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Titova E, Shagieva G, Dugina V, Kopnin P. The Role of Aurora B Kinase in Normal and Cancer Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2054-2062. [PMID: 38462449 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are essential players in mammalian cell division. These kinases are involved in the regulation of spindle dynamics, microtubule-kinetochore interactions, and chromosome condensation and orientation during mitosis. At least three members of the Aurora family - Aurora kinases A, B, and C - have been identified in mammals. Aurora B is essential for maintaining genomic stability and normal cell division. Mutations and dysregulation of this kinase are implicated in tumor initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the functions of Aurora B, the relationship between increased Aurora B activity and carcinogenesis, and the prospects for the use of Aurora B kinase inhibitors in antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Titova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Galina Shagieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
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2
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Tomlinson L, Batchelor M, Sarsby J, Byrne DP, Brownridge PJ, Bayliss R, Eyers PA, Eyers CE. Exploring the Conformational Landscape and Stability of Aurora A Using Ion-Mobility Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Modeling. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:420-435. [PMID: 35099954 PMCID: PMC9007459 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase inhibitors are highly effective in treating diseases driven by aberrant kinase signaling and as chemical tools to help dissect the cellular roles of kinase signaling complexes. Evaluating the effects of binding of small molecule inhibitors on kinase conformational dynamics can assist in understanding both inhibition and resistance mechanisms. Using gas-phase ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), we characterize changes in the conformational landscape and stability of the protein kinase Aurora A (Aur A) driven by binding of the physiological activator TPX2 or small molecule inhibition. Aided by molecular modeling, we establish three major conformations, the relative abundances of which were dependent on the Aur A activation status: one highly populated compact conformer similar to that observed in most crystal structures, a second highly populated conformer possessing a more open structure infrequently found in crystal structures, and an additional low-abundance conformer not currently represented in the protein databank. Notably, inhibitor binding induces more compact configurations of Aur A, as adopted by the unbound enzyme, with both IM-MS and modeling revealing inhibitor-mediated stabilization of active Aur A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren
J. Tomlinson
- Centre
for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology,
Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
- Department
of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular
& Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Matthew Batchelor
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Joscelyn Sarsby
- Centre
for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology,
Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Dominic P. Byrne
- Department
of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular
& Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Brownridge
- Centre
for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology,
Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Patrick A. Eyers
- Department
of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular
& Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Claire E. Eyers
- Centre
for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology,
Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
- Department
of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular
& Integrative Biology, University of
Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
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Xiao J, Zhang Y. AURKB as a Promising Prognostic Biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Evol Bioinform Online 2021; 17:11769343211057589. [PMID: 34866894 PMCID: PMC8637395 DOI: 10.1177/11769343211057589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aurora kinases form a family of 3 genes encoding serine/threonine kinases and are involved in the regulation of cell division during the mitosis. This study was designed to investigate the prognostic role of Aurora kinases in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we analyzed the expression, overall survival (OS) data, promoter methylation level, and relationship with immunoinhibitors of Aurora kinases in patients with HCC from GEPIA2, UALCAN, OncoLnc, and TISIDB databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome pathway analysis were performed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. We found that the mRNA expression, stages of HCC, and OS of AURKA and AURKB in HCC tissues were significantly different from control tissues, but there were significant inconsistencies in promoter methylation level and relationship with immunoinhibitors for AURKA and AURKB. None of the above items were significantly different for AURKC. Furthermore, a hub module including AURKA, AURKB, and AURKC was identified within the PPI network constructed with the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plug-in in Cytoscape software. Our results show that AURKB could be a potential biomarker for HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xiao
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yingai Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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4
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Lester WC, Johnson T, Hale B, Serra N, Elgart B, Wang R, Geyer CB, Sperry AO. Aurora a kinase (AURKA) is required for male germline maintenance and regulates sperm motility in the mouse. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:1603-1616. [PMID: 34518881 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora A kinase (AURKA) is an important regulator of cell division and is required for assembly of the mitotic spindle. We recently reported the unusual finding that this mitotic kinase is also found on the sperm flagellum. To determine its requirement in spermatogenesis, we generated conditional knockout animals with deletion of the Aurka gene in either spermatogonia or spermatocytes to assess its role in mitotic and postmitotic cells, respectively. Deletion of Aurka in spermatogonia resulted in disappearance of all developing germ cells in the testis, as expected given its vital role in mitotic cell division. Deletion of Aurka in spermatocytes reduced testis size, sperm count, and fertility, indicating disruption of meiosis or an effect on spermiogenesis in developing mice. Interestingly, deletion of Aurka in spermatocytes increased apoptosis in spermatocytes along with an increase in the percentage of sperm with abnormal morphology. Despite the increase in abnormal sperm, sperm from spermatocyte Aurka knockout mice displayed increased progressive motility. In addition, sperm lysate prepared from Aurka knockout animals had decreased protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity. Together, our results show that AURKA plays multiple roles in spermatogenesis, from mitotic divisions of spermatogonia to sperm morphology and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Lester
