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Ben-Eltriki M, Shankar G, Tomlinson Guns ES, Deb S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Rh2 and aPPD ginsenosides in prostate cancer: a drug interaction perspective. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 92:419-437. [PMID: 37709921 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 and its aglycon (aPPD) are one of the major metabolites from Panax ginseng. Preclinical studies suggest that Rh2 and aPPD have antitumor effects in prostate cancer (PCa). Our aims in this review are (1) to describe the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Rh2 and aPPD ginsenosides; 2) to provide an overview of the preclinical findings on the use of Rh2 and aPPD in the treatment of PCa; and (3) to highlight the mechanisms of its PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug interactions. Increasing evidence points to the potential efficacy of Rh2 or aPPD for PCa treatment. Based on the laboratory studies, Rh2 or aPPD combinations revealed an additive or synergistic interaction or enhanced sensitivity of anticancer drugs toward PCa. This review reveals that enhanced anticancer activities were demonstrated in preclinical studies through interactions of Rh2 and/or aPPD with the proteins related to PK (e.g., cytochrome P450 enzymes, transporters) or PD of the other anticancer drugs or PCa signaling pathways. In conclusion, combining Rh2 or aPPD with anti-prostate cancer drugs leads to PK or PD interactions which could facilitate either therapeutically beneficial or toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ben-Eltriki
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada.
- Cochrane Hypertension Review Group, Therapeutic Initiative, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Community Pharmacist, Vancouver Area, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Gehana Shankar
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Emma S Tomlinson Guns
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Subrata Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, 33169, USA.
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2
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Lee SJ, In G, Lee JW, Shin KS. Elucidation of the microstructure of an immuno-stimulatory polysaccharide purified from Korean red ginseng using sequential hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:13-22. [PMID: 34242646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the structural characteristics of polysaccharides from natural sources is generally difficult owing to their structural complexity and heterogeneity. In our previous study, an immuno-stimulatory polysaccharide (RGP-AP-I) was isolated from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The present study aims to elucidate the structural characteristics of RGP-AP-I. Sequential enzyme hydrolysis was performed using four specific glycosylases, and chemical cleavage via β-elimination was carried out to determine the fine structure of RGP-AP-I. The degraded fragments were chemically identified using various chromatographic and spectrometric analyses, including HPLC-UVD, GC-MS, and tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicated that RGP-AP-I comprises a rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) backbone with repeating disaccharide units [→2)-Rhap-(1 → 4)-GalAp-(1→] and three side chains substituted at the C(O)4 position of the rhamnose residue in the backbone. The three side chains were identified as a highly branched α-(1 → 5)-arabinan, a branched β-(1 → 4)-galactan, and an arabino-β-3,6-galactan. Our results represent the first findings regarding the fine structure of the immuno-stimulatory polysaccharide RG-AP-I isolated from red ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, 154-42, Gwanggyosan-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16227, Republic of Korea; Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Lee
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, 154-42, Gwanggyosan-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16227, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Wang N, Wang X, He M, Zheng W, Qi D, Zhang Y, Han CC. Ginseng polysaccharides: A potential neuroprotective agent. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:211-217. [PMID: 33841001 PMCID: PMC8020291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatments of nervous system diseases (NSDs) have long been difficult issues for researchers because of their complexity of pathogenesis. With the advent of aging society, searching for effective treatments of NSDs has become a hot topic. Ginseng polysaccharides (GP), as the main biologically active substance in ginseng, has various biological properties in immune-regulation, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and etc. Considering the association between the effects of GP and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, many related experiments have been conducted in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed previous studies about the effects and mechanisms of GP on diseases related to nervous system. We found GP play an ameliorative role on NSDs through the regulation of immune system, inflammatory response, oxidative damage and signaling pathway. Structure-activity relationship was also discussed and summarized. In addition, we provided new insights into GP as promising neuroprotective agent for its further development and utilization.
