 for non-BA. Nonhepatic pediatric tissue displayed minimal to no LOXL2 staining. CONCLUSIONS There is significant overexpression of LOXL2 in BA hepatic tissue with minimal expression in extrahepatic tissue. The over expression noted in human hepatic tissue at Kasai suggests the rationale for further investigation of anti-LOXL2 therapeutics in BA.
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21
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Laurentino TDS, Soares RDS, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM. LOXL3 Function Beyond Amino Oxidase and Role in Pathologies, Including Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143587. [PMID: 31340433 PMCID: PMC6678131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase like 3 (LOXL3) is a copper-dependent amine oxidase responsible for the crosslinking of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. LOXL3 belongs to a family including other members: LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, and LOXL4. Autosomal recessive mutations are rare and described in patients with Stickler syndrome, early-onset myopia and non-syndromic cleft palate. Along with an essential function in embryonic development, multiple biological functions have been attributed to LOXL3 in various pathologies related to amino oxidase activity. Additionally, various novel roles have been described for LOXL3, such as the oxidation of fibronectin in myotendinous junction formation, and of deacetylation and deacetylimination activities of STAT3 to control of inflammatory response. In tumors, three distinct roles were described: (1) LOXL3 interacts with SNAIL and contributes to proliferation and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells; (2) LOXL3 is localized predominantly in the nucleus associated with invasion and poor gastric cancer prognosis; (3) LOXL3 interacts with proteins involved in DNA stability and mitosis completion, contributing to melanoma progression and sustained proliferation. Here we review the structure, function and activity of LOXL3 in normal and pathological conditions and discuss the potential of LOXL3 as a therapeutic target in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita de S Laurentino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Roseli da S Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
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22
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Saleem A, Singh S, Sunil Kumar BV, Arora JS, Choudhary RK. Analysis of lysyl oxidase as a marker for diagnosis of canine mammary tumors. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4909-4919. [PMID: 31264163 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular metalloenzyme which mediates crosslinking of collagen and elastin. It has been reported to play a pivotal role in cancer metastasis especially in women suffering from breast cancer. The present study is the first to evaluate the gene expression levels of LOX by Real time-polymerase chain reaction (Real time-PCR) in dogs with mammary tumor besides molecular cloning and expression of canine lysyl oxidase gene (lox). Real time-PCR studies showed a significant upregulation (threefold higher) of lox in mammary tumor cases as compared to healthy dogs indicating its possible diagnostic and prognostic role in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). Cloning and sequencing of lox gene revealed 1230 bp CDS which is mostly conserved in C-terminal region. Sequence analysis of canine lox showed that it shares 99% homology with the predicted sequence available on NCBI and had greatest identity with the lox gene from cat. Protein structure predicted with homology modelling was validated by Ramachandran plot analysis which revealed most (approximately 95%) of the amino acids in favoured region. Additionally, recombinant lysyl oxidase expressed as His-tagged fusion protein in prokaryotic expression vector (pPROExHTa) was used in an ELISA for detection of circulating protein LOX in serum of CMT subjects. Receiver operating characteristics analysis of the ELISA revealed high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (85%) with histopathology as reference standard. Taken together, we propose LOX as a diagnostic biomarker and a putative prognostic candidate in CMT cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Saleem
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Satparkash Singh
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - B V Sunil Kumar
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Jaspreet Singh Arora
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Ratan Kumar Choudhary
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
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23
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Leung L, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Smithen D, Lopes F, Callens C, McLeary R, Saturno G, Davies L, Aljarah M, Brown M, Johnson L, Zambon A, Chambers T, Ménard D, Bayliss N, Knight R, Fish L, Lawrence R, Challinor M, Tang H, Marais R, Springer C. Anti-metastatic Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase (LOX): Design and Structure-Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5863-5884. [PMID: 31070916 PMCID: PMC6937593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a secreted copper-dependent amine oxidase that cross-links collagens and elastin in the extracellular matrix and is a critical mediator of tumor growth and metastatic spread. LOX is a target for cancer therapy, and thus the search for therapeutic agents against LOX has been widely sought. We report herein the medicinal chemistry discovery of a series of LOX inhibitors bearing an aminomethylenethiophene (AMT) scaffold. High-throughput screening provided the initial hits. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to the discovery of AMT inhibitors with sub-micromolar half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in a LOX enzyme activity assay. Further SAR optimization yielded the orally bioavailable LOX inhibitor CCT365623 with good anti-LOX potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, as well as anti-metastatic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Leung
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Niculescu-Duvaz
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Smithen
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Lopes
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric Callens
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert McLeary
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Grazia Saturno
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Davies
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Aljarah
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brown
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Johnson
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Zambon
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Chambers
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine Ménard
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Bayliss
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Knight
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fish