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Brody School of Medicine
| | - Taylor Johnson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Brody School of Medicine.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, USA 27834
| | - Ben Hale
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Brody School of Medicine.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, USA 27834
| | - Nicholas Serra
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Brody School of Medicine.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, USA 27834
| | - Brian Elgart
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Brody School of Medicine
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Brody School of Medicine
| | - Christopher B Geyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Brody School of Medicine.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, USA 27834
| | - Ann O Sperry
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Brody School of Medicine
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Sankhe K, Prabhu A, Khan T. Design strategies, SAR, and mechanistic insight of Aurora kinase inhibitors in cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:73-93. [PMID: 33934503 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinases (AURKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that play a critical role during cell proliferation. Three isoforms of AURKs reported in mammals include AURKA, AURKB, AURKC, and all share a similar C-terminal catalytic domain with differences in their subcellular location, substrate specificity, and function. Recent research reports indicate an elevated expression of these kinases in several cancer types highlighting their role as oncogenes in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of AURKs is an attractive strategy to design potent inhibitors modulating this target. The last few years have witnessed immense research in the development of AURK inhibitors with few FDA approvals. The current clinical therapeutic regime in cancer is associated with severe side-effects and emerging resistance to existing drugs. This has been the key driver of research initiatives toward designing more potent drugs that can potentially circumvent the emerging resistance. This review is a comprehensive summary of recent research on AURK inhibitors and presents the development of scaffolds, their synthetic schemes, structure-activity relationships, biological activity, and enzyme inhibition potential. We hope to provide the reader with an array of scaffolds that can be selected for further research work and mechanistic studies in the development of new AURK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaksha Sankhe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Arati Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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6
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Aurora kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: Recent advances. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113495. [PMID: 34020340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases that play a crucial role in cell proliferation through the regulation of mitotic spindles. These kinases are the regulatory proteins localized in the various phases of the cell cycle and are involved in centrosome maturation, chromosome alignment, chromosomal segregation, and cytokinesis. They have emerged as one of the validated drug targets for anticancer drug discovery as their overexpression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various carcinomas. Inhibitors of Aurora kinases induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells. Hence, the design and development of Aurora kinase inhibitors have been widely explored in recent years by the scientific community as potential anticancer agents. Various Aurora kinase inhibitors have been under preclinical and clinical investigations as antitumor agents. This review summarizes the recent strategies of various researchers for the design and development of Aurora kinase inhibitors belonging to different structural classes. Their bioactivity, SARs, molecular modelling, and mechanistic studies have also been described. The comprehensive compilation of research work carried out in the field will provide inevitable scope for the design and development of novel drug candidates with better selectivity and efficacy. The review is constructed after the exhaustive research in this discipline and includes the papers from 2011 to 2020.
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Wellard SR, Schindler K, Jordan PW. Aurora B and C kinases regulate chromosome desynapsis and segregation during mouse and human spermatogenesis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248831. [PMID: 33172986 PMCID: PMC7725601 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of chromosome dynamics during meiosis is critical for fertility. A gametocyte undergoing meiosis coordinates formation of the synaptonemal complex (SC) to promote efficient homologous chromosome recombination. Subsequent disassembly of the SC occurs prior to segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. We examined the requirements of the mammalian Aurora kinases (AURKA, AURKB and AURKC) during SC disassembly and chromosome segregation using a combination of chemical inhibition and gene deletion approaches. We find that both mouse and human spermatocytes fail to disassemble SC lateral elements when the kinase activity of AURKB and AURKC are chemically inhibited. Interestingly, both Aurkb conditional knockout and Aurkc knockout mouse spermatocytes successfully progress through meiosis, and the mice are fertile. In contrast, Aurkb, Aurkc double knockout spermatocytes fail to coordinate disassembly of SC lateral elements with chromosome condensation and segregation, resulting in delayed meiotic progression. In addition, deletion of Aurkb and Aurkc leads to an accumulation of metaphase spermatocytes, chromosome missegregation and aberrant cytokinesis. Collectively, our data demonstrate that AURKB and AURKC functionally compensate for one another ensuring successful mammalian spermatogenesis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Wellard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karen Schindler