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Key Words
- AG, Arabinogalactan
- BBB, Blood–brain barrier
- BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- GP, Ginseng polysaccharides
- Ginseng
- HG, Homogalacturonan
- IFN-γ, Interferon-γ
- IL-17α, Interleukin-17 α
- MS, Multiple sclerosis
- Molecular mechanism
- NSDs, Nervous system diseases
- Nervous system
- Polysaccharides
- RG, Rhamnogalacturonan
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianlei Wang
- National Oceanographic Center, Qingdao, 88 Xuzhou Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao He
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Experimental center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Chun-chao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Lee DY, Park CW, Lee SJ, Park HR, Kim SH, Son SU, Park J, Shin KS. Anti-Cancer Effects of Panax ginseng Berry Polysaccharides via Activation of Immune-Related Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1411. [PMID: 32038228 PMCID: PMC6988799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng has long been used as natural medicine and health food all over the world. Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and its prognosis likely depends on the immune system during tumor treatment. In this study, ginseng berry polysaccharides were evaluated for their immunostimulant and anti-cancer effects. Ginseng berry polysaccharide portion (GBPP) was used to investigate its effects on anti-complementary activity, peritoneal macrophage activation, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, both intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of GBPP prior to B16-BL6 melanoma implantation in mice was evaluated. GBPP significantly increased the anti-complementary activity and cytokine production including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, dose-dependently. Splenocytes obtained after i.v. administration of GBPP showed cytolytic activity in Yac-1 cells in proportion to the E/T ratio. In addition, GBPP enhanced the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and granzyme B of NK cells. For the experimental lung cancer, compared with control mice, GBPP delivered by i.v. suppressed cancer by 48% at 100 μg/mouse, while a 37% reduction was achieved by oral administration. Deficient of NK cells in animal model demonstrated that the anti-cancer effect of GBPP was through NK cell activation. Results of this study suggest that ginseng berry polysaccharides, owing to their modulation of the immune response, can be a potential curative applicant for the prevention and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chan Woong Park
- R&D Center, Vital Beautie Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sue Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- R&D Center, Vital Beautie Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seung-U Son
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
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5
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Zhao B, Lv C, Lu J. Natural occurring polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer: A review of isolation, structures, and bioactivities. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:324-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kim JE, Jang SG, Lee CH, Lee JY, Park H, Kim JH, Lee S, Kim SH, Park EY, Lee KW, Shin HS. Beneficial effects on skin health using polysaccharides from red ginseng by-product. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12961. [PMID: 31368552 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Red Ginseng is well-known functional food in Asia which is produced by steaming and drying fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng). In the production of red ginseng extract, around 65% of the original material is left over as by-product and discarded. Most studies on ginseng are focused on ginsenosides. Many functional substances other than ginsenoside are found in red ginseng, but they have not been studied and are usually discarded. Acidic polysaccharides, which are functional polysaccharides found in the by-product of red ginseng, can be utilized as excellent high-value-added material. In this study, we developed red ginseng by-product polysaccharides (RGBPs) by applying an enzyme-linked high-pressure process (ELHPP). We have demonstrated the antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-atopic dermatitis efficacy of ELHPP-RGBPs in this study. In acute oral toxicity and skin irritation tests, ELHPP-RGBPs were found to be very low in toxicity. ELHPP-RGBPs inhibited solar ultraviolet-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) protein through activator protein-1 (AP-1), a major transcription factor for MMP-1. ELHPP-RGBP attenuated DFE-induced AD-like symptoms as assessed by skin lesion analyses, dermatitis score, and skin thickness. Taken together, these results suggest that ELHPP-RGBP may have potential as a nutraceutical ingredient for skin health. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This paper presents a new method of using ginseng by-product that has not been used and discarded. The use of polysaccharides in ginseng by-product has been shown to prevent skin wrinkles and atopic dermatitis. This is an economical new functional food material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Food and Bio Safety Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haenim Park
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sihyoung Lee
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Han Kim
- Nutrex Technology Co., Ltd, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Park
- Nutrex Technology Co., Ltd, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Food and Bio Safety Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
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7
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Structural characterization of rhamnogalacturonan domains from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 203:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Majeed F, Malik FZ, Ahmed Z, Afreen A, Afzal MN, Khalid N. Ginseng phytochemicals as therapeutics in oncology: Recent perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:52-63. [PMID: 29421582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, cancer has mushroomed as a major health issue; and almost all drugs used for its therapy are very toxic with lethal side effects. Complementary and alternative medicines gain popularity among health professionals in recent era owing to its preventive mechanism against side effect chemotherapeutic drugs. Efforts are focused by scientists to isolate compounds from medicinal plant that have chemotherapeutic attributes; and ability to neutralize the side effects of chemotherapy. Ginseng is an oriental medicinal recipe from Araliceae family and Panax species. The chemotherapeutic effect of ginsenoside is resultant of its appetites, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The anticancer effect of ginseng is proven in various types of cancer, including; breast, lung, liver, colon and skin cancer. It increases the mitochondrial accumulation of apoptosis protein and downregulate the expression of anti-apoptotic protein. It also aids in the reduction of alopecia, fatigue and nausea, the known side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. The aim of the present review is to provide the brief review of the recent researches related to mechanism of action of ginseng in different types of cancer as complementary and alternative medicine on different body organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Majeed
- Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fozia Zahur Malik
- Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Afreen
- Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Afzal
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; Center of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3217, Australia.