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Rae Lawrence
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Challinor
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - HaoRan Tang
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Marais
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Springer
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Molecular Oncology
Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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24
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Chen X, Kou Y, Lu Y, Pu Y. Salidroside ameliorated hypoxia-induced tumorigenesis of BxPC-3 cells via downregulating hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and LOXL2. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:165-173. [PMID: 31162697 PMCID: PMC6900165 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we found that salidroside suppressed hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF‐1α) and lysyl oxidase‐like protein 2 (LOXL2) within human pancreatic cancer BxPC‐3 cells cultured both under normoxia and hypoxia condition. To investigate the effect of salidroside on tumorigenesis of BxPC‐3 cells and whether HIF‐1α and LXCL2 were involved in this process, cells transfected with or without LOXL2 overexpression vector, were treated with 50 μg/mL of salidroside or 50 μM of KC7F2 (a HIF‐1α inhibitor) under hypoxia. Cell viability and invasion were assessed using CCK‐8 and Transwell chamber assay, respectively. Expression of E‐cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 (MMP 2/9) was determined, by Western blot analysis, to assess cell mobility at molecular levels. We confirmed that hypoxia increased LOXL2 and induced tumorigenesis of BxPC‐3 cells, as evidenced by promoted cell proliferation and invasion, enhanced MMP2/9 while reduced E‐cadherin. Interestingly, hypoxia‐induced carcinogenesis was significantly retarded by both salidroside and KC7F2, however, enhanced with LOXL2 overexpression. Besides, salidroside and KC7F2 reduced LOXL2, and reversed the tumorigenesis of BxPC‐3 cells induced by LOXL2 overexpression. Given the inhibitory effect of salidroside on HIF‐1α expression, our data suggested that: (1) LOXL2 was the mechanism, whereby salidroside and KC7F2 showed inhibitory effect on cancer progression of BxPC‐3 cells; (2) salidroside exerted its anticancer effect, most likely, by a HIF‐1α/LOXL2 pathway. In conclusion, salidroside was a novel therapeutic drug in pancreatic cancer, and downregulation of HIF‐1α and LXCL2 was the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery of Baoshan Branch, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubin Kou
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery of Baoshan Branch, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunsong Lu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery of Baoshan Branch, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Pu
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
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25
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Duan Z, Li L, Li Y. Involvement of miR-30b in kynurenine-mediated lysyl oxidase expression. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:135-142. [PMID: 31093946 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironment components profoundly influence the propensity of cancer metastasis through regulating key molecules controlling metastasis. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) contributes to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and finally promoting bone metastasis in breast cancer. Kynurenine (Kyn), a microenvironment component, is capable of regulating the biological behaviors of cancer cells, such as promoting node metastasis in vivo. However, it is still unclear whether Kyn controls the generation of LOX. In the current study, a significant increase of migration in the Kyn (30, 50, 100, 200, and 500 μM) group was detected compared with that in the control group in 95D cells in vitro. Subsequently, we demonstrated that 50 μM Kyn not only substantially upregulated the mRNA and secreted levels of LOX rather than cytoplasmic LOX, but also markedly reduced the level of miR-30b at the same time. Furthermore, the direct interaction between LOX mRNA and miR-30b was also confirmed by dual-luciferase assay system. Most importantly, not only was Kyn-induced increase of LOX mRNA significantly attenuated on miR-30b mimics treatment, but also Kyn-mediated the upregulation of the mRNA, and secreted levels of LOX were distinctly strengthened on miR-30b inhibitor treatment. These results suggest that miR-30b is involved in Kyn-mediated LOX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, 56 South Xinjian Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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26
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Mechanism for oral tumor cell lysyl oxidase like-2 in cancer development: synergy with PDGF-AB. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:34. [PMID: 31086173 PMCID: PMC6513832 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysyl oxidases (LOX and LOXL1–LOXL4) are critical for collagen biosynthesis. LOXL2 is a marker of poor survival in oral squamous cell cancer. We investigated mechanisms by which tumor cell secreted LOXL2 targets proximal mesenchymal cells to enhance tumor growth and metastasis. This study identified the first molecular mechanism for LOXL2 in the promotion of cancer via its enzymatic modification of a non-collagenous substrate in the context of paracrine signaling between tumor cells and resident fibroblasts. The role and mechanism of active LOXL2 in promoting oral cancer was evaluated and employed a novel LOXL2 small molecule inhibitor, PSX-S1C, administered to immunodeficient, and syngeneic immunocompetent orthotopic oral cancer mouse models. Tumor growth, histopathology, and metastases were monitored. In vitro mechanistic studies with conditioned tumor cell medium treatment of normal human oral fibroblasts were carried out in the presence and absence of the LOXL2 inhibitor to identify signaling mechanisms promoted by LOXL2 activity. Inhibition of LOXL2 attenuated cancer growth and lymph node metastases in the orthotopic tongue mouse models. Immunohistochemistry data indicated that LOXL2 expression in and around tumors was decreased in mice treated with the inhibitor. Inhibition of LOXL2 activity by administration of PXS-S1C to mice reduced tumor cell proliferation, accompanied by changes in morphology and in the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers. In vitro studies identified PDGFRβ as a direct substrate for LOXL2, and indicated that LOXL2 and PDGF-AB together secreted by tumor cells optimally activated PDGFRβ in fibroblasts to promote proliferation and the tendency toward fibrosis via ERK activation, but not AKT. Optimal fibroblast proliferation in vitro required LOXL2 activity, while tumor cell proliferation did not. Thus, tumor cell-derived LOXL2 in the microenvironment directly targets neighboring resident cells to promote a permissive local niche, in addition to its known role in collagen maturation.