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Philip W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Liu X, Zou H, Zhao Y, Chen H, Liu T, Wu Z, Yang C, Li Q, Li Y. Tanshinone Inhibits NSCLC by Downregulating AURKA Through Let-7a-5p. Front Genet 2020; 11:838. [PMID: 32849824 PMCID: PMC7427477 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most deadly malignancy in the last decade, accounting for about 1.6 million deaths every year globally. Tanshinone is the constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza; it has been found that they influence tumorigenesis. However, the role of tanshinones on lung cancer is still not clear. Let-7a-5p, a short non-coding RNA, is regarded as a suppressor gene in tumorigenesis. Herein, we verified that let-7a-5p is significantly downregulated in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cell lines. Tanshinone suppressed the expression of aurora kinase A (AURKA), inhibited cell proliferation, and arrested cell cycle progression. Our results showed that tanshinones suppressed NSCLC by upregulating the expressions of let-7a-5p via directly targeting AURKA. Besides, the data reveal that the knockdown of AURKA can also inhibit cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle, and promote cell apoptosis. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that AURKA was negatively correlated with let-7a-5p in NSCLC patient tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest that tanshinone inhibits NSCLC by downregulating AURKA through let-7a-5p. Tanshinones and let-7a-5p have the potential to be candidates for drug development of NSCLC. In conclusion, this study revealed that tanshinones with miRNA linking lead to partial mechanism in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zou
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Zhao
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tanglin Liu
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zong Wu
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghao Yang
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Liao Y, Liao Y, Li J, Li J, Fan Y, Xu B. Polymorphisms in AURKA and AURKB are associated with the survival of triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3801-3808. [PMID: 30288111 PMCID: PMC6159783 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s174735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is more than a single disease. Identifying biomarkers to further subdivide TNBC patients with distinct outcome is of great importance. It has been reported that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Aurora kinase A (AURKA) or Aurora kinase B (AURKB) are associated with the risk and survival of several cancers. But till now, there is no research about these polymorphisms in TNBC patients. Materials and methods In this study, we investigated the association between polymorphisms in AURKA or AURKB gene and prognosis of TNBC patients treated with taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy. A total of 273 TNBC patients were enrolled. Haploview 4.2 software was used to identify Tag SNPs. Genotyping was conducted using the MassARRAY MALDI-TOF system. Results We found that AURKA rs6099128 GG genotype carriers had significantly worse overall survival (OS) than TT+ TG genotype carriers (P = 0.003, HR = 12.499, 95% CI = 2.357–66.298). AURKB rs11651993 TT genotype carriers had better disease-free survival (DFS) than TC + CC genotype carriers (P = 0.018, HR = 1.876, 95% CI = 1.116–3.154). AURKB rs2289590 CC genotype carriers had worse DFS than CA + AA genotype carriers (P = 0.021, HR = 0.536, 95% CI = 0.315–0.912). After subgroup analysis, rs11651993 TC + CC genotype predicted worse DFS in subgroups of age ≤ 50, post-menopausal, grade unknown (UK), tumor size >2 cm, and lymph node negative. Rs2289590 CA + AA genotype could predict favorable DFS in pre-menopausal, grade 3 and lymph node-positive patients. Conclusion We first demonstrated that polymorphisms in AURKA or AURKB gene might predict the OS or DFS of TNBC patients treated with taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Liao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulu Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Binghe Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China, ,
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Plumbagin inhibits the proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 6-10B cells by upregulation of reactive oxygen species. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:890-897. [PMID: 30119131 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plumbagin (PLB) is the primary component of the traditional Chinese medicine Baihua Dan, and possesses anti-infection and anticancer effects, with the ability to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation therapy. However, the anticancer effect of PLB on nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of PLB on nasopharyngeal carcinoma 6-10B cells and clarified its molecular mechanisms in vitro. The results showed that PLB was effective against 6-10B cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner by inducing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, our data showed that PLB induced reactive oxygen species accumulation, which inhibited the GSK3β/STAT3 pathway and arrested the G2/M phase. Therefore, our results provided new insight into the mechanism of the antitumor effects of PLB, supporting PLB as a prospective therapeutic drug in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by modulating intracellular redox balance.
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Law S, Sanyal S, Chatterjee R, Law A, Law A, Chattopadhyay S. Therapeutic management of peritoneal ascitic sarcomatosis by Ruta graveolens: A study in experimental mice. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1282-1290. [PMID: 30025594 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RELEVANCE Malignant peritoneal sarcomatosis related ascitic formation often leads to grave consequences but the therapeutic management of the fatal pathophysiological condition remains a rarely discussed issue. The present study investigates the anti-neoplastic activity of the plant alkaloid from Ruta graveolens on ascitic Sarcoma-180 bearing mice as a model of human malignant peritoneal ascites. MATERIALS AND METHODS The efficacy of the loco-regional administration of Ruta graveolens on tumour cells was explored with cytopathological and cytotoxicological studies, along with the expressional modulation vital regulatory molecules viz. Chk2, c-Myc, CD95 and Aurora kinase. RESULTS The study revealed a series of anti-neoplastic events exerted by Ruta graveolens that included the boosting of anti-tumour immunity, generation of tumour cell cytotoxicity and disruption of cellular energetics which lead to the induction of apoptosis and simultaneous impairment of cell division in tumour cells. Expressional decline of c-Myc oncoproteins and mitosis promoter Aurora kinase A together with up regulation of vital tumour suppressor Chk-2 and apoptosis inducer CD 95 in ascitic tumour cells was also found to be associated with Ruta administration. CONCLUSION Our observations revealed that loco-regional Ruta administration resulted in the anti-neoplastic effect on peritoneal sarcoma related ascites and the alteration of vital regulatory molecules which depicted the therapeutic utility of Ruta in the management of peritoneal malignant ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Law
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West-Bengal, India.