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9
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Chen Q, Zhu L, Tang Y, Zhao Z, Yi T, Chen H. Preparation-related structural diversity and medical potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with ginseng pectins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1401:75-89. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Shenzhen Research Institute; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shenzhen P.R. China
| | - Yina Tang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Hubiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Hong Kong P.R. China
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10
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Kim KH, Lee D, Lee HL, Kim CE, Jung K, Kang KS. Beneficial effects of Panax ginseng for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: past findings and future directions. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:239-247. [PMID: 29989012 PMCID: PMC6035378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several therapeutic drugs have been rationally designed and synthesized based on the novel knowledge gained from investigating the actions of biologically active chemicals derived from foods, plants, and medicinal herbs. One of the major advantages of these naturalistic chemicals is their ability to interact with multiple targets in the body resulting in a combined beneficial effect. Ginseng is a perennial herb (Araliaceae family), a species within the genus Panax, and a highly valued and popular medicinal plant. Evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of Panax ginseng and its components in preventing neurodegeneration has increased significantly in the past decade. The beneficial effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative diseases have been attributed primarily to the antioxidative and immunomodulatory activities of its ginsenoside components. Mechanistic studies on the neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides revealed that they act not only as antioxidants but also as modulators of intracellular neuronal signaling and metabolism, cell survival/death genes, and mitochondrial function. The goal of the present paper is to provide a brief review of recent knowledge and developments concerning the beneficial effects as well as the mechanism of action of P. ginseng and its components in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Wang L, Yao Y, Sang W, Yang X, Ren G. Structural features and immunostimulating effects of three acidic polysaccharides isolated from Panax quinquefolius. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Ru W, Wang D, Xu Y, He X, Sun YE, Qian L, Zhou X, Qin Y. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.). Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:23-32. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ru
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xianxian He
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yang-En Sun
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Liyan Qian
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
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Cho YJ, Son HJ, Kim KS. A 14-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng polysaccharide (Y-75). J Transl Med 2014; 12:283. [PMID: 25297058 PMCID: PMC4196019 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Y-75 (Ginsan) acidic polysaccharide from Korean Panax ginseng has been shown to function as an immunomodulatory molecule. However, the efficacy of Y-75 has not been evaluated in clinical trial. Methods We verified Y-75 (6 g/day) for safety and immune efficacy in 72 healthy volunteers aged 50–75 years using a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel, double-blind study. The activities of natural killer (NK) cells and peripheral blood phagocytes, as well as serum levels of monocyte-derived mediators, were assessed before and after administration for 8 and 14 weeks. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02161198). Results Y-75 significantly enhanced NK cell cytotoxic activity by 35.2% and 40.2% from baseline after administration for 8 and 14 weeks, respectively. The phagocytic activity of peripheral blood cells was also significantly increased by 25.2% and 39.4% and serum level of TNF-α by 38.2% and 44.5% after treatment for 8 and 14 weeks, respectively. Differences in the efficacy of variables compared to the placebo group were also significant. Administration of Y-75 was well tolerated without treatment-related adverse events or alteration of complete blood cell count or blood chemistry over the entire study period. Conclusion Y-75 was shown to be a safe and potentially effective natural alternative for enhancing immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St, Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-ro 222, Seocho-gu 137-701, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Kim H, Suh HJ, Kang CM, Lee KH, Hwang JH, Yu KW. Immunological Activity of Ginseng Is Enhanced by Solid-State Culture with Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. J Med Food 2014; 17:150-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Stanislaus, California, USA
| | - Kyung-Haeng Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Yu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
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15