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27
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Un análisis general de la prolisil-oxidasa circulante en pacientes no isquémicos con una insuficiencia cardiaca común con fracción de eyección conservada. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Muñoz Calvo B, Villa Martínez A, López Orgil S, López Andrés N, Román García F, Víctor Palomares V, de la Calle de la Villa E, Nadador Patiño V, Arribas-Gómez I. A Global Assessment of Circulating Prolysyl Oxidase in Nonischemic Patients With Garden-variety Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2019; 72:407-415. [PMID: 29807761 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Lysyl oxidase is overexpressed in the myocardium of patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy. We aimed to explore whether patients with hypertensive-metabolic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HM-HFpEF) also have increased concentrations of circulating prolysyl oxidase (cpLOX) and its possible consequences. METHODS We quantified cpLOX concentrations in 85 nonischemic patients with stage C, HM-HFpEF, and compared them with those of 51 healthy controls. We also assessed the correlations of cpLOX with myocardial stiffness parameters, collagen turnover products and fibrogenic cytokines, as well as the predictive value of plasma proenzyme levels at 1-year of follow-up. RESULTS We detected raised cpLOX values and found that they correlated with calculated E/E' ratios and stiffness constants. The subgroup of patients with type I diastolic dysfunction showed a single negative correlation between cpLOX and B-type natriuretic peptide whereas patients with a restrictive diastolic pattern showed a strong correlation between cpLOX and galectin-3. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that cpLOX > 52.20 ng/mL slightly increased the risk of a fatal outcome (log-rank = 4.45; P = .034). When Cox regression was used, cpLOX was found to be a significant independent predictor of cardiovascular death or hospitalization due to the decompensation of HM-HFpEF (HR, 1.360; 95%CI, 1.126-1.638; P = .046). CONCLUSIONS Patients with symptomatic HM-HFpEF show high cpLOX serum levels associated with restrictive diastolic filling indices. These levels represent a moderate risk factor for poor clinical outcome. Throughout the natural history of HM-HFpEF, we observed that cpLOX concentrations were initially negatively correlated with B-type natriuretic peptide but positively correlated with galectin-3 as advanced diastolic dysfunction developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Muñoz Calvo
- Unidad de Manejo Integral del Paciente con Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Villa Martínez
- Unidad de Manejo Integral del Paciente con Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana López Orgil
- Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia López Andrés
- Investigación Cardiovascular Traslacional, Navarra Biomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Feliciano Román García
- Unidad de Manejo Integral del Paciente con Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Víctor Palomares
- Unidad de Manejo Integral del Paciente con Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther de la Calle de la Villa
- Unidad de Manejo Integral del Paciente con Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Nadador Patiño
- Unidad de Manejo Integral del Paciente con Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Arribas-Gómez
- Fundación de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Zhang X, Huang J, You F, Li W, Zou Z. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of LOXL2 in cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21369-21379. [PMID: 31032923 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is an extracellular matrix (ECM)-modifying enzyme which can regulate the tensile strength of connective tissues by crosslink of collagen and elastin. Numerous studies have claimed correlations between LOXL2 expression and prognosis or clinicopathological characteristics in various cancers. However, the validities of these claims are still in question. To address these experimental results, a meta-analysis was done to assess the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of LOXL2 expression in various cancers. METHODS The keywords were used for searching systematically in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang database, and CNKI. Stata SE15.0 was used for meta-analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratios (ORs) were pooled to assess the relationship between LOXL2 expression and overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS Seventeen studies with 3,881 patients were considered as valid studies. The results indicated that the patients who had a positive LOXL2 expression had a shorter OS (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.26-1.94, p < 0.001) or DFS (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.14-1.78, p < 0.001). For clinicopathological parameters, statistical significances were presented in age (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.13-1.58, p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.37-3.53, p < 0.001), tumor size (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.15-1.85, p = 0.002), and vascular invasion (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.33-2.48, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that positive LOXL2 expression presents poorer OS and worse clinicopathological parameters. LOXL2 may be an effective biomarker to evaluate the prognosis in different type of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junfu Huang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fan You
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wang Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhenhong Zou
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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30
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Shao J, Lu J, Zhu W, Yu H, Jing X, Wang YL, Wang X, Wang XJ. Derepression of LOXL4 inhibits liver cancer growth by reactivating compromised p53. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2237-2252. [PMID: 30728460 PMCID: PMC6889417 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, whereas tumors with wild-type TP53 develop alternative strategies to survive. Identifying new regulators of p53 reactivation would greatly contribute to the development of cancer therapies. After screening the entire genome in liver cancer cells, we identified lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) as a novel regulator for p53 activation. We found that 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR) induces LOXL4 upregulation, with LOXL4 subsequently binding the basic domain of p53 via its low-isoelectric point region. The interaction between LOXL4 and p53 induces the reactivation of compromised p53, resulting in cell death. Furthermore, the nude mouse xenograft model showed that the 5-aza-CR-dependent LOXL4-p53 axis reduces tumor growth. A positive correlation between LOXL4 expression and overall survival in liver cancer patients with wild-type p53 tumors was observed. In conclusion, we found that 5-aza-CR-induced LOXL4 upregulation reactivates wild-type p53 and triggers cell death, which blocks liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Shao
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jiongjiong Lu