| | - Shalini Sanyal
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West-Bengal, India
| | - Ritam Chatterjee
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West-Bengal, India
| | - Atrayo Law
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West-Bengal, India
| | - Aditya Law
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West-Bengal, India
| | - Sukalpa Chattopadhyay
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West-Bengal, India
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12
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Li L, Song Y, Liu Q, Liu X, Wang R, Kang C, Zhang Q. Low expression of PTEN is essential for maintenance of a malignant state in human gastric adenocarcinoma via upregulation of p‑AURKA mediated by activation of AURKA. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:3629-3641. [PMID: 29512701 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma remains a life‑threatening disease, emphasizing the importance of gaining an improved understanding of signaling pathways involved in this disease, which can lead to the development of novel therapeutic methods targeting common molecular pathways shared across different types of gastric adenocarcinoma. The present study revealed phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and aurora kinase A (AURKA) gene alterations, which were involved in changes in the phenotypes of gastric cancer cells, including increased proliferation by cell counting kit‑8 assay and invasion capacity by Transwell invasion assay, and predicted survival rates by KM Plotter database in gastric cancer. The present study investigated the association between PTEN and AURKA. Western blotting revealed that phosphorylated (p)-AURKA correlated with two target genes, PTEN and AURKA. The downregulation of PTEN by small interfering (si)RNA not only increased the expression of AURKA at the mRNA and protein levels by western blotting and by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, but also increased the expression of p‑AURKA by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. In addition, western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR revealed that the downregulation of AURKA affected the expression level of PTEN. Furthermore, PTEN suppressed the malignant phenotypic changes of gastric adenocarcinoma cells by regulating the expression of AURKA inhibited by p‑AURKA, suggesting that p‑AURKA may be the key mediator of the PTEN‑associated activation of AURKA and may be key in maintaining the PTEN‑induced malignant state of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. This hypothesis was confirmed by western blotting, and changes were observed in the protein expression of p‑AURKA and AURKA under conditions in which cells were treated with either MLN8237 or si‑PTEN transfection only, or with si‑PTEN transfection and MLN8237. Knockdown of the expression of PTEN altered the expression of p‑AKT, p‑glycogen synthase kinase 3β and β‑catenin, which are genes that have been reported to be involved in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. The present study confirmed that p‑AURKA is important in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma and revealed a novel functional link between PTEN, AURKA and p‑AURKA activation. The results also suggest a novel drug design strategy in targeting PTEN and AURKA for more specific gastric cancer cell death that spares normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yue Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Tang A, Gao K, Chu L, Zhang R, Yang J, Zheng J. Aurora kinases: novel therapy targets in cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23937-23954. [PMID: 28147341 PMCID: PMC5410356 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinases, a family of serine/threonine kinases, consisting of Aurora A (AURKA), Aurora B (AURKB) and Aurora C (AURKC), are essential kinases for cell division via regulating mitosis especially the process of chromosomal segregation. Besides regulating mitosis, Aurora kinases have been implicated in regulating meiosis. The deletion of Aurora kinases could lead to failure of cell division and impair the embryonic development. Overexpression or gene amplification of Aurora kinases has been clarified in a number of cancers. And a growing number of studies have demonstrated that inhibition of Aurora kinases could potentiate the effect of chemotherapies. For the past decades, a series of Aurora kinases inhibitors (AKIs) developed effectively repress the progression and growth of many cancers both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that Aurora kinases could be a novel therapeutic target. In this review, we'll first briefly present the structure, localization and physiological functions of Aurora kinases in mitosis, then describe the oncogenic role of Aurora kinases in tumorigenesis, we shall finally discuss the outcomes of AKIs combination with conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqun Tang
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keyu Gao
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laili Chu
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Late mitotic functions of Aurora kinases. Chromosoma 2016; 126:93-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kanhed AM, Dash RC, Parmar N, Das TK, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Benzo[e]pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]diazepin-6(11H)-one derivatives as Aurora A kinase inhibitors: LQTA-QSAR analysis and detailed systematic validation of the developed model. Mol Divers 2015; 19:965-74. [PMID: 26183841 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are sub-divided into Aurora A, Aurora B, and Aurora C kinases that are considered as prospective targets for a new class of anticancer drugs. In this work, a 4-D-QSAR model using an LQTA-QSAR approach with previously reported 31 derivatives of benzo[e]pyrimido[5,4 -b][1,4]diazepin -6(11H)-one as potent Aurora kinase A inhibitors has been created. Instead of single conformation, the conformational ensemble profile generated for each ligand by using trajectories and topology information retrieved from molecular dynamics simulations from GROMACS package were aligned and used for the calculation of intermolecular interaction energies at each grid point. The descriptors generated on the basis of these Coulomb and Lennard-Jones potentials as independent variables were used to perform a PLS analysis using biological activity as dependent variable. A good predictive model was generated with nine field descriptors and five latent variables. The model showed [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. This model was further validated systematically by using different validation parameters. This 4D-QSAR model gave valuable information to recognize features essential to adapt and develop novel potential Aurora kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish M Kanhed
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Radha Charan Dash
- Visiting Research Associate to Pharmacy Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Nishant Parmar
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Das
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Rajani Giridhar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India.
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Abstract