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Kim DH. Chemical Diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquifolium, and Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:1-15. [PMID: 23717099 PMCID: PMC3659563 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major commercial ginsengs are Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng), P. quinquifolium L. (American ginseng), and P. notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen (Notoginseng). P. ginseng is the most commonly used as an adaptogenic agent and has been shown to enhance physical performance, promote vitality, increase resistance to stress and aging, and have immunomodulatory activity. These ginsengs contain saponins, which can be classified as dammarane-type, ocotillol-type and oleanane-type oligoglycosides, and polysaccharides as main constituents. Dammarane ginsenosides are transformed into compounds such as the ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 by steaming and heating and are metabolized into metabolites such as compound K, ginsenoside Rh1, protoand panaxatriol by intestinal microflora. These metabolites are nonpolar, pharmacologically active and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the activities metabolizing these constituents into bioactive compounds differ significantly among individuals because all individuals possess characteristic indigenous strains of intestinal bacteria. To overcome this difference, ginsengs fermented with enzymes or microbes have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Zhang X, Li S, Sun L, Ji L, Zhu J, Fan Y, Tai G, Zhou Y. Further analysis of the structure and immunological activity of an RG-I type pectin from Panax ginseng. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:519-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sun Y. Structure and biological activities of the polysaccharides from the leaves, roots and fruits of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: An overview. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wong KH, Lai CK, Cheung PC. Immunomodulatory activities of mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Baek SH, Lee JG, Park SY, Bae ON, Kim DH, Park JH. Pectic Polysaccharides from Panax ginseng as the Antirotavirus Principals in Ginseng. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2044-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100397p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Total fractionation and characterization of the water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wu Y, Wang D. Structural characterization and DPPH radical scavenging activity of an arabinoglucogalactan from Panax notoginseng root. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:241-245. [PMID: 18186611 DOI: 10.1021/np070323+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The structure of an antiradical arabinoglucogalactan ( 1) from Panax notoginseng roots was determined. This polymeric carbohydrate was obtained through successive phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) extraction after cold-water pretreatment and purification by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Monosaccharide analysis, permethylation analysis, NaIO 4 and CrO 3 oxidations, Smith degradation, graded acid hydrolysis, and IR and NMR experiments indicated that 1 possesses a backbone of (1-->3)-linked beta- d-galactofuranosyl residues, with branches of alpha- l-Ara f-(1-->4)-beta- d-Glc p-(1--> residues at O-6. Additionally, 1 exhibited high scavenging activity against DPPH free radicals with a 50% scavenging concentration (SC50) of 11.72 +/- 0.91 microg/mL, suggesting that this arabinoglucogalactan is a potential antiradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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Ohtake N, Nakai Y, Yamamoto M, Sakakibara I, Takeda S, Amagaya S, Aburada M. Separation and isolation methods for analysis of the active principles of Sho-saiko-to (SST) oriental medicine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005. [PMID: 15556493 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(04)00547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sho-saiko-to (SST) was introduced into Japan as an oriental classical medicine from China approximately 1500 years ago, and it is currently the most representative Kampo medicine (traditional Japanese medicine). SST is manufactured in Japan as an ethical drug on a modern industrial scale in which the quality of ingredients is standardized with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulation. SST is widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Experimental and clinical studies including multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies have demonstrated the various pharmacological effects of SST. SST is prepared from the hot water extraction of seven raw materials, therefore many kinds of constituents are included. Three-dimensional (3D) HPLC analysis is useful for obtaining many kinds of constituents, especially low molecular ultraviolet (UV) quenching compounds, contained in SST as well as its fractions. Fingerprint pattern provided by 3D HPLC analysis makes possible to identify the overall-viewing of SST. Databases of UV spectra of the components of medicinal herbs obtained by reversed-phase (RP) HPLC using a photodiode array (PDA) and fingerprint patterns of crude drugs made by 3D HPLC analysis facilitate the identification, analysis and quality of herbal drugs. Studies using both PDA HPLC and an amino acid analysis with a fluorometric detector have found that SST contains fifteen major low molecular compounds (i.e. baicalin, wogonin-7-O-glucuronide, liquiritin, their three aglycons, liquiritin apioside, glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin b1, saikosaponin b2, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, (6)-gingerol, (6)-shogaol and arginine). These compounds have various pharmacological actions, and are assumed to be responsible, at least partly, for the pharmacological effects of SST. Although there have only been a few investigations on high molecular compounds with pharmacological actions contained in SST, several kinds of polysaccharides have been isolated from constituent herbs of SST. This review paper summarizes analytical methods of separation, isolation and identification of compounds with biological activities from SST, which is a mixture drug of medicinal herbs. Accordingly, this paper would not focus on methods of separation, isolation and analysis of particular compounds from each constituent herb of SST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ohtake