- Department of Special Treatment and Liver Transplantation, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wencheng Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jing
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Xiong-Jun Wang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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31
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Yu Z, Zhou R, Zhao Y, Pan Y, Liang H, Zhang JS, Tai S, Jin L, Teng CB. Blockage of SLC31A1-dependent copper absorption increases pancreatic cancer cell autophagy to resist cell death. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12568. [PMID: 30706544 PMCID: PMC6496122 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Clinical observations have demonstrated that copper levels elevate in several cancer types, and copper deprivation is shown to inhibit tumour angiogenesis and growth in both animal models and preclinical trials. However, the content of copper in pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and whether it is a potential therapy target is still unknown. Materials and Methods The levels of copper in PDAC specimens were detected by ICP‐MS assays. Copper depletion in Panc‐1 or MiaPaCa‐2 cells was conducted via copper transporter 1 (SLC31A1) interference and copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate (TM) treatment. The effects of copper deprivation on cancer cells were evaluated by cell proliferation, migration, invasion, colony formation and cell apoptosis. The mechanism of copper deprivation‐caused cancer cell quiescence was resolved through mitochondrial dysfunction tests and autophagy studies. The tumour‐suppression experiments under the condition of copper block and/or autophagy inhibition were performed both in vitro and in xenografted mice. Results SLC31A1‐dependent copper levels are correlated with the malignant degree of pancreatic cancer. Blocking copper absorption could inhibit pancreatic cancer progression but did not increase cell death. We found that copper deprivation increased mitochondrial ROS level and decreased ATP level, which rendered cancer cells in a dormant state. Strikingly, copper deprivation caused an increase in autophagy to resist death of pancreatic cancer cells. Simultaneous treatment with TM and autophagy inhibitor CQ increased cell death of cancer cells in vitro and retarded cancer growth in vivo. Conclusions These findings reveal that copper deprivation‐caused cell dormancy and the increase in autophagy is a reason for the poor clinical outcome obtained from copper depletion therapies for cancers. Therefore, the combination of autophagy inhibition and copper depletion is potentially a novel strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and other copper‐dependent malignant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Rongtao Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiang su Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Precision Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiang su Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Bo Teng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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32
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Puchkova LV, Babich PS, Zatulovskaia YA, Ilyechova EY, Di Sole F. Copper Metabolism of Newborns Is Adapted to Milk Ceruloplasmin as a Nutritive Source of Copper: Overview of the Current Data. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1591. [PMID: 30380720 PMCID: PMC6266612 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper, which can potentially be a highly toxic agent, is an essential nutrient due to its role as a cofactor for cuproenzymes and its participation in signaling pathways. In mammals, the liver is a central organ that controls copper turnover throughout the body, including copper absorption, distribution, and excretion. In ontogenesis, there are two types of copper metabolism, embryonic and adult, which maintain the balance of copper in each of these periods of life, respectively. In the liver cells, these types of metabolism are characterized by the specific expression patterns and activity levels of the genes encoding ceruloplasmin, which is the main extracellular ferroxidase and copper transporter, and the proteins mediating ceruloplasmin metalation. In newborns, the molecular genetic mechanisms responsible for copper homeostasis and the ontogenetic switch from embryonic to adult copper metabolism are highly adapted to milk ceruloplasmin as a dietary source of copper. In the mammary gland cells, the level of ceruloplasmin gene expression and the alternative splicing of its pre-mRNA govern the amount of ceruloplasmin in the milk, and thus, the amount of copper absorbed by a newborn is controlled. In newborns, the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of copper are adapted to milk ceruloplasmin. If newborns are not breast-fed in the early stages of postnatal development, they do not have this natural control ensuring alimentary copper balance in the body. Although there is still much to be learned about the neonatal consequences of having an imbalance of copper in the mother/newborn system, the time to pay attention to this problem has arrived because the neonatal misbalance of copper may provoke the development of copper-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila V Puchkova
- Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, 197101 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov str., 12, 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Biophysics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29, 195251 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Polina S Babich
- Department of Zoology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Kazanskaya str., 6, 191186 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Yulia A Zatulovskaia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ekaterina Y Ilyechova
- Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, 197101 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Francesca Di Sole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA.
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33
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Wang H, Shao X, He Q, Wang C, Xia L, Yue D, Qin G, Jia C, Chen R. Quantitative Proteomics Implicates Rictor/mTORC2 in Cell Adhesion. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3360-3369. [PMID: 30156101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) plays critical roles in various biological processes. To better understand the functions of mTORC2 and the underlying molecular mechanisms, we established a stable cell line with reduced Rictor, a specific component in mTORC2, and investigated the quantitative changes of the cellular proteome. As a result, we observed that 101 proteins were down-regulated and 50 proteins were up-regulated in Rictor knockdown cells. A protein-protein interaction network regulated by Rictor/mTORC2 was established, showing that Rictor/mTORC2 was involved in various cellular processes. Intriguingly, gene ontology analysis indicated that the proteome regulated by Rictor/mTORC2 was significantly involved with cell adhesion. Rictor knockdown affected the expressions of multiple cell adhesion associated molecules, e.g. integrin α-5 (ITGA5), transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 protein (TGFB1I1), lysyl oxidase homologue 2 (LOXL2), etc. Further study suggested that Rictor/mTORC2 may regulate cell adhesion and invasion by modulating the expressions of these cell adhesion molecules through AKT. Taken together, this study maps the proteome regulated by Rictor/mTORC2 and reveals its role in promoting renal cancer cell invasion through modulating cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology , Tianjin , 300384 , P.R. China