In 2007, three scientists, Drs. Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans, and Oliver Smithies, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions of introducing specific gene modifications into mice. This technology, commonly referred to as gene targeting or knockout, has proven to be a powerful means for precisely manipulating the mammalian genome and has generated great impacts on virtually all phases of mammalian biology and basic biomedical research. Of note, germline mutations of many genes, especially tumor suppressors, often result in lethality during embryonic development or at developmental stages before tumor formation. This obstacle has been effectively overcome by the use of conditional knockout technology in conjunction with Cre-LoxP- or Flp-Frt-mediated temporal and/or spatial systems to generate genetic switches for precise DNA recombination. Currently, numerous conditional knockout mouse models have been successfully generated and applied in studying tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review summarizes some conditional mutant mouse models that are widely used in cancer research and our understanding of the possible mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Nakagawa C, Kawakita A, Fukada T, Sugimoto K. Live-cell imaging of HP1α throughout the cell cycle of mouse C3H10T1/2 cells and rhythmical flickering of heterochromatin dots in interphase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:556-64. [PMID: 25036950 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.893184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterochromatin protein 1 alpha (HP1α) localizes to heterochromatin in interphase and shows dynamic molecular behavior in living cells. We previously reported that during mitosis, the majority of HP1α diffused into the cytoplasm but some remained in centromere heterochromatin. Here, we further characterize the molecular behavior of HP1α throughout the cell cycle. Time-lapse imaging of DsRed-HP1α through two successive cell divisions indicated that interphase can be divided into four phases. HP1α forms heterochromatin dots in early G1, which are maintained without any apparent changes (Phase 1). However, the HP1α dots begin to diffuse into the nucleoplasm and start flickering with a rhythmical cycle (Phase 2). Then, the HP1α dots diffuse further towards the periphery of the nucleus (Phase 3), and uniformly diffuse throughout the entire nucleus (Phase 4). Rhythmical flickering of HP1α dots in the middle of interphase may be useful for following cell cycle progression in mouse living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Nakagawa
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cell Informatics, Division of Bioscience and Informatics , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
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A Multi-Fluorescent MDA435 Cell Line for Mitosis Inhibitor Studies: Simultaneous Visualization of Chromatin, Microtubules, and Nuclear Envelope in Living Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2603-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xu X, Xiao J, Wei S, Xie X, Huang Y, Tian X, Wang C. Relationship between expression of Aurka and clinicopathological characteristics in gastric cancer patients. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.64036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Chen TC, Liu YW, Huang YH, Yeh YC, Chou TY, Wu YC, Wu CC, Chen YR, Cheng HC, Lu PJ, Lai JM, Huang CYF. Protein phosphorylation profiling using an in situ proximity ligation assay: phosphorylation of AURKA-elicited EGFR-Thr654 and EGFR-Ser1046 in lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55657. [PMID: 23520446 PMCID: PMC3592865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is up-regulated in lung cancer, involves the activation of mitogenic signals and triggers multiple signaling cascades. To dissect these EGFR cascades, we used 14 different phospho-EGFR antibodies to quantify protein phosphorylation using an in situ proximity ligation assay (in situ PLA). Phosphorylation at EGFR-Thr654 and -Ser1046 was EGF-dependent in the wild-type (WT) receptor but EGF-independent in a cell line carrying the EGFR-L858R mutation. Using a ProtoAarray™ containing ∼5000 recombinant proteins on the protein chip, we found that AURKA interacted with the EGFR-L861Q mutant. Moreover, overexpression of EGFR could form a complex with AURKA, and the inhibitors of AURKA and EGFR decreased EGFR-Thr654 and -Ser1046 phosphorylation. Immunohistochemical staining of stage I lung adenocarcinoma tissues demonstrated a positive correlation between AURKA expression and phosphorylation of EGFR at Thr654 and Ser1046 in EGFR-mutant specimens, but not in EGFR-WT specimens. The interplay between EGFR and AURKA provides an explanation for the difference in EGF dependency between EGFR-WT and EGFR-mutant cells and may provide a new therapeutic strategy for lung cancer patients carrying EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chi Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yei-Hsuan Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Yeh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ying Chou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Wu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rong Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chuan Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Mei Lai
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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A rapid and simple method of evaluating the dimeric tendency of fluorescent proteins in living cells using a truncated protein of importin α as fusion tag. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:388-90. [PMID: 22313767 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and its yellow variant (Venus) are weakly dimeric under physiological conditions. We designed a simple method to evaluate the dimeric tendency of fluorescent proteins in living mammalian cells. A novel single mutation, A206L, interfering with the hydrophobic interactions of the dimer interface in Venus, contributed to its monomerization, and was as effective as the A206K mutation in this assay.
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Improvement of a Venus-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay to visualize bFos-bJun interaction in living cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:1399-401. [PMID: 21737916 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay makes it possible to visualize protein-protein interactions in living cells. In this assay, Venus, a bright-yellow variant of green fluorescent protein, is known to produce fluorescent backgrounds due to non-specific interactions. In this study we found that the V150A mutation increased by 8.6-fold the signal-to-noise ratio in the BiFC assay of bFos-bJun interaction.
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Avo Santos M, van de Werken C, de Vries M, Jahr H, Vromans MJM, Laven JSE, Fauser BC, Kops GJ, Lens SM, Baart EB. A role for Aurora C in the chromosomal passenger complex during human preimplantation embryo development. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1868-81. [PMID: 21493633 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Avo Santos