- Medicinal Evaluation Laboratories, Tsumura Research Institute, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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Ohtake N, Nakai Y, Yamamoto M, Sakakibara I, Takeda S, Amagaya S, Aburada M. Separation and isolation methods for analysis of the active principles of Sho-saiko-to (SST) oriental medicine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 812:135-48. [PMID: 15556493 PMCID: PMC7105231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sho-saiko-to (SST) was introduced into Japan as an oriental classical medicine from China approximately 1500 years ago, and it is currently the most representative Kampo medicine (traditional Japanese medicine). SST is manufactured in Japan as an ethical drug on a modern industrial scale in which the quality of ingredients is standardized with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulation. SST is widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Experimental and clinical studies including multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies have demonstrated the various pharmacological effects of SST. SST is prepared from the hot water extraction of seven raw materials, therefore many kinds of constituents are included. Three-dimensional (3D) HPLC analysis is useful for obtaining many kinds of constituents, especially low molecular ultraviolet (UV) quenching compounds, contained in SST as well as its fractions. Fingerprint pattern provided by 3D HPLC analysis makes possible to identify the overall-viewing of SST. Databases of UV spectra of the components of medicinal herbs obtained by reversed-phase (RP) HPLC using a photodiode array (PDA) and fingerprint patterns of crude drugs made by 3D HPLC analysis facilitate the identification, analysis and quality of herbal drugs. Studies using both PDA HPLC and an amino acid analysis with a fluorometric detector have found that SST contains fifteen major low molecular compounds (i.e. baicalin, wogonin-7-O-glucuronide, liquiritin, their three aglycons, liquiritin apioside, glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin b1, saikosaponin b2, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, (6)-gingerol, (6)-shogaol and arginine). These compounds have various pharmacological actions, and are assumed to be responsible, at least partly, for the pharmacological effects of SST. Although there have only been a few investigations on high molecular compounds with pharmacological actions contained in SST, several kinds of polysaccharides have been isolated from constituent herbs of SST. This review paper summarizes analytical methods of separation, isolation and identification of compounds with biological activities from SST, which is a mixture drug of medicinal herbs. Accordingly, this paper would not focus on methods of separation, isolation and analysis of particular compounds from each constituent herb of SST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ohtake
- Medicinal Evaluation Laboratories, Tsumura Research Institute, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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McElhaney JE, Gravenstein S, Cole SK, Davidson E, O'neill D, Petitjean S, Rumble B, Shan JJ. A placebo-controlled trial of a proprietary extract of North American ginseng (CVT-E002) to prevent acute respiratory illness in institutionalized older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52:13-9. [PMID: 14687309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare a proprietary extract of American ginseng, CVT-E002, with placebo in preventing acute respiratory illness (ARI) in an institutional setting during the influenza season. DESIGN Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials conducted late in the 2000 (8 week) and 2000-2001 (12 week) influenza seasons. SETTING Long-term care setting that included nursing home and assisted living at three sites. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-nine (2000) and 109 (2000-2001) enrolled subjects, average age 81 and 83.5, respectively; 74% women. Approximately 90% had received influenza vaccine in each of the 2 years. INTERVENTION Oral twice-daily administration of a proprietary ginseng extract, CVT-E002, 200 mg or placebo. MEASUREMENTS ARI was defined as two new respiratory symptoms or one with a constitutional symptom. Confirmation of viral ARI was by culture (influenza or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)) or serology for influenza. Laboratory safety monitoring was done at 0, 4, and 8 or 12 weeks. RESULTS An intent-to-treat analysis of pooled data corrected for drug exposure time showed that the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza illness (LCII) was greater in placebo- (7 cases/101 subjects) than CVT-E002-treated (1/97) groups (odds ratio (OR)=7.73, P=.033). Combined data for LCII and RSV illness were also greater in placebo- (9/101) than CVT-E002-treated (1/97) groups (OR=10.50, P=.009), for an overall 89% relative risk reduction of ARI in the CVT-E002 group. CONCLUSION CVT-E002 was shown to be safe, well tolerated, and potentially effective for preventing ARI due to influenza and RSV.
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Bendjeddou D, Lalaoui K, Satta D. Immunostimulating activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum, Alpinia galanga and Citrullus colocynthis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 88:155-160. [PMID: 12963136 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hot water polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link. (family Compositae) Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (family Cucurbitaceae) and Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (family Zingiberaceae) were tested for their immunostimulating activity in mice. The fractions from Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga showed a marked stimulating effect on the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and increased the number of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), and spleen cells of mice. In this case, the optimum doses were 50 and 25 mg/kg for the two fractions, respectively. On the other hand, the polysaccharide extracts of both Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga markedly enhanced the proliferation of the murine spleen cells in vitro using two tests (in vitro and in vivo effect). The results of the in vivo effect at a doses of 50 and 25 mg/kg, showed a stimulation index better than obtained with the in vitro effect at 50 and 25 microg/ml for Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga, respectively. While the extract of Citrullus colocynthis showed much weaker and variable immunostimulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bendjeddou
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mentouri University, Constantine 25000, Algeria.