| | - Qian He
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin 300052 , P.R. China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , P.R. China
| | - Linhuan Xia
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , P.R. China
| | - Dan Yue
- School of Medical Laboratory , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Guoxuan Qin
- School of Microelectronics , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P.R. China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing , State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 102206 , P.R. China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , P.R. China
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34
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Tu C, Fiandalo MV, Pop E, Stocking JJ, Azabdaftari G, Li J, Wei H, Ma D, Qu J, Mohler JL, Tang L, Wu Y. Proteomic Analysis of Charcoal-Stripped Fetal Bovine Serum Reveals Changes in the Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling Pathway. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2963-2977. [PMID: 30014700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (CS-FBS) is commonly used to study androgen responsiveness and androgen metabolism in cultured prostate cancer (CaP) cells. Switching CaP cells from FBS to CS-FBS may reduce the activity of androgen receptor (AR), inhibit cell proliferation, or modulate intracellular androgen metabolism. The removal of proteins by charcoal stripping may cause changes in biological functions and has not yet been investigated. Here we profiled proteins in FBS and CS-FBS using an ion-current-based quantitative platform consisting of reproducible surfactant-aided precipitation/on-pellet digestion, long-column nanoliquid chromatography separation, and ion-current-based analysis. A total of 143 proteins were identified in FBS, among which 14 proteins including insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and -6 were reduced in CS-FBS. IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor were sensitized to IGFs in CS-FBS. IGF-1 and IGF-2 stimulation fully compensated for the loss of AR activity to maintain cell growth in CS-FBS. Endogenous production of IGF and IGFBPs was verified in CaP cells and clinical CaP specimens. This study provided the most comprehensive protein profiles of FBS and CS-FBS and offered an opportunity to identify new protein regulators and signaling pathways that regulate AR activity, androgen metabolism, and proliferation of CaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , State University of New York at Buffalo , 285 Kapoor Hall , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences , 701 Ellicott Street , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Michael V Fiandalo
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
| | - Elena Pop
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
| | - John J Stocking
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
| | - Gissou Azabdaftari
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , State University of New York at Buffalo , 285 Kapoor Hall , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences , 701 Ellicott Street , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital , Second Military Medical University , 415 Fengyang Road , Shanghai 200003 , China
| | - Danjun Ma
- College of Mechanical Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , 1 Daxue Road , Dongguan , Guangdong 523808 , China
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , State University of New York at Buffalo , 285 Kapoor Hall , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences , 701 Ellicott Street , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control , Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
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35
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Jeong YJ, Park SH, Mun SH, Kwak SG, Lee SJ, Oh HK. Association between lysyl oxidase and fibrotic focus in relation with inflammation in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2431-2440. [PMID: 29434955 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that lysyl oxidase (LOX) contributes to the formation of fibrotic focus (FF) in association with inflammation and serves a significant role in breast carcinogenesis. In the present study, the association between the expression of LOX family members and FF with regards to with inflammation was analyzed, and the prognostic significance of LOX and FF in breast cancer was investigated. Immunohistochemical staining for LOX, LOX-like protein (LOXL) 1, LOXL2 and LOXL3 was performed in primary breast cancer tissues. The status of FF within the tumor was assessed, including size and grade. Levels of inflammatory markers, intratumoral and peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration were also evaluated. The clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated from the medical records of patients. In the present study, the expression of LOX family members was not associated with the presence of FF. FF was identified to be associated with intratumoral and peritumoral inflammation, tumor stage, larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, high histologic grade, and p53 expression. LOX and LOXL3 were associated with intratumoral, and peritumoral inflammation. Furthermore, LOXL1 was associated with intratumoral inflammation and interleukin-4. In addition, LOX was associated with cluster of differentiation 8+ T cells. LOXL3 was associated with expression of ER and PR, and molecular subtype. In the survival analysis, overall survival time was statistically significantly longer in the FF-negative compared with that in the FF-positive group. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that FF and the expression of LOX family members were associated with inflammation in breast cancer. FF was associated with poor prognostic markers of breast cancer. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the association between the LOX family, FF and inflammation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Mun
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Kwak
- Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sun-Jae Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Hoon Kyu Oh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
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36
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Rao G, Bansal S, Law WX, O’Dowd B, Dikanov SA, Oldfield E. Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Insights into the Ligand Environment of Copper in Drosophila Lysyl Oxidase. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3770-3779. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Rao
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sandhya Bansal
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wen Xuan Law
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bing O’Dowd
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sergei A. Dikanov
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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37