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Yasui M, Koyama N, Koizumi T, Senda-Murata K, Takashima Y, Hayashi M, Sugimoto K, Honma M. Live cell imaging of micronucleus formation and development. Mutat Res 2010; 692:12-18. [PMID: 20691709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) test is widely used to biomonitor humans exposed to clastogens and aneugens, but little is known about MN development. Here we used confocal time-lapse imaging and a fluorescent human lymphoblastoid cell line (T105GTCH), in which histone H3 and α-tubulin stained differentially, to record the emergence and behavior of micronuclei (MNi) in cells exposed to MN-inducing agents. In mitomycin C (MMC)-treated cells, MNi originated in early anaphase from lagging chromosome fragments just after chromosome segregation. In γ-ray-treated cells showing multipolar cell division, MN originated in late anaphase from lagging chromosome fragments generated by the abnormal cell division associated with supernumerary centrosomes. In vincristine(VC)-treated cells, MN formation was similar to that in MMC-treated cells, but MNi were also derived from whole chromosomes that did not align properly on the metaphase plate. Thus, the MN formation process induced by MMC, γ-rays, and VC, were strikingly different, suggesting that different mechanisms were involved. MN stability, however, was similar regardless of the treatment and unrelated to MN formation mechanisms. MNi were stable in daughter cells, and MN-harboring cells tended to die during cell cycle progression with greater frequency than cells without MN. Because of their persistence, MN may have significant impact on cells, causing genomic instability and abnormally transcribed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yasui
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Ciciarello M, Roscioli E, Di Fiore B, Di Francesco L, Sobrero F, Bernard D, Mangiacasale R, Harel A, Schininà ME, Lavia P. Nuclear reformation after mitosis requires downregulation of the Ran GTPase effector RanBP1 in mammalian cells. Chromosoma 2010; 119:651-68. [PMID: 20658144 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-010-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The GTPase Ran regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport in interphase and spindle organisation in mitosis via effectors of the importin beta superfamily. Ran-binding protein 1 (RanBP1) regulates guanine nucleotide turnover on Ran, as well as its interactions with effectors. Unlike other Ran network members that are steadily expressed, RanBP1 abundance is modulated during the mammalian cell cycle, peaking in mitosis and declining at mitotic exit. Here, we show that RanBP1 downregulation takes place in mid to late telophase, concomitant with the reformation of nuclei. Mild RanBP1 overexpression in murine cells causes RanBP1 to persist in late mitosis and hinders a set of events underlying the telophase to interphase transition, including chromatin decondensation, nuclear expansion and nuclear lamina reorganisation. Moreover, the reorganisation of nuclear pores fails associated with defective nuclear relocalisation of NLS cargoes. Co-expression of importin beta, together with RanBP1, however mitigates these defects. Thus, RanBP1 downregulation is required for nuclear reorganisation pathways operated by importin beta after mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Ciciarello
- CNR National Research Council, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, c/o Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
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Sugimoto K, Tone S. Imaging of mitotic cell division and apoptotic intra-nuclear processes in multicolor. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 591:135-146. [PMID: 19957128 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-404-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To follow the cell division cycle in the living state, certain biological activity or morphological changes must be monitored keeping the cells intact. Mitotic events from prophase to telophase are well defined by morphology or movement of chromatin, nuclear envelope, centrosomes, and/or spindles. To paint or simultaneously visualize these mitotic subcellular structures, we have been using ECFP-histone H3 for chromatin and chromosomes, EGFP-Aurora-A for centrosomes and kinetochore spindles and DsRed-fused truncated peptide of importin alpha for the outer surface of nuclear envelope as living cell markers. Time-lapse images from prophase through to early G1 phase can be obtained by constructing a triple-fluorescent cell line (Sugimoto et al., Cell Struct. Funct. 27, 457-467, 2002). Here, we describe the multicolor imaging of mitosis of a human breast cancer cell line, MDA435, and a further application to characterizing the apoptotic chromatin condensation process in isolated nuclei by simultaneously visualizing kinetochores with EGFP and chromatin with a fluorescent dye, SYTO 59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugimoto
- Live Cell Imaging Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Cheung CHA, Coumar MS, Hsieh HP, Chang JY. Aurora kinase inhibitors in preclinical and clinical testing. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:379-98. [PMID: 19335272 DOI: 10.1517/13543780902806392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitosis is a key step in the cell cycle governing the distribution of genetic material to the daughter cells. Any aberration in this process could lead to genomic instability. Aurora A, B and C, are members of the serine/threonine kinase family. Aurora kinases are essential for spindle assembly, centrosome maturation, chromosomal segregation and cytokinesis during mitosis. Abnormalities in the mitotic process through overexpression/amplification of aurora kinase have been linked to genomic instability leading to tumorigenesis. Hence, use of aurora kinase small molecule inhibitors as potential molecular-targeted therapeutic intervention for cancer is being pursued by various researchers. OBJECTIVE To review the literature of aurora kinase inhibitors in clinical and preclinical testing. METHOD Pubmed, Scifinder and (www.clinicaltrials.gov) databases were used to search the literature for aurora kinase. CONCLUSION/RESULTS: Approximately 13 aurora kinase inhibitors are under Phase I/II evaluation at present for various cancers of different origins; and several others are in preclinical testing. Details of their preclinical/clinical results and important considerations for future aurora kinase inhibitor development are discussed. Considering the fact that aurora kinase plays an important role in the mitosis process and is involved in tumorigenesis, development of aurora kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer, either as a single agent or in combination with existing cancer treatment is warranted.
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Visualization of aberrant perinuclear microtubule aster organization by microtubule-destabilizing agents. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:1192-6. [PMID: 19420700 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To analyze aberrant spindle formation by microtubule-targeting drugs, live cell imaging was performed using multi-fluorescent human MDA-MB-435 cells in which several spindle components were visualized. Time-lapse images revealed that nocodazole and vinblastine induced additional perinuclear asters at the onset of mitosis. These results imply that these drugs stimulate the microtubule-organizing activity, despite their microtubule-destabilizing properties.