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Yoon JY, Ha BH, Woo JS, Lim YH, Kim KH. Purification and characterization of a 28-kDa major protein from ginseng root. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:551-7. [PMID: 12091100 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A major protein was isolated from ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography, ion-exchange FPLC, and fast performance liquid chromatofocusing. Electrophoretic and gel permeation chromatographic studies revealed that the major protein, GMP, is composed of two subunits of approximately 28 kDa. During purification, it was found that the elution profiles of GMP from gel filtration chromatography were significantly different, depending on the ionic strength of buffers used. GMP in a buffer of low ionic strength was isolated as a complex with carbohydrate, which could be only dissociated at high ionic strength. Carbohydrate composition in GMP detected by gas chromatography varied, depending on the isolation method of the protein from ginseng roots. These results suggest that carbohydrates are bound non-covalently to GMP whose amino acid composition analysis showed high amounts of acidic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Y Yoon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, 136-701, Seoul, South Korea
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27
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Assinewe VA, Amason JT, Aubry A, Mullin J, Lemaire I. Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 9:398-404. [PMID: 12222658 DOI: 10.1078/09447110260571625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the immunostimulatory activity of the medicinal plant Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng). Rat alveolar macrophages were treated with different extracts from 4-year old roots, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production was used as a measure of immunostimulatory activity. Aqueous extracts of P. quinquefolius root (1-100 microg/ml) were found to significantly stimulate alveolar macrophage TNF release. Both a P. quinquefolius methanol extract containing ginsenosides (but no polysaccharides), and pure ginsenoside-Rb1, the major ginsenoside present in P. quinquefolius, were found to be inactive as TNF-stimulating agents. Significant TNF-stimulating activity was found in the extractable polysaccharide fraction, which was hydrolyzed and found to contain glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and mannose. This represents the first evidence that North American ginseng exerts cytokine-stimulating activity on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Assinewe
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Isolation of saponin-free fraction from Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and its effects on the function of neutrophils. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02705630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang M, Guilbert LJ, Ling L, Li J, Wu Y, Xu S, Pang P, Shan JJ. Immunomodulating activity of CVT-E002, a proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:1515-23. [PMID: 11732754 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011777882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The activity of CVT-E002, an aqueous extract containing mainly oligosaccharides and polysaccharides from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium), as an immunobooster on murine spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages, was studied in-vitro. CVT-E002 stimulated the proliferation of normal mouse spleen cells, of which the major responding subpopulation was identified as B lymphocytes. CVT-E002 also activated peritoneal exudate macrophages leading to enhanced interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) production. In addition, CVT-E002 stimulated in-vivo immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in treated mice. These results identify some of the immunomodulating activities of CVT-E002 and suggest its use clinically for the modulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- CV Technologies Inc, Alberta, Canada
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Sonoda Y, Kasahara T, Mukaida N, Shimizu N, Tomoda M, Takeda T. Stimulation of interleukin-8 production by acidic polysaccharides from the root of Panax ginseng. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1998; 38:287-94. [PMID: 9506829 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(97)00091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, is a well-known important Chinese traditional medicine used as a stomachic, tonic, sedative and as an elixir called Ginseng in China and Japan. The precise mechanism of the biological actions of this plant is not fully understood. In order to elucidate the immunomodulating activities of this plant, we examined the direct effects of four of its components, acidic polysaccharides isolated in previous studies, on cytokine (interleukin-8; IL-8) production by a human monocytic cell line, THP-1, and human blood monocytes in vitro, as IL-8 is a potent inflammatory cytokine involved in neutrophil chemotaxis and activation. We found that one component, ginsenan S-IIA, is a potent inducer of IL-8 production by human monocytes and THP-1 cells, and this induction is accompanied by increased IL-8 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sonoda
- Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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Yun TK. Experimental and epidemiological evidence of the cancer-preventive effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Nutr Rev 1996; 54:S71-81. [PMID: 9110579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T K Yun
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Yamada H, Otsuka H, Kiyohara H. Fractionation and characterization of anticomplementary and mitogenic substances fromPanax ginseng extract G-115. Phytother Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650090407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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