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Choi SE, Jeon N, Choi HY, Shin JI, Jeong HJ, Lim BJ. Lysyl oxidase‑like 2 is expressed in kidney tissue and is associated with the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2477-2482. [PMID: 28677767 PMCID: PMC5548064 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a common end point of chronic kidney diseases, and preventing its progression is key to avoiding renal failure. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and associated molecules promote tubulointerstitial fibrosis; however, effective therapies targeting these molecules have yet to be developed. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), which is involved in invasive growth and metastasis of malignant neoplasms, has recently been reported to serve a key role in hepatic and pulmonary fibrosis. However, little is currently known regarding LOXL2 expression in the kidney and its involvement in tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The present study evaluated LOXL2 expression in human and mouse kidney tissues, as well as in cultured renal cells. LOXL2 protein expression was detected in glomerular capillary loops and tubular epithelial cells in human and mouse kidneys. Glomerular LOXL2 was localized to the cytoplasm of podocytes, as determined by double immunofluorescence microscopy using a podocyte marker (synaptopodin). This result was supported by western blot analysis, which demonstrated that LOXL2 protein expression is present in cultured human podocytes and HK-2 human proximal tubular cells. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of LOXL2 were higher in a mouse model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis compared with in control mice. In addition, immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that LOXL2 is present in the fibrous interstitium and infiltrating mononuclear cells in a mouse model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The present study demonstrated that LOXL2 is expressed in compartments of renal tissue, where it appears to contribute to the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Joo Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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38
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Wang V, Davis DA, Yarchoan R. Identification of functional hypoxia inducible factor response elements in the human lysyl oxidase gene promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28624448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a hypoxia-responsive gene whose product catalyzes collagen crosslinking and is thought to be important in cancer metastasis and osteoarthritis. We previously demonstrated that LOX was upregulated by hypoxia inducible factor 2 (HIF-2) more strongly than hypoxia inducible 1 (HIF-1). Here, we further investigated the response of the LOX gene and LOX promoter to HIFs. LOX mRNA, measured by real time reverse transcriptase-PCR, was strongly up-regulated (almost 40-fold), by transfection of HEK-293T cells with a plasmid encoding the HIF-2α subunit of HIF-2, but only three-fold by a plasmid encoding HIF-1α. LOX protein was detectable by Western blot of cells transfected with HIF-2α, but not with HIF-1α. Analysis of a 1487 bp promoter sequence upstream of the human LOX gene revealed 9 potential hypoxia response elements (HREs). Promoter truncation allowed the mapping of two previously unidentified functional HREs, called here HRE8 and HRE7; -455 to -451 and -382 to -386 bp, respectively, upstream of the start codon for LOX. Removal or mutation of these HREs led to a substantial reduction in both HIF-1α and HIF-2α responsiveness. Also, expression of LOX was significantly inhibited by a small molecule specific HIF-2 inhibitor. In conclusion, LOX is highly responsive to HIF-2α and this is largely mediated by two previously unidentified HREs. These observations enhance our understanding of the regulation of this important gene involved in cancer and osteoarthritis, and suggest that these conditions may be targeted by HIF-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wang
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David A Davis
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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39
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Cuevas EP, Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Santos V, Moreno-Bueno G, Cano A, Portillo F. LOXL2 drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition via activation of IRE1-XBP1 signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44988. [PMID: 28332555 PMCID: PMC5362953 DOI: 10.1038/srep44988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a key process contributing to the aggressiveness of cancer cells. EMT is triggered by activation of different transcription factors collectively known as EMT-TFs. Different cellular cues and cell signalling networks activate EMT at transcriptional and posttranscriptional level in different biological and pathological situations. Among them, overexpression of LOXL2 (lysyl oxidase-like 2) induces EMT independent of its catalytic activity. Remarkably, perinuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation of LOXL2 is a poor prognosis marker of squamous cell carcinomas and is associated to basal breast cancer metastasis by mechanisms no yet fully understood. Here, we report that overexpression of LOXL2 promotes its accumulation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum where it interacts with HSPA5 leading to activation of the IRE1-XBP1 signalling pathway of the ER-stress response. LOXL2-dependent IRE1-XBP1 activation induces the expression of several EMT-TFs: SNAI1, SNAI2, ZEB2 and TCF3 that are direct transcriptional targets of XBP1. Remarkably, inhibition of IRE1 blocks LOXL2-dependent upregulation of EMT-TFs thus hindering EMT induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Eraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Mazón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación MD Anderson International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Aumiller V, Strobel B, Romeike M, Schuler M, Stierstorfer BE, Kreuz S. Comparative analysis of lysyl oxidase (like) family members in pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:149. [PMID: 28273952 PMCID: PMC5428068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and stiffness are major driving forces for the development and persistence of fibrotic diseases. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like (LOXL) proteins play crucial roles in ECM remodeling due to their collagen crosslinking and intracellular functions. Here, we systematically investigated LOX/L expression in primary fibroblasts and epithelial cells under fibrotic conditions, Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung fibrosis and in human IPF tissue. Basal expression of all LOX/L family members was detected in epithelial cells and at higher levels in fibroblasts. Various pro-fibrotic stimuli broadly induced LOX/L expression in fibroblasts, whereas specific induction of LOXL2 and partially LOX was observed in epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissue from 14 IPF patients and healthy donors revealed strong induction of LOX and LOXL2 in bronchial and alveolar epithelium as well as fibroblastic foci. Using siRNA experiments we observed that LOXL2 and LOXL3 were crucial for fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT). As FMT could only be reconstituted with an enzymatically active LOXL2 variant, we conclude that LOXL2 enzymatic function is crucial for fibroblast transdifferentiation. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the LOX/L family in fibrotic lung disease and indicates prominent roles for LOXL2/3 in fibroblast activation and LOX/LOXL2 in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Aumiller