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Hasan K, Cheung C, Kaul Z, Shah N, Sakaushi S, Sugimoto K, Oka S, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. CARF Is a vital dual regulator of cellular senescence and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1664-72. [PMID: 19001376 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805778200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein, p53, is central to the pathways that monitor the stress, DNA damage repair, cell cycle, aging, and cancer. Highly complex p53 networks involving its upstream sensors and regulators, downstream effectors and regulatory feedback loops have been identified. CARF (Collaborator of ARF) was shown to enhance ARF-dependent and -independent wild-type p53 function. Here we report that (i) CARF overexpression causes premature senescence of human fibroblasts, (ii) it is vital for replicative and stress-induced senescence, and (iii) the lack of CARF function causes aneuploidy and apoptosis. We provide evidence that CARF plays a dual role in regulating p53-mediated senescence and apoptosis, the two major tumor suppressor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Hasan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
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Sugimoto K, Senda-Murata K, Oka S. Construction of three quadruple-fluorescent MDA435 cell lines that enable monitoring of the whole chromosome segregation process in the living state. Mutat Res 2008; 657:56-62. [PMID: 18778791 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic events from prophase to telophase are defined by morphology or movement of chromatin, nuclear envelope, centrosomes and spindles. Live-cell imaging is useful for characterizing the whole chromosome segregation process in the living state. In this study, we constructed three quadruple-fluorescent MDA435 cell lines in which chromatin, kinetochores, nuclear envelope and either inner centromere, microtubules or centrosomes/spindles were differentially visualized with cyan, green, orange and red fluorescent proteins (ECFP, EGFP, mKO and DsRed). Each mitotic stage of the individual cells could be identified by capturing live-cell images without the requirement of fixing or staining steps. In addition, we obtained four-color time-lapse images of one cell line, MDA-Auro/imp/H3/AF, from prophase to metaphase and from early anaphase to telophase. These quadruple-fluorescent cell lines will be useful for precisely analyzing the mitotic events from prophase through to telophase in single cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugimoto
- Live Cell Imaging Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Dictyostelium Aurora kinase has properties of both Aurora A and Aurora B kinases. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:894-905. [PMID: 18326585 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00422-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are highly conserved proteins with important roles in mitosis. Metazoans contain two kinases, Aurora A and B, which contribute distinct functions at the spindle poles and the equatorial region respectively. It is not currently known whether the specialized functions of the two kinases arose after their duplication in animal cells or were already present in their ancestral kinase. We show that Dictyostelium discoideum contains a single Aurora kinase, DdAurora, that displays characteristics of both Aurora A and B. Like Aurora A, DdAurora has an extended N-terminal domain with an A-box sequence and localizes at the spindle poles during early mitosis. Like Aurora B, DdAurora binds to its partner DdINCENP and localizes on centromeres at metaphase, the central spindle during anaphase, and the cleavage furrow at the end of cytokinesis. DdAurora also has several unusual properties. DdAurora remains associated with centromeres in anaphase, and this association does not require an interaction with DdINCENP. DdAurora then localizes at the cleavage furrow, but only at the end of cytokinesis. This localization is dependent on DdINCENP and the motor proteins Kif12 and myosin II. Thus, DdAurora may represent the ancestral kinase that gave rise to the different Aurora kinases in animals and also those in other organisms.
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Sakaushi S, Inoue K, Zushi H, Senda-Murata K, Fukada T, Oka S, Sugimoto K. Dynamic behavior of FCHO1 revealed by live-cell imaging microscopy: its possible involvement in clathrin-coated vesicle formation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:1764-8. [PMID: 17617719 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular behavior of human FCHO1 protein was investigated by live-cell imaging microscopy. The fluorescence intensity of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-FCHO1 fluctuated periodically in a perinuclear region approximately every 100 s, reminding us of the periodic fluctuations of clathrin reported in our recent work. The periodicity of FCHO1 was temporally correlated with that of clathrin, suggesting that FCHO1 is involved in clathrin-coated vesicle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakaushi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cell Informatics, Division of Bioscience and Informatics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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Sakaushi S, Nishida K, Minamikawa H, Fukada T, Oka S, Sugimoto K. Live imaging of spindle pole disorganization in docetaxel-treated multicolor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:655-60. [PMID: 17448447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cells with docetaxel at low concentrations induces aberrant bipolar spindles of which two centrosomes stay at only one pole, and also induces multipolar spindles. To gain insight into the relations between centrosome impairment and structural defects of the spindle, live-cell imaging was performed on a human MDA Auro/imp/H3 cell line in which centrosomes/mitotic spindles, nuclear membrane and chromatin were simultaneously visualized by fluorescent proteins. In the presence of docetaxel at IC(50) concentration, the centrosomes did not segregate, and multiple aster-like structures ectopically arose around the disappearing nuclear membrane. Those ectopic structures formed an acentrosomal pole opposing to the two-centrosomes-containing pole. In late metaphase, one pole often fragmented into multiple spindle poles, leading multipolar division. These results suggest that spindle pole fragility may be induced by centrosome impairment, and collapse of the pole may contribute to induction of aneuploid daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakaushi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cell Informatics, Division of Bioscience and Informatics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Tsuno T, Natsume A, Katsumata S, Mizuno M, Fujita M, Osawa H, Nakahara N, Wakabayashi T, Satoh YI, Inagaki M, Yoshida J. Inhibition of Aurora-B function increases formation of multinucleated cells in p53 gene deficient cells and enhances anti-tumor effect of temozolomide in human glioma cells. J Neurooncol 2007; 83:249-58. [PMID: 17570035 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is an elemental process, and mainly consists of chromosome segregation and subsequent cytokinesis. Some errors in this process have the possibility of leading to carcinogenesis. Aurora-B is known as a chromosomal passenger protein that regulates cell division. In our previous studies of giant cell glioblastoma, we reported that multinucleated giant cells resulted from aberrations in cytokinesis with intact nuclear division occurring in the early mitotic phase, probably due to Aurora-B dysfunction. In this study, as we determined p53 gene mutation occurring in multinucleated giant cell glioblastoma, we investigated the role of Aurora-B in formation of multinucleated cells in human neoplasm cells with various p53 statuses as well as cytotoxity of glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ), a common oral alkylating agent used in the treatment of gliomas. The inhibition of Aurora-B function by small-interfering (si)RNA led to an increase in the number of multinucleated cells and the ratios of G2/M phase in p53-mutant and p53-null cells, but not in p53-wild cells or the cells transduced adenovirally with wild-p53. The combination of TMZ and Aurora-B-siRNA remarkably inhibited the cell viability of TMZ-resistant glioma cells. Accordingly, our results suggested that Aurora-B dysfunction increases in the appearance of multinucleated cells in p53 gene deficient cells, and TMZ treatment in combination with the inhibition of Aurora-B function may become a potential therapy against p53 gene deficient and chemotherapeutic-resistant human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Tsuno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Sakaushi S, Senda-Murata K, Fukada T, Oka S, Sugimoto K. Rhythmic cycle of clathrin-coated pit formation at the trans-golgi network in human MDA-MB-435 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:571-4. [PMID: 17284835 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We studied the in vivo dynamics of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged clathrin light chain a (GFP-CLCa) at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in MDA-MB-435 cells. The intensity of fluorescence signals of GFP-CLCa periodically increased and decreased at the TGN approximately every 100 s. This suggests that the formation of clathrin-coated pits occurs synchronously and periodically at the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakaushi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cell Informatics, Division of Bioscience and Informatics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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Ohfuchi E, Kato M, Sasaki M, Sugimoto K, Oma Y, Harata M. Vertebrate Arp6, a novel nuclear actin-related protein, interacts with heterochromatin protein 1. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:411-21. [PMID: 16487625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2005] [Revised: 12/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-related proteins (Arps) were recently shown to contribute to the organization and regulation of chromatin structures. The nuclear functions of Arps have been investigated principally in budding yeast in which six of the ten Arp subfamilies are localized in the nucleus. In vertebrates, only two isoforms of Arp4 have so far been identified as showing localization to the nucleus. Here we show the predominant nuclear localization of another Arp subfamily, Arp6, in vertebrate cells. Vertebrate Arp6 directly interacted with heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) orthologs and the two proteins colocalized in pericentric heterochromatin. Yeast Arp6 is involved in telomere silencing, while Drosophila Arp6 is localized in the pericentric heterochromatin. Our data strongly suggest that Arp6 has an evolutionarily conserved role in heterochromatin formation and also provide new insights into the molecular organization of heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ohfuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Kawabe A, Matsunaga S, Nakagawa K, Kurihara D, Yoneda A, Hasezawa S, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Characterization of plant Aurora kinases during mitosis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 58:1-13. [PMID: 16028112 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-3454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Aurora kinase family is a well-characterized serine/threonine protein kinase family that regulates different processes of mitotic events. Although functions of animal and yeast Aurora kinases have been analyzed, plant aurora kinases were not identified and characterized. We identified three Aurora kinase orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana and designated these as AtAUR1, AtAUR2, and AtAUR3. These AtAURs could phosphorylate serine 10 in histone H3, in vitro. Dynamic analyses of GFP-fused AtAUR proteins revealed that AtAUR1 and AtAUR2 localized at the nuclear membrane in interphase and located in mitotic spindles during cell division. AtAUR1 also localized in the cell plates. AtAUR3 showed dot-like distribution on condensed chromosomes at prophase and then localized at the metaphase plate. At late anaphase, AtAUR3 is evenly localized on chromosomes. The localization of AtAUR3 during mitosis is very similar to that of phosphorylated histone H3. Interestingly, an overexpression of AtAUR3 induces disassembly of spindle microtubules and alteration of orientation of cell division. Our results indicate that plant Aurora kinases have different characters from that of Aurora kinases of other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Li X, Sakashita G, Matsuzaki H, Sugimoto K, Kimura K, Hanaoka F, Taniguchi H, Furukawa K, Urano T. Direct Association with Inner Centromere Protein (INCENP) Activates the Novel Chromosomal Passenger Protein, Aurora-C. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:47201-11. [PMID: 15316025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403029200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A family of serine/threonine kinase Aurora constitutes a key regulator in the orchestration of mitotic events. The human Aurora paralogues Aurora-A, Aurora-B, and Aurora-C have a highly conserved catalytic domain. Extensive studies on the role of Aurora-A and Aurora-B have revealed distinct localizations and functions in regulating mitotic processes, whereas little is known about Aurora-C. The present study shows that human Aurora-C is a chromosomal passenger protein that forms complexes with Aurora-B and inner centromere protein (INCENP), which are known passenger proteins. We show that INCENP binds and activates Aurora-C in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, Aurora-C co-expressed with INCENP elicits the phosphorylation of endogenous histone H3 in mammalian cells, even though this phosphorylation is not sufficient to establish chromosome condensation in interphase cells. We therefore suggest that Aurora-C is a novel chromosomal passenger protein that cooperates with Aurora-B to regulate mitotic chromosome dynamics in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550.
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Maruyama M, Nishio T, Yoshida T, Ishida C, Ishida K, Watanabe Y, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Simultaneous detection of DsRed2-tagged and EGFP-tagged human beta-interferons in the same single cells. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93:497-502. [PMID: 15372621 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The red fluorescent protein DsRed2 is a useful fusion tag for various proteins, together with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). These chromoproteins have spectral properties that allow simultaneous distinctive detection of tagged proteins in the same single cells by dual color imaging. We used them for tagging a secretory protein, human interferon-beta (IFN-beta). Expression plasmids for human IFN-beta tagged with DsRed2 or with EGFP at the carboxyl terminal were constructed and their coexpression was examined in Mardin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. Although maturation of DsRed2 for coloration was slow and the color intensity was weak compared with EGFP, low temperature treatment (20 degrees C) allowed DsRed2-tagged human IFN-beta to be detected in the cells using color imaging. Consequently, the two chimeric proteins were shown to be colocalized in the same single cells by dual color confocal microscopy. This approach will be useful for investigating subcellular localization of not only cell resident proteins but also secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Carmena
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimura
- Horizontal Medical Research Organization, School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8510, Japan
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