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Benjamin Strobel
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Merrit Romeike
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michael Schuler
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Birgit E Stierstorfer
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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Raghu G, Brown KK, Collard HR, Cottin V, Gibson KF, Kaner RJ, Lederer DJ, Martinez FJ, Noble PW, Song JW, Wells AU, Whelan TPM, Wuyts W, Moreau E, Patterson SD, Smith V, Bayly S, Chien JW, Gong Q, Zhang JJ, O'Riordan TG. Efficacy of simtuzumab versus placebo in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 2 trial. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2017; 5:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(16)30421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen Z, Li Y, Xu H, Ma F, Li J, Zhao L, Xu Y. Elevated ischaemia-associated lysyl oxidase activity in delayed graft failure 6-12 months after renal transplantation. Exp Physiol 2016; 102:282-287. [PMID: 28024102 DOI: 10.1113/ep085444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What potential biochemical changes are associated with renal parenchyma 6-12 months after renal transplantation and delayed graft failure? What is the main finding and its importance? Tissue fibrosis, mediated by tissue ischaemia-induced induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fibronectin and consequent activation of lysyl oxidase, is a major underlying pathophysiological mechanism that contributes to delayed graft failure several months after renal transplantation. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the potential biochemical changes associated with renal parenchyma 6-12 months after renal transplantation and delayed graft failure. Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor-β in these subjects always remained elevated. In addition, examination of tissue from needle biopsies confirmed that there were consistent changes in the enzyme lysyl oxidase, which functions as an amine oxidase, modifies lysine residues on collagen and cross-links in a process of modulation of the extracellular matrix. Parenchymal levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fibronectin were elevated, as detected by Western blotting. These findings indicate an ongoing ischaemic insult, which might result from increased tissue fibrosis or, in some cases, might be additive with pre-existing pathophysiological factors that constrain proper renal haemodynamics. Thus, increased lysyl oxidase activity, which we assayed, is a potential unfavourable mechanism occurring in these kidneys that are undergoing failure and probably causes increased fibrosis within the organ and causes ischaemia, renovascular hypertension and a cascade leading to renal dysfunction and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Fuzhe Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa city, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
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Meyer KC. Great expectations for simtuzumab in IPF fall short. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 5:2-3. [PMID: 27939077 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(16)30420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Meyer
- University of Wisconsin Lung Transplant and Advanced Lung Disease Program, Section of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, K4/910 Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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44
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Wang G, Shen Y, Cheng G, Bo H, Lin J, Zheng M, Li J, Zhao Y, Li W. Lysyl Oxidase Gene G473A Polymorphism and Cigarette Smoking in Association with a High Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a North Chinese Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E635. [PMID: 27367711 PMCID: PMC4962176 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship among the lysyl oxidase (LOX) G473A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), cigarette smoking and lung, colorectal, colon and rectum cancer susceptibility was studied in 200 cases of lung cancer, 335 cases of colorectal cancer including 130 cases of colon cancer and 205 cases of rectum cancer, and 335 healthy people in Tangshan, China. Peripheral blood DNA samples were collected, DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) performed, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. In comparison to LOX473GG genotype carriers, individuals with LOX473AA exhibited a higher susceptibility to lung, colon-rectum, colon, and rectum cancers with OR values amounting to 3.84-, 2.74-, 2.75-, and 2.74-fold of the control, respectively. In the LOX 473AA-positive population, females were more susceptible than males to carcinogenesis with OR values (female vs. male): 5.25 vs. 3.23, 2.29 vs. 1.51, 2.27 vs. 1.45, and 2.25 vs. 1.53, respectively, for lung, colon-rectum combined, colon, and rectum cancers. LOX G473A polymorphism apparently elevated human sensitivity to cigarette smoking carcinogens for eliciting cancers in the lung and colon only. Thus, LOX G473A polymorphism positively correlates with carcinogenesis and it may be used as an ideal intrinsic biomarker for prediction or diagnosis of carcinogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Wang
- The Collage of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Yanqing Shen
- The Collage of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Guang Cheng
- The Clinic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Haimei Bo
- The Clinic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Jia Lin
- The College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Maogen Zheng
- The Clinic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Jianmin Li
- The Clinic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Yinzhi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Wande Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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45
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Ricard-Blum S, Gondelaud F. [Shuttling from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus]. Biol Aujourdhui 2016; 210:37-44. [PMID: 27286579 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several enzymes secreted in the extracellular space, such as matrix metalloproteinases and lysyl oxidase, are internalized and translocated to the nucleus, where they may act as proteases and transcription factors to regulate gene expression and enhance apoptosis. Membrane proteoglycan syndecans, glycosaminoglycans and an anti-angiogenic matricryptin of collagen XVIII have also been identified in the nucleus. The nuclear entry of most extracellular proteins is likely mediated by nuclear localizing sequences. The molecular mechanisms of nuclear import, the physiopathological contexts, which induce it, and the biological roles played in vivo by extracellular proteins and proteoglycans are still underexplored.
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46
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Zahr AA, Salama ME, Carreau N, Tremblay D, Verstovsek S, Mesa R, Hoffman R, Mascarenhas J. Bone marrow fibrosis in myelofibrosis: pathogenesis, prognosis and targeted strategies. Haematologica 2016; 101:660-71. [PMID: 27252511 PMCID: PMC5013940 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.141283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow fibrosis is a central pathological feature and World Health Organization major diagnostic criterion of myelofibrosis. Although bone marrow fibrosis is seen in a variety of malignant and non-malignant disease states, the deposition of reticulin and collagen fibrosis in the bone marrow of patients with myelofibrosis is believed to be mediated by the myelofibrosis hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell, contributing to an impaired microenvironment favoring malignant over normal hematopoiesis. Increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, lysyl oxidase, transforming growth factor-β, impaired megakaryocyte function, and aberrant JAK-STAT signaling have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of bone marrow fibrosis. A number of studies indicate that bone marrow fibrosis is an adverse prognostic variable in myeloproliferative neoplasms. However, modern myelofibrosis prognostication systems utilized in risk-adapted treatment approaches do not include bone marrow fibrosis as a prognostic variable. The specific effect on bone marrow fibrosis of JAK2 inhibition, and other rationally based therapies currently being evaluated in myelofibrosis, has yet to be fully elucidated. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative therapeutic approach that reliably results in resolution of bone marrow fibrosis in patients with myelofibrosis. Here we review the pathogenesis, biological consequences, and prognostic impact of bone marrow fibrosis. We discuss the rationale of various anti-fibrogenic treatment strategies targeting the clonal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell, aberrant signaling pathways, fibrogenic cytokines, and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Abou Zahr
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed E Salama
- Associated Regional University Pathologists Laboratories, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicole Carreau
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas Tremblay
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruben Mesa
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald Hoffman
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Mascarenhas
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Grossman M, Ben-Chetrit N, Zhuravlev A, Afik R, Bassat E, Solomonov I, Yarden Y, Sagi I. Tumor Cell Invasion Can Be Blocked by Modulators of Collagen Fibril Alignment That Control Assembly of the Extracellular Matrix. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4249-58. [PMID: 27221706 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal architectures of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix (ECM) are hallmarks of many invasive diseases, including cancer. Targeting specific stages of collagen assembly in vivo presents a great challenge due to the involvement of various crosslinking enzymes in the multistep, hierarchical process of ECM build-up. Using advanced microscopic tools, we monitored stages of fibrillary collagen assembly in a native fibroblast-derived 3D matrix system and identified anti-lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) antibodies that alter the natural alignment and width of endogenic fibrillary collagens without affecting ECM composition. The disrupted collagen morphologies interfered with the adhesion and invasion properties of human breast cancer cells. Treatment of mice bearing breast cancer xenografts with the inhibitory antibodies resulted in disruption of the tumorigenic collagen superstructure and in reduction of primary tumor growth. Our approach could serve as a general methodology to identify novel therapeutics targeting fibrillary protein organization to treat ECM-associated pathologies. Cancer Res; 76(14); 4249-58. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Grossman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Chetrit
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alina Zhuravlev
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ran Afik
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elad Bassat
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inna Solomonov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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48
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Ray JG, Ranganathan K, Chattopadhyay A. Malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis: overview of histopathological aspects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:200-9. [PMID: 27422418 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), first described in 1952, is a potentially malignant disorder associated with betel quid and areca nut chewing, mostly prevalent in the population of the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia. Malignant transformation of OSF to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been estimated to be between 2% and 8%. Our study aimed to review the histopathologic changes that contribute to the understanding of the malignant transformation of OSF. Changes in epithelial thickness and dysplasia characterized by micronuclei, altered AgNOR counts and distribution, keratin protein alteration, and alteration of P63 and E-cadherin characterize the epithelial changes during the transformation of OSF to SCC. Common mechanisms have been proposed to be involved in OSF and SCC, through collagen maturation and their interaction with myofibroblasts and mast cells. Fibrosis-driven vascular constriction that results in epithelial hypoxia has also been proposed as an important mechanism for the malignant transformation of OSF. However, reassessment of the classical view is required, because with demonstration of large blood vasculature in the connective tissue stroma of OSF, the hypothesis associated with tissue hypoxia-induced malignant transformation of OSF can be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopal Ray
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kannan Ranganathan
- Professor and Head, Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amit Chattopadhyay
- Adj. Professor of Oral Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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49
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Influence of Immune Myeloid Cells on the Extracellular Matrix During Cancer Metastasis. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2016; 9:45-61. [PMID: 26956475 PMCID: PMC4842183 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-016-0181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the most important components within the tumor microenvironment that supports cancer development and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, the ECM is a tightly regulated network providing structural and biochemical support. However, the ECM becomes highly disorganized during neoplastic progression and consequently, stimulates cancer cell transformation, growth and spread. Cancer development and progression is also known to greatly benefit from the support of immune myeloid cells, which have multiple pro-tumorigenic functions including promoting tumor growth, migration and invasion, stimulating angiogenesis and suppressing anti-tumor responses. An increasing number of studies have shown that myeloid cells alter the ECM to support metastatic cancer progression and in turn, the ECM can influence the function of infiltrating myeloid cells. However, the exact nature of this relationship, such as the mechanisms employed and their molecular targets remains unclear. This review discusses evidence for the reciprocal dependence of myeloid cells and the tumor ECM for efficient tumor development and explores potential mechanisms involved in these interactions. A better understanding of this relationship has exciting implications for the development of new therapeutic treatments for metastatic cancer.
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50
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Insight On Colorectal Carcinoma Infiltration by Studying Perilesional Extracellular Matrix. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22522. [PMID: 26940881 PMCID: PMC4778019 DOI: 10.1038/srep22522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) from perilesional and colorectal carcinoma (CRC), but not healthy colon, sustains proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. We investigated the biochemical and physical diversity of ECM in pair-wised comparisons of healthy, perilesional and CRC specimens. Progressive linearization and degree of organization of fibrils was observed from healthy to perilesional and CRC ECM, and was associated with a steady increase of stiffness and collagen crosslinking. In the perilesional ECM these modifications coincided with increased vascularization, whereas in the neoplastic ECM they were associated with altered modulation of matrisome proteins, increased content of hydroxylated lysine and lysyl oxidase. This study identifies the increased stiffness and crosslinking of the perilesional ECM predisposing an environment suitable for CRC invasion as a phenomenon associated with vascularization. The increased stiffness of colon areas may represent a new predictive marker of desmoplastic region predisposing to invasion, thus offering new potential application for monitoring adenoma with invasive potential.